as Agricultural Sciences 2156-8561 2156-8553 Scientific Research Publishing 10.4236/as.2026.171006 as-149289 Article Biomedical Life Sciences Earth Environmental Sciences Effects of Cuttings Length and Substrate on Cutting Parameters for the Domestication of Stereospermum kunthianum in the Sudano-Guinean Zone of Chad Tchimbi Beunon 1 0000-0001-7545-3563 Nangndi Béré 2 Hervé Mbaiyetom 2 Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers Training School of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Doba, Doba, Chad

The authors declare that the article is not subject to any conflict of interest or competition.

 16 01 2026 01 2026 17 01 78 90 09 10 2025 27 01 2026 30 01 2026 © 2026 by the authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2026 This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2026.171006

The aim of this work was to develop the possibilities of domesticating Stereospermumkunthianum. Cuttings based on the length of the cuttings and the types of substrates were used to achieve this objective. The lengths L1 = 10 cm (BL1), L2 = 15 cm (BL2) and L3 = 20 cm (BL3) and the substrates black earth, sawdust, fine sand and homogeneous mixtures (1/1) black earth/sawdust (1/1) and fine sand/sawdust (1/1) were tested. The rates of rooting and budburst of the cuttings, and the average number of roots and leaves per cutting were determined. The results show that rooting rates were higher in BL2 (15 cm) in homogeneous mixtures and in black earth/wood sawdust (67.4 ± 0.10%). The rate of budburst was high in the homogeneous mixture of fine sand and wood shavings for BL3 (29.61 ± 0.09%). The average number of roots formed was high in the homogeneous black earth/wood shavings mixture (16.03 ± 2.16). The highest average number of leaves formed was in the black earth substrate (11.09 ± 0.56). The fine sand substrate recorded the highest mortality rate (20.02 ± 2.61%) with BL1. The BL2 cutting length and the equi-volumic mixtures of substrates improve the possibility of domesticating Stereospermumkunthianum.

 Phytomedicines Domestication Cuttings Rooting and Budding 1. Introduction

The use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by local populations is significant in Chad. The management of these products is a lucrative and socially beneficial activity, as it provides food, employment, building materials (rope and straw) and phytomedicines for the care of local populations [1]. In Chad, an estimated 70% of the populations relies on traditional plant-based medicine for primary care. This rate suggests enormous pressure on medicinal plants [2]. These needs are growing and are now a clear threat to the long-term existence of certain species, even if they can be seen at the right time at present [3][4]. In the western Mayo Kebbi region of Chad, many of the essences are subject to pressure from alternative medicine practitioners and farmers because of their therapeutic virtues. Medicinal plant inventory work carried out in this region has classified Securidacalongipedunculata, Allium sativum, Burkeaafricana and Stereospermumkunthianum as those most in demand in the primary care of illnesses [5]. Reasons why plant species traditionally used by local populations for food, disease care and endangered species require special attention [3][6][7].

All parts of this plant are packed with therapeutic properties. This is what makes Stereospermumkunthianum an agroforestry species, i.e., a plant with multiple uses. The root is a powerful diuretic. It is used to treat many other ailments such as gastritis, gonorrhea, headaches, bilharzia, hematuria, dysentery, and jaundice. The bark of the root treats snake bites. The roots combined with the leaves combat syphilis, gastritis, asthma, and headaches. The bark of the tree is hemostatic, healing, vermifuge, and treats wounds, burns, leprosy, gonorrhea, bronchitis, pneumonia, cough, dysentery, gastritis, phagedenic ulcer, and hypertension [8][9]. The leaves combat asthenia, wounds, and gonorrhea. The fruits are edible and treat coughs. This plant also has properties that combat diarrhea, dysentery, and flatulence in livestock [9][10]. The wood is used in construction, mortar manufacturing, and toothpicks. In West Africa, the bark is used to dye lips (lipstick). Its use as firewood is often prohibited in many localities because of its magical and religious power [11].

In the Chadian pharmacopoeia, this essence is sought after for its therapeutic properties in the treatment of hypertension, wounds, leprosy, general asthenia, and poisoning [12]. Although these plants have a natural ability to regenerate, given the high demand from the population, they are unable to slow down the decline of their population in the wild on their own.

To this end, an experiment was conducted to propagate Stereospermumkunthianum stem segments in order to contribute to the search for new methods of propagating this species and ensure the long-term availability of specimens.

With this in mind, a trial of Stereospermumkunthianum stem segment cuttings was carried out in order to contribute to the search for new methods of propagating this species and guaranteeing the long-term availability of its specimen.

