Hospitalized patients with a primary diagnosis of CVD at Baise People’s Hospital between December 20, 2021, and December 28, 2024, were selected. Inclusion criteria: 1) Discharge diagnosis included CVD-related diagnoses such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, hypertensive heart disease; 2) Complete medical records containing key information such as hospitalization ID, name, age, ethnicity, admission time, discharge time, and discharge diagnosis. Exclusion criteria: 1) Repeated hospitalizations (only the first admission record was retained for the same patient, to avoid bias in analyzing characteristics of first-time onset and the independence of annual case counts); 2) Incomplete records (missing ≥2 key fields); 3) Cases where CVD was not the primary diagnosis.

Data were sourced from the electronic medical record system of Baise People’s Hospital. The original dataset contained 14,494 hospitalization records. Data cleaning was performed using Excel 2021 and Python 3.9: 1) Deduplication: Using “hospitalization ID + name” as a unique identifier, 8317 duplicate records were removed; 2) Completeness screening: One case with missing key fields (hospitalization ID, name, age, admission time, discharge time, discharge diagnosis) was excluded; 3) Time format standardization: Admission and discharge times were standardized to the “YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS” format, and abnormal time records outside the 1900-2100 range were excluded. Finally, 6177 valid cases were included for analysis.

1) Demographic characteristics: Age (categorized into 15 - 30, 31 - 45, 46 - 60, 61 - 75, and ≥76 years), sex, ethnicity, marital status, occupation; 2) Disease composition: Discharge diagnoses were categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) into groups such as coronary artery disease/cardiomyopathy, heart failure, arrhythmia, hypertension-related diseases, and valvular heart disease; 3) Treatment-related indicators: Admission year, LOS (categorized into 1 - 3, 4 - 7, 8 - 14, 15 - 30, and >30 days), surgical rate; 4) Annual trends: Distribution differences in patient age, disease composition, and LOS across different years.

Data analysis was performed using SPSS 30.0 statistical software. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation ( x ¯ ± s ), and categorical variables as frequency (percentage, %). The χ² test was used to compare disease distribution across different years and age groups. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean LOS across years. The significance level was set at α = 0.05. This study was primarily descriptive. Given the numerous confounding factors and incomplete records for some variables in the retrospective data, multivariable regression analyses were not performed.

Among the 6177 hospitalized CVD patients, 3241 were male (52.5%) and 2936 were female (47.5%), showing a small gender difference. The age range was 15 - 102 years, with a mean age of 61.9 ± 12.7 years. Patients aged 61 - 75 years constituted the largest group (2392 cases, 38.7%), followed by those aged ≥76 years (987 cases, 16.0%). Patients over 60 years old collectively accounted for 54.7% (3379 cases). The ethnic composition was predominantly Zhuang (3826 cases, 62.0%), followed by Han (2031 cases, 32.9%), Yao (156 cases, 2.5%), Miao (93 cases, 1.5%), and other ethnicities (71 cases, 1.1%). Regarding occupation distribution, farmers accounted for the highest proportion (3706 cases, 60.0%), followed by office workers/cadres (927 cases, 15.0%), retirees (835 cases, 13.5%), and other occupations (709 cases, 11.5%). The majority were married (5868 cases, 95.0%), with 129 unmarried (2.1%) and 180 divorced/widowed (2.9%). Details are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of 6177 hospitalized patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Among the 6177 patients, coronary artery disease was the most common disease category (2675 cases, 43.3%), including 700 cases of stable angina pectoris (11.3%), 480 cases of unstable angina pectoris (7.8%), 325 cases of acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (5.3%), and 1170 cases of other coronary artery diseases (18.9%). Cardiomyopathy accounted for 40 cases (0.6%), including 22 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (0.4%) and 18 cases of other cardiomyopathies (0.3%). Heart failure ranked second (1064 cases, 17.2%), including 542 cases of acute heart failure (8.8%), 34 cases of acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure (0.6%), and 488 cases of other heart failure (7.9%). Arrhythmia accounted for 248 cases (4.0%), primarily atrial premature contractions (124 cases, 2.0%) and ventricular premature contractions (38 cases, 0.6%). Hypertension-related diseases accounted for 170 cases (2.8%), valvular heart disease for 115 cases (1.9%), and other cardiovascular diseases for 1095 cases (17.7%). Details are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Disease composition of 6177 hospitalized patients with cardiovascular diseases.

The average LOS for the 6177 patients was 5.7 ± 3.2 days. Patients staying 4 - 7 days constituted the largest group (3408 cases, 55.2%), followed by short-stay patients (1 - 3 days, 1456 cases, 23.6%), long-stay patients (8 - 14 days, 1133 cases, 18.3%), and very long-stay patients (≥15 days, 159 cases, 2.6%). Details are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Distribution of length of hospital stay (LOS) among 6177 hospitalized patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Surgical indicators showed that 4170 patients underwent surgical treatment (including interventional procedures), resulting in a surgical rate of 67.5%. These procedures included coronary stent implantation (2856 cases, 68.5%), pacemaker implantation (423 cases, 10.1%), valve replacement (189 cases, 4.5%), and other surgeries (702 cases, 16.8%).

