The concept of Aether was first introduced by I. Newton in 1675. Following the work of T. Young (1804) and A.-J. Fresnel (1816), light was understood as a transverse wave propagating through an elastic medium called Luminiferous Aether. Since elastic matter of an ordinary type can only transmit longitudinal waves, the unique properties of Aether attracted attention. In 1846, J. McCullagh proposed a theory of a rotationally elastic medium in which the energy of deformation depends only on the rotation of volume elements, not on their compression or distortion. His formulation produced equations analogous to Maxwell’s equations, showing that such a medium could transmit transverse waves. However, the concept of Luminiferous Aether was abandoned with the advent of Special Relativity in 1905.

Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation, first suggested by N. Fatio in 1690 and later by Le Sage (1748), offered a kinetic explanation of Newtonian gravity. The theory proposed that streams of unseen ultra-mundane corpuscles impinge on matter from all directions, with bodies partially shielding one another and thereby creating a net attractive force. This was the first theory to describe gravity as an emergent phenomenon.

Kinetic Theory of Gases explained macroscopic properties—pressure, temperature, viscosity, thermal conductivity—through the motion of molecules. In 1859, J. C. Maxwell derived the Maxwell velocity distribution, the first statistical law in physics, showing that the macroscopic behavior of gases emerges from microscopic motion.

Maxwell’s Equations (1861) unified electricity and magnetism. By comparing the electrodynamic constant c, measured by Weber and Kohlrausch in 1857, with Fizeau’s 1849 measurement of light’s velocity, Maxwell identified light as an electromagnetic phenomenon.

Rydberg Constant ( R ∞ ), first introduced in 1888 as a fitting parameter for hydrogen spectra, remains one of the most precisely determined physical constants.

Electron charge-to-mass ratio ( e / m e ), denoted here as R T ≡ e / m e was first determined by J. J. Thomson in 1897, a milestone since the electron’s mass could not be directly measured.

Planck Constant (h), derived in 1901 from black-body radiation studies, was based on statistical thermodynamics, prior to the establishment of quantum mechanics. Using Boltzmann’s entropy formula ( S = k B ln W , k B is the Boltzmann constant), Planck introduced h as a factor that converts units of frequencyνinto units of energyE. He calculated values of h and k B that are within 1.16% and 2.57%, respectively of the currently accepted values [2].

Based on experimentally measured values of constants R ∞ , R T , c,h, and the value of the magnetic permeability of free space: μ 0 = 4 π × 10 − 7 H / m , we derive the key Fundamental Physical Constants:

Basic size unit a :

Dimensionless Rydberg constant α :

The constant was later named “Sommerfeld’s constant” and later “Fine-structure constant.”

Electron rest energy E e :

Elementary charge e:

All of these constants were determined or could have been calculated prior to the development of Quantum Physics.

Basic Units:

Size a Time t 0 = a / c Energy E 0 = h c / a

Derived Units:

Angular Momentum h = E 0 × t 0 Gravitodynamic Constant c = a / t 0 Frequency ν 0 = t 0 − 1 Surface Energy Density σ 0 = E 0 / a 2 Angular Momentum Flux Density J h = h a 2 t 0 Energy Density ρ 0 = E 0 / a 3

We often use well-known physical parameters, keeping in mind that all of them can be expressed through the Basic Units of time t 0 , size, and energy E 0 .

World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) is founded on three central concepts:

Cosmic Medium (CM): the carrier of all interactions in Classical Physics.Universe-Created Matter (UCM