 2. Technical Equipment for Propagation

Two propagation frames were used for this trial. Each rooting frame was 2.5 m × 1 m × 50 cm divided into 5 compartments of 1 m × 50 cm × 50 cm. Insides the tray, a layer of gravel was placed underneath the rooting substrate. This system creates a permanently humid environment with a temperature of 27˚ - 31˚C and adequate light for the development of cuttings. A plastic pipe about 3 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, inserted in the front corner of each compartment of the frame, is used to measure the water level in the frame on a daily basis [13]. In addition to the two frames, a plastic watering can, pruning shears, cutting hormone (AIB), sharp knife, felt and five types of substrate (black earth, fine sand, sawdust, equi-volume mixtures of substrates (20 kg) of black earth/wood sawdust and (20 kg) of fine sand/sawdust substrates) were used in this experiment. A sprayer was used to water the crop.

The cuttings were taken from adult seed trees in the wild. All the cuttings used were trimmed to the lengths to be tested, wrapped in aluminium foil and stored in a cooler to minimize water loss from the seeds. When transported to the test site, the bases of the cuttings were soaked for 5 minutes in an auxin solution called Rhizopon AA (2% indole butyric acid AIB). Once removed, the cuttings were shown in five different types of rooting substrate. The cuttings were moistened with very fine droplets of water twice a day using a sprayer. In order to protect the frames from incident light, the greenhouse was covered by a shade (Figure 1) that retains around 50% of the external illumination [14]-[16]. During this experiment, two factors were studied: the length of the cuttings and the rooting substrates.

Figure 1. Ability of cuttings to form leafy axes in the distal (a), medial (b) and proximal (c) positions of the cuttings.

 3. Methods

The cuttings were taken from adult seed trees in the wild. All the cuttings used were trimmed to the lengths to be tested, wrapped in aluminium foil and stored in a cooler to minimize water loss from the seeds. When transported to the test site, the bases of the cuttings were soaked for 5 minutes in an auxin solution called Rhizopon AA (2% indole butyric acid AIB). Once removed, the cuttings were shown in five different types of rooting substrate. The cuttings were moistened with very fine droplets of water twice a day using a sprayer. In order to protect the frames from incident light, the greenhouse was covered by a shade (Figure 1) that retains around 50% of the external illumination [14]-[16]. During this experiment, two factors were studied: the length of the cuttings and the rooting substrates.

3.1. Length Testing of Cuttings

3.1.1. Pre-Treatment and Growing

The cuttings are taken and cut to the recommended dimensions: 10 cm long cuttings or BL1 cuttings class; 15 cm long cuttings or BL2 cuttings class; 20 cm long cuttings or BL3 cuttings class. The cuttings were then sown in five rooting substrates of varying nature (fine sand, black earth, sawdust, black earth/wood sawdust and fine sand/wood sawdust) contained in five compartments of the frame. The experimental unit consisted of 15 cuttings with 5 replicates, i.e. 15 × 3 = 45 cuttings in each compartment of the frame. In total, 45 × 5 compartments, i.e. 225 cuttings grown in one compartment. The experimental set-up is a randomized complete block.

Cutting parameters sought

Rooting and budburst rates:

T x = n b f N t × 100 with nbf: number of cuttings that have formed leaves; Nt: total number of cuttings used

Average number of leaves and roots formed at the end of the experiment:

m = n b f N t with nbf: number of cuttings that have formed leaves; Nt: total number of cuttings used

3.1.2. Cramer’s Index

0: Indicates no effect between variables, suggesting their independence. Close to 1: Implies a strong association, with higher values denoting stronger relationships. Intermediate values: Offer a gradation of association strength, with the exact interpretation depending on your data and the context of analysis.

Cramer ’ s V value Significance of the effect
0.01 - 0.09 Very Small
0.10 - 0.29 Small
0.30 - 0.49 Average
0.50 - 0.69 Large
0.70 and above Very Large
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis

Data were collected once every 3 weeks. The number of roots formed per cutting was recorded only once at the end of the experiment. The statistical analyses consisted of comparing the parameters calculated (rooting rate, bud burst rate, average number of leaves formed and average number of roots formed by seedlings). They were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using XLSTAT 2017. Where differences existed between the different treatments, the means were separated using the Waller Duncan test at the 5% significance level.

 4. Results 4.1. Effects of Substrate-Cuttings Length Interaction

4.1.1. Rooting Rate of Cuttings

Table 1 shows that the highest rooting rates were observed in homogeneous mixtures (1/1) of black earth/wood shavings (67.4 ± 0.10%) with BL2 class cuttings (15 cm). On the other hand, the lowest rooting rate was recorded in fine sand (17.04 ± 0.30 %) with BL3 class cuttings (20 cm). Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between rooting rates as a function of rooting substrate and cutting length at the 5% threshold. Rooting rates depended very strongly on the nature of the rooting substrates and the length of the cuttings (v Cramer = 0.482).