The number of hospitalized CVD cases from 2021 to 2024 was as follows: 24 cases (0.4%) in 2021, 1668 cases (27.0%) in 2022, 1998 cases (32.4%) in 2023, and 2487 cases (40.2%) in 2024. As the 2021 data only includes records from the last 10 days of December, with a very small sample size, the following trend analysis focuses primarily on data from 2022 to 2024.

Comparison of age distribution across different years showed that the proportion of patients aged over 60 years increased annually from 2022 to 2024 (48.2% in 2022, 53.5% in 2023, 58.1% in 2024), with a statistically significant difference (χ² = 32.67, P < 0.001). Regarding disease composition, the proportion of coronaryarterydisease increased yearly (38.5% in 2022, 41.2% in 2023, 45.8% in 2024), while the proportion of heart failure remained relatively stable (16.8% in 2022, 17.1% in 2023, 17.5% in 2024). The change in the proportion of coronary artery disease was statistically significant (χ² = 18.92, P < 0.01). In terms of LOS, the average LOS from 2022 to 2024 was 6.2 ± 3.5 days, 5.8 ± 3.3 days, and 5.3 ± 2.9 days, respectively, showing a yearly decreasing trend, with a statistically significant difference (F = 12.35, P < 0.001). Details are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Trends in key indicators for hospitalized cardiovascular disease patients from 2022 to 2024.

This study found that hospitalized CVD patients in the Baise region are predominantly Zhuang (62.0%), with farmers constituting a high proportion (60.0%). This aligns with the demographic profile of Baise City as an area with a concentrated minority population and a major agricultural base [[4]]. The high prevalence of CVD among the Zhuang population may be associated with the following factors: 1) Dietary structure: Existing research indicates that the traditional Zhuang diet, high in salt and fat (e.g., preserved foods, animal organs), is significantly associated with risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia [[5]]. 2) Health awareness: Surveys show a low awareness rate of CVD knowledge and low health check-up coverage among rural residents in Baise, which may contribute to insufficient early screening and diagnosis often occurring at middle or advanced stages [[6]]. 3) Healthcare accessibility: Medical resources in rural areas of Baise City are relatively scarce. Patients often present with more severe conditions when referred to municipal hospitals, increasing the demand for hospitalization.

The age distribution shows that patients over 60 years old account for 54.7%, with this proportion increasing annually from 2022 to 2024, suggesting that population aging is a significant factor contributing to the increasing burden of CVD in the Baise region. This is consistent with the overall aging trend in China. However, the aging process in Baise is accompanied by a more prominent phenomenon of “left-behind elderly,” who have a high proportion of living alone and weaker self-health management capabilities, further increasing the risk of CVD [[7]].

Coronary artery disease/cardiomyopathy is the leading category of CVD in the Baise region (43.3%), and its proportion has been increasing yearly, consistent with national epidemiological surveys on CVD [[8]]. However, the proportion of acute myocardial infarction in this study (7.8%) is lower than the national average (10.2%) [[8]]. Possible reasons include: 1) Insufficient recognition of acute symptoms like chest pain among residents in the Baise region, leading to delayed medical consultation and missed diagnosis opportunities for some patients; 2) Limited diagnostic and treatment capabilities for acute myocardial infarction in primary hospitals, with some patients not being included in statistics during the referral process [[9]].

Heart failure accounts for 17.2%, predominantly acute heart failure (8.8%), indicating deficiencies in the follow-up management of CVD patients in the Baise region. Patients with chronic heart failure require long-term standardized medication and regular follow-ups. However, adherence is often poorer among rural patients, making them prone to acute exacerbations triggered by infections, electrolyte imbalances, etc. [[10]]. Furthermore, this study shows that the surgical rate increased from 62.3% in 2022 to 70.5% in 2024, while the average LOS decreased from 6.2 days to 5.3 days. This reflects the continuous improvement in the technical level of CVD diagnosis and treatment at Baise People’s Hospital, particularly the popularization of coronary interventional therapy. Concurrently, the optimization of treatment processes (e.g., chest pain center construction) has effectively shortened hospital stays, aligning with the requirements of the National Health Commission’s “Further Action Plan for Improving Medical Services (2023-2025)” [[11]].

Based on the findings of this study and considering the actual situation in the Baise region, the following prevention and control suggestions are proposed: 1) Targeted intervention for key populations: Conduct “CVD Prevention Knowledge into Villages” activities targeting Zhuang farmers and individuals over 60 years old to improve early recognition capabilities; 2) Enhancement of primary healthcare capacity: Strengthen the allocation of CVD screening equipment (e.g., ECG machines, blood pressure monitors) in township health centers and provide CVD diagnosis and treatment training for primary care physicians; 3) Optimization of follow-up management: Establish a three-tier follow-up system linking “municipal hospitals-township health centers-village clinics,” utilizing remote methods like WeChat and phone calls to strengthen medication guidance for patients with chronic heart failure and hypertension; 4) Improvement of treatment processes: Further strengthen the construction of chest pain centers, optimize referral pathways for acute myocardial infarction patients, and shorten door-to-balloon (D2B) time [[12]].