Table 1. Variation in rooting rates of cuttings according to substrate and length.

Rooting substrates Cutting length class
BL 1 = 10 cm BL 2 = 15 cm BL 3 = 20 cm
Black earth/wood sand 33.01 ± 0.10 b 67.40 ± 0.10 a 33.01 ± 0.03 b
Fine sand/wood shavings 41.06 ± 1.23 a 57.58 ± 1.14 b 42.71 ± 1.30a
Sawdust 48.70 ± 2.00a 42.03 ± 0.23 c 32.44 ± 0.10b
Fine sand 27.96 ± 0.50 b 44.89 ± 0.52 c 17.04 ± 0.30 d
Black earth 18.74 ± 0.04 c 31.91 ± 0.19 d 27.10 ± 0.11bc
P/F 0.044 0.001 0.001

a, b, c: different numbers; BL: Buttons of length L1, L2 and L3; P = P-value and F = Fischer.

4.1.2. Average Root Production Per Cutting

Observation of the roots formed at the end of the experiment and after removal of the cuttings shows that the cuttings that remained alive until the end of the experiment formed roots in some cases and not in others, even though they formed leaves. Table 2 shows that:

Table 2. Variation in the average number of roots formed per cutting as a function of substrate-length interaction.

Rooting substrates Cutting length class
BL 1 = 10 cm BL 2 = 15 cm BL 3 = 20 cm
Black earth/wood sand 13.91 ± 2.16 a 16.03 ± 2.16 a 13.54 ± 2.08 a
Fine sand/wood shavings 14.06 ± 1.83 a 15.26 ± 3.04 a 12.37 ± 1.70a
Sawdust 11.83 ± 2.02b 12.03 ± 1.24 b 12.84 ± 2.00a
Fine sand 7.96 ± 1.50 c 15.01 ± 1.5 a 9.03 ± 1.37 b
Black earth 8.74 ± 2.04 c 11.91 ± 0.96 b 9.03 ± 2.10b
P/F 0.00 0.00 0.00

a, b, c: different numbers; BL: Buttons of length L1, L2 and L3; P = P-value and F = Fischer.

The average number of roots produced by BL1 class cuttings varied from one substrate to another. The highest number was found in the homogeneous (1/1) black earth/wood shavings mixture (13.91 ± 2.16). The lowest was recorded in the fine sand substrate (7.96 ± 1.50). Analysis of variance indicates that there was a significant difference between the means of root production by BL1 class cuttings according to substrate (0.00 < 5%). There was also a strong dependency between the interaction of substrate-length of cuttings and the improvement in the average number of roots formed by BL1 class cuttings (v-Cramer = 0.212);Depending on the substrate, the BL2 class cuttings recorded root production averages that varied according to the substrate. The highest average was recorded in the equi-volume (v/v) mixture of black earth/wood sawdust substrates (16.03 ± 2.16). The lowest was observed in the sawdust substrate (11.91 ± 0.96). At the statistical threshold of 5%, the analysis of variances shows that there was a significant difference between the means of roots formed by the bubbles according to the rooting substrate (P = 0.00). The dependence of the variables showed a strong link between the combination of substrates and the length of the cuttings (v-Cramer = 0.264) and the average root production. This interaction was therefore able to significantly improve root formation in BL2 cuttings;In relation to the substrates, the averages of root production by the BL3 class cuttings were variable. The highest average of roots formed was observed in the equi-volumic (v/v) mixture of black earth/wood sawdust (13.54 ± 2.08) by BL1 cuttings, whereas the lowest was recorded in black earth (9.03 ± 1.37) with the same BL1 cuttings. Analysis of variances at the 5% threshold shows that the difference between the means expressed by the cuttings as a function of rooting substrate is significant (0.00). The dependency between the substrate-length association and mean root production was strong (v-Cramer = 0.303). The influence of this interaction considerably boosted root formation by BL3 class cuttings.

4.1.3. Budbreak Rate of Cuttings

Table 3 shows that budburst rates ranged from 12.41 ± 3.33% in the sawdust substrate for BL3 class cuttings to 29.61 ± 0.09% in the homogeneous (1:1) mixture of fine sand/woodshavings substrates for BL3 class cuttings. At the 5% probability threshold, the analysis of variances indicates that there was no significant difference between the budburst rates recorded by the cuttings in the black soil (P = 0.0623). However, for the same threshold, the difference was significant for all the other substrates. The dependence on substrate-length effects was weak, with Cramer’s coefficient equal to 0.06.

Table 3. Variation in the budburst rate of cuttings according to length and substrate.

Rooting substrates Cutting length class
BL 1 = 10 cm BL 2 = 15 cm BL 3 = 20 cm
Black earth/wood sand 16.10 ± 0.36c 21.17 ± 0.38c 19.32 ± 4.56c
Fine sand/wood shavings 29.61 ± 0.09a 25.58 ± 0.14a 20.36 ± 3.14b
Sawdust 17.68 ± 0.37c 21.11 ± 0.02c 12.41 ± 3.33e
Fine sand 12.41 ± 0.41d 23.42 ± 0.22b 16.24 ± 2.53d
Black earth 21.02 ± 0.22b 21.53 ± 0.04c 22.04 ± 3.12a
P/F 0.062 0.021 0.000

P: P-value; BL: length L1 = 10 cm, L2 = 15 cm and L3 = 20 cm; Tn: black earth; Scb: sawdust and Sf: fine sand a, b, c: different numbers.

4.1.4. Average Leaf Production by Cuttings

Figure 1 illustrates the ability of cuttings to form leaves as a function of substrate. Bud formation on a cutting can be proximal (Figure 1(a)), intermediate or medial (Figure 1(b)) and distal (Figure 1(c)). Table 4 shows that:

Table 4. Variation in the average number of leaves as a function of substrate and length of cuttings.

Rooting substrates Cutting length class
BL 1 = 10 cm BL 2 = 15 cm BL 3 = 20 cm
Black earth/wood sand 7.75 ± 1.62 10.42 ± 1.00 a 10.23 ± 2.04 a
Fine sand/wood shavings 6.06 ± 1.00 10.19 ± 2.52 a 9.66 ± 3.48 a
Sawdust 5.24 ± 1.44 7.47 ± 2.10 b 6.12 ± 1.45 b
Fine sand 5.62 ± 2.52 7.98 ± 1.55 b 5.63 ± 1.67 b
Black earth 7.43 ± 1.70 11.09 ± 0.56 a 6.86 ± 1.68 b
P/F 0.059 0.003 0.002

P: P-value; BL: length L1 = 10 cm, L2 = 15 cm and L3 = 20 cm; Tn: black earth; Scb: sawdust and Sf: fine sand a, b, c: different numbers.

BL1 class cuttings showed leaf production averages per cutting that varied from one substrate to another. The lowest average was recorded in the sawdust substrate (5.24 ± 11.44). The best average leaf production was observed in the black earth substrate (7.43 ± 1.70). Statistical analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the averages of leaves formed by the cuttings according to the substrate-length interaction at the 5% probability threshold (p = 0.059). The cramer coefficient was 0.56, which explains why this interaction had a weak influence on the mean of the leaves formed by the cuttings in the BL1 class;BL2 class cuttings expressed variable mean leaf numbers. The lowest average number of leaves was observed in the sawdust substrate (7.47 ± 2.1). The highest mean number of leaves was recorded in the black earth substrate (11.09 ± 0.56). The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the average number of leaves per BL2 class cutting depending on the rooting substrate (p = 0.003 < 0.05). The dependency between the substrate-length combination of the cuttings and average leaf production was moderate (v-Cramer = 0.111). This interaction improved leaf formation by BL2 class cuttings on average;The BL3 class cuttings had variable average leaf counts. The lowest average number of leaves was observed in the fine sand substrate (5.63 ± 1.67). The highest average number of leaves was observed in the homogeneous (1/1) black earth/wood shavings substrate (10.23 ± 2.04). At the 5% threshold, the difference between the mean numbers of leaves expressed by the substrate-cuttings length interaction was significant for BL3 class cuttings. The substrate-cuttings length interaction was moderately related to leaf production by BL3 cuttings (v-Cramer = 0.097).

4.1.5. Mortality Rate of Cuttings

The mortality rates in Table 5 show that:

Table 5. Variation in mortality rates according to substrate and length of cuttings.

Rooting substrates Cutting length class
BL 1 = 10 cm BL 2 = 15 cm BL 3 = 20 cm
Black earth/wood sand 08.00 ± 0.10c 6.61 ± 3.30b 09.51 ± 3.13c
Fine sand/wood shavings 09.03 ± 0.09c 02.21 ± 1.02c 08.81 ± 4.01b
Sawdust 14.00 ± 1.01b 6.66 ± 4.10b 02.23 ± 2.30b
Fine sand 20.02 ± 2.61 a 11.11 ± 2.1a 11.10 ± 2.03a
Black earth 14.01 ± 0.02b 12.22 ± 1.5a 17.17 ± 5.10b
P/F 0.0011 0.010 0.003

P: P-value; BL: length L1 = 10 cm, L2 = 15 cm and L3 = 20 cm; Tn: black earth; Scb: sawdust and Sf: fine sand a, b, c: different numbers.

BL1 class cuttings showed a variation in mortality rates depending on the substrate. Thus, the fine sand substrate recorded the highest mortality rate (20.02 ± 2.61%) and the lowest mortality rates were observed in the mixtures of black earth/wood shavings (8.00 ± 0.10%) and fine sand/wood shavings (9.03 ± 0.09%). Analyses of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the mortality rates of BL1 class cuttings according to rooting substrate (0.0011 < 5%). There was a strong correlation between the combination of substrates and lengths and the mortality rates of the cuttings. This combination therefore had a positive effect on the mortality of BL1 class cuttings;The BL2 class cuttings recorded mortality rates that varied according to the rooting substrates. These percentages ranged from 2.2 ± 1.02% in the homogeneous mixture of fine sand/wood shavings substrates to 12.22 ± 1.5% in the black earth substrate. At the 5% threshold, the difference in variances was significant (P = 0.010). Cramer’s coefficient (0.169) indicates that there was a moderate relationship between the BL2 class substrate-cuttings association. This interaction therefore had a moderate influence on the mortality of cuttings of length L2;The BL3 class cuttings showed mortality rates ranging from 2.23 ± 1.30% in the sawdust substrate to 17.17 ± 5.10% in the black earth substrate. Analyses of variance at the 5% probability level showed a significant difference between the mortality rates of BL3 class cuttings depending on the rooting substrate (P = 0.003). Given that v-Cramer = 0.289, the link between substrates and BL3 class cuttings was strong. This association had a considerable influence on the mortality of BL3 class cuttings.

 4.2. Effects of Substrates on the Development of Cuttings

4.2.1. Fine Sand

Figure 2 shows the formation of a pale-green axillary bud from the central wood of the stem (pith) at the apical section. The curled leaves are supported by petioles that are more robust than those of ordinary axillary buds.

Figure 2. Bud formation on the apical section of a cutting (a and b) and of an inflorescence (c).

4.2.2. Sawdust

The success of budding of cuttings according to length in the sawdust substrate can be seen in the images in Figure 2. Axillary bud formation was essentially distal in cuttings of all lengths. Some cuttings formed only one or several buds (a) and others only one or several inflorescences (b).

4.2.3. Fine Sand/Wood Shavings (v/v)

The behaviour of the cuttings in the equi-volume (v/v) mixture of fine sand/wood shavings substrates varied from one cutting to another. Cuttings from the same source (same seed company) produced buds in some cases and inflorescences in others. Flower buds were the first to form (21 days after planting). However, the first bud buds were observed 24 days after planting. Flower formation did not take into account the length of the cutting and their position on the cutting was varied, i.e. distal, medial and proximal.

 5. Discussion

The success rate of stem cuttings in Stereospermumkunthianum was relatively better in all rooting substrates for both long and short lengths. The best performance was observed in the BL2 range of cuttings (67.40 ± 0.10%) in the equi-volumic black earth/woodsilver mixture for rooting rates. This result can be explained by the maturity, water status and nutritional potential of the cuttings at the time of planting [17]. This is consistent with the results obtained by [15] for Vitexdoniana and Lophiralanceolata. The success of rigid and lignified cuttings was also observed by [18] on Piliostigmareticulatum. The failure of young shoots to take cuttings was due to the fact that they do not contain sufficient nutrient reserves. All the substrates showed their performance in rooting stem segment cuttings as a function of length. The mixtures of substrates, black earth/wood sawdust and fine sand/wood sawdust were more favourable and showed higher rates in morphological parameters such as bud break (97%) and average number of roots formed (79%). On the other hand, the fine sand (2%) and black earth (6%) substrates were unfavourable for testing. These results are contrary to those of Vitexdoniana obtained from [15], which showed better performance with the latter 2 substrates. The difference in percentages is thought to be due to the quantity and quality of the nutrients available in the substrates and the number of roots that each cutting was able to form to ensure its nourishment.

Stem cuttings of S.kunthianum harvested on the same day and from the same seedbed evolved in different ways. Some formed axillary buds, while others formed inflorescences that produced flowers. The formation of inflorescences by the cuttings could be explained by the manifestation of the genetic expression of the vegetative cycle already underway when the cuttings were harvested [19]. This result could promote the rapid spread of this species and, above all, early fruiting. And since the fruits are used as fodder and cough medicine, this cultivation method could be a source of raw material production in traditional medicine and herbivore farming [20]. Identical observations were made on VitexDoniana and Ximenia americana cuttings by [15]. Cuttings of Stereospermumkunthianum can form the buds that evolve into a terminal bud from the apical section and this is what is unusual. This phenomenon can be explained by the position of the section just above a node on the cutting where the waiting meristem zone is located and where the trauma of sectioning could have triggered its functioning [21].

Average mortality rates showed that Stereospermumkunthianum cuttings died more in the fine sand and black soil than in the sawdust substrate and the homogeneous fine sand/woodsawdust mixture. Cuttings of length L1 showed the highest mortality rate compared with cuttings of length L3 and L2. The lowest mortality rates were recorded for cuttings of lengths L2 and L3. Successful rooting of cuttings depends not only on substrates but also, essentially, on water content and water potential, which vary according to size, storage method and storage time [22].

6. Conclusion

This study investigated the effects of cuttings length and substrate type on vegetative regeneration of Stereospermumkunthianum stem segments. The results obtained show that this species is suitable for vegetative propagation. Cuttings 15 cm long sown on a mixture of black earth/wood sawdust substrates gave the best rooting rates and average number of roots for stems cuttings. Cuttings of length L1 = 10 cm planted on the mixture of fine sand/wood shavings showed the best rates of cuttings budding and average number of leaves formed per cutting. Cutting lengths of 10 and 15 cm and substrate mixes are indicated for S.kunthianum cuttings. This method would make it possible to domesticate this species and prevent its natural population from dwindling.

 Authors’ Contributions

The authors of the article were all active in the production of the manuscript. BT was responsible for the testing and writing, and MH was responsible for the statistical analysis of the data. Finally, the manuscript was read by BN.

 References MERH (2009) 4ème Rapport National sur la Diversité Biologique. Direction des Parcs Nationaux, des Réserves des Faunes et de la Chasse. Ministère de l’Environnement et des Ressources Halieutiques, 81 p. 2009 4ème Rapport National sur la Diversité Biologique Direction des Parcs Nationaux 81 Oumar, D. (1998) Identification des Priorités pour la conservation de la Diversité Biologique. Terme de Référence du consultant en biologie. 13 p. Oumar, D. 1998 Identification des Priorités pour la conservation de la Diversité Biologique Bellefontaine, R., Petit, S., Pain-Orcet, M., Deleporte, P. and Bertault, J.G. (2001.) Les arbres hors forêts: Vers une meilleure prise en compte. Paris: Archives de Documents de FAO. Département des forêts, 16. (In French) Bellefontaine, R. Petit, S. Pain-Orcet, M. Deleporte, P. Bertault, J.G. 2001 Les arbres hors forêts: Vers une meilleure prise en compte Paris: Archives de Documents de FAO. Département des forêts 16 Mapongmetsem, P.M., Hamawa, Y., BayeNiwah, C., Froumsia, M., Zigro, L. and Meiga, O.S. (2009) Conservation de la biodiversité dans les Agroforêts de case de la zone soudano guinèenne. In: Van der Burgr, X., Van der Maesen, J. and Onana, J.M., Eds., Systematic and Conservation of African Plants, Royal Botanic Gardens, 375-384. Mapongmetsem, P.M. Hamawa, Y. BayeNiwah, C. Froumsia, M. Zigro, L. Meiga, O.S. Burgr, X. Maesen, J. Onana, J.M. Plants, R 2009 Conservation de la biodiversité dans les Agroforêts de case de la zone soudano guinèenne In: Van der Burgr 375 Beunon, T., Mendi, A.G. and Focho, D.A. (2016) Inventaire des plantes médicinales suivant les enquêtes ethnobotaniques dans la sous-préfecture de Pala au Tchad. Revue Scientifique du Tchad—Série B. Service Diffusion et Valorisation des Résultats de la Recherche Scientifique et technique—CNRD. 38-57. Beunon, T. Mendi, A.G. Focho, D.A. 2016 Inventaire des plantes médicinales suivant les enquêtes ethnobotaniques dans la sous-préfecture de Pala au Tchad Chahad, A.M., Michalet, S., Bechir, A.B., Tidjani, A., Nkongmeneck, B.A. and Dijoux-Franca, M. (2015) Medicinal Plants from the Ouaddaï Province (Chad): An Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21, 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0243 10.1089/acm.2014.024326186262https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0243 Chahad, A.M. Michalet, S. Bechir, A.B. Tidjani, A. Nkongmeneck, B.A. Dijoux-Franca, M. 2015 Medicinal Plants from the Ouaddaï Province (Chad): An Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 21 10.1089/acm.2014.0243 26186262 Mendi, A.G., Tchimbi, B., Lekeufack, M., Tiokeng, B. and Vourchakbé, J. (2023) Etude de l’influence de prétraitement aqueux et de types de substrat sur l’aptitude germinative des graines de Stereospermumkunthianum Cham. (Bignonaceae). Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology, 17, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4314/cajeb.v17i2.1 10.4314/cajeb.v17i2.1https://doi.org/10.4314/cajeb.v17i2.1 Mendi, A.G. Tchimbi, B. Lekeufack, M. Tiokeng, B. 2023 Etude de l’influence de prétraitement aqueux et de types de substrat sur l’aptitude germinative des graines de Stereospermum kunthianum Cham (Bignonaceae). Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology 17 10.4314/cajeb.v17i2.1 Arbonnier, M. (2002) Arbres, Arbustes et Lianes des zones sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest. CIRAD-M NHN-UICN. 544 p. Arbonnier, M. Arbres, A 2002 Arbres, Arbustes et Lianes des zones sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest Tchimbi, B., Absakine, S.I., Grace, A.M. and Aziber, H.O. (2023) Impact of Pretreatment on the Germinative Characters of Seeds of Stereospermumkunthianum Cham. (Bignonaceae) for Its Domestication in Chad. Open Journal of Ecology, 13, 49-60. Tchimbi, B. Absakine, S.I. Grace, A.M. Aziber, H.O. 2023 Impact of Pretreatment on the Germinative Characters of Seeds of Stereospermum kunthianum Cham (Bignonaceae) for Its Domestication in Chad. Open Journal of Ecology 13 Onegi, B., Kraft, C., Köhler, I., Freund, M., Jenett-Siems, K., Siems, K., et al. (2002) Antiplasmodial Activity of Naphthoquinones and One Anthraquinone from Stereospermumkunthianum. Phytochemistry, 60, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00072-9 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00072-911985850https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00072-9 Onegi, B. Kraft, C. Freund, M. Jenett-Siems, K. Siems, K. 2002 Antiplasmodial Activity of Naphthoquinones and One Anthraquinone from Stereospermum kunthianum Phytochemistry 9422 02 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00072-9 11985850 Mojeremane, W., Mathowa, T., Teketay, D., Stimela, T., Kopong, I. and Rampart, M. (2017) Presowing Seed Treatment Methods to Overcome Dormancy in Seeds of Vachelliarehmanniana Schinz. The Journal“ Agriculture and Forestry”, 63, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.17707/agricultforest.63.2.15 10.17707/agricultforest.63.2.15https://doi.org/10.17707/agricultforest.63.2.15 Mojeremane, W. Mathowa, T. Teketay, D. Stimela, T. Kopong, I. Rampart, M. 2017 Presowing Seed Treatment Methods to Overcome Dormancy in Seeds of Vachellia rehmanniana Schinz The Journal “Agriculture and Forestry” 63 10.17707/agricultforest.63.2.15 Tchimbi, B., Ousman, A.H., Absakine, S.I., Mendi, A.G. and Nangndi, B. (2023) Effects of Scarification and Substrates on Seed Germination Quality for Domestication of Stereospermumkunthianum (Bignoniaceae). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B, 12, 280-288. https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5263/2023.06.004 10.17265/2162-5263/2023.06.004https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5263/2023.06.004 Tchimbi, B. Ousman, A.H. Absakine, S.I. Mendi, A.G. Nangndi, B. 2023 Effects of Scarification and Substrates on Seed Germination Quality for Domestication of Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae) Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 12 10.17265/2162-5263/2023.06.004 Sabre, I.A. (2018) Biologie et valorisation pastorale d’un arbuste légumineux spontané ( Anthylliscytisoïdes L.) menacé de disparition dans l’Oriental marocain. Thèse de doctorat en Sciences option Sciences de la Vie et de l’environnement, Faculté des Sciences Oujda, Université Mohammed Premier, 189 p. Sabre, I.A. Oujda, U 2018 Biologie et valorisation pastorale d’un arbuste légumineux spontané (Anthyllis cytisoïdes L ) menacé de disparition dans l’Oriental marocain. Thèse de doctorat en Sciences option Sciences de la Vie et de l’environnement 189 Mapongmetsem, P.M., Djouamessi, M.C., Tonleu, M.Y., Guidawa, F., Doumara, G.D., Noubissi, T.J.B., Avana, T.M.L. and Bellefontaine, R. (2012) Domestication de Vitex doniana Sweet. (Verbenaceae): Influence du type de substrat, de la stimulation hormonale, de la surface foliaire et de la position du nœud sur l’enracinement des boutures uninodales. Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, 106, 23-45. Mapongmetsem, P.M. Djouamessi, M.C. Tonleu, M.Y. Guidawa, F. Doumara, G.D. Noubissi, T.J.B. Avana, T.M.L. Bellefontaine, R. 2012 Domestication de Vitex doniana Sweet (Verbenaceae): Influence du type de substrat 106 Fawa, G. (2015) Phénologie et modes de propagation de quatre essences agroforestières locales dans les hautes savanes guinéennes (Adamaoua, Cameroun). Thèse de doctorat/Ph.D., Université de Ngaoundéré, 2010 p. Fawa, G. Adamaoua, C 2015 Phénologie et modes de propagation de quatre essences agroforestières locales dans les hautes savanes guinéennes (Adamaoua, Cameroun) Thèse de doctorat/Ph.D. 2010 Deguenonvo, A.G., Dossou, J. and Idohou, R. (2020) Aptitude à la multiplication de Pseudocedrelakotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms par graines et par boutures de tige et de racine au Bénin. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14, 2506-2516. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.11 10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.11https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.11 Deguenonvo, A.G. Dossou, J. Idohou, R. 2020 Aptitude à la multiplication de Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf ) Harms par graines et par boutures de tige et de racine au Bénin. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14 10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.11 Kodym, A., Turner, S. and Delpratt, J. (2010) In Situ Seed Development and in Vitro Regeneration of Three Difficult-to-Propagate Lepidosperma Species (Cyperaceae). Australian Journal of Botany, 58, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1071/bt09183 10.1071/bt09183https://doi.org/10.1071/bt09183 Kodym, A. Turner, S. Delpratt, J. 2010 In Situ Seed Development and in Vitro Regeneration of Three Difficult-to-Propagate Lepidosperma Species (Cyperaceae) Australian Journal of Botany 58 10.1071/bt09183 Traoré, M. (2000) Etude de la phénologie, de la régénération naturelle, et des usages de Piliostigmareticulatum (de.) Hochst. en zone nord soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Mémoire d’Ingénieur du Développement Rural, Université Polytechnique de Bobo Dioulasso, 87. Rural, U 2000 Etude de la phénologie, de la régénération naturelle, et des usages de Piliostigma reticulatum (de ) Hochst. en zone nord soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Mémoire d’Ingénieur du Développement Rural 87 Corme D. (1993) Germination of Seeds of Some Aromatics Plants. In: Identification, Preservation, Adaptation, and Cultivation of Selected Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Suitable for Marginal Lands of the Mediterranean Region ( Progress Report of the EEC CAMAR- ProgrammeNo. 8001- CT91-0104, February 1993- August 1993), Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, 111-126. Identification, P 1993 Germination of Seeds of Some Aromatics Plants In: Identification 111 Beunon, T. (2024) Essais de régénérations germinative et végétative pour la domestication de Atereosppermumkunthianum (Bignoniaceae) et de Burkeaafricana (Faba-ceae) dans la zone soudano-guinéenne du Tchad. Thèse de doctorat/Ph.D., Université de Dschang. 177 p. Beunon, T. 2024 Essais de régénérations germinative et végétative pour la domestication de Atereosppermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae) et de Burkea africana (Faba-ceae) dans la zone soudano-guinéenne du Tchad Thèse de doctorat/Ph.D. Touré, Y. (2001) Etude des potentialités agroforestières, de la multiplication et des usages de Pterocarpuserinaceus Poir. en zone soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Mé-moire d’Ingénieur du Rural, Développement Université Polytechnique de Bobodiou-lasso, 120. Rural, D 2001 Etude des potentialités agroforestières, de la multiplication et des usages de Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir en zone soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Mé-moire d’Ingénieur du Rural 120 Thiam, A., Samba, S.A.N., Samb, C.O. and Niang, A. (2020) Multiplication par bouturage de Jatrophacurcas L.: influence du nombre de nœuds, du diamètre, de la durée et du temps de conservation des boutures. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 13, 2573-2589. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i6.12 10.4314/ijbcs.v13i6.12https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i6.12 Thiam, A. Samba, S.A.N. Samb, C.O. Niang, A. 2020 Multiplication par bouturage de Jatropha curcas L : influence du nombre de nœuds 13 10.4314/ijbcs.v13i6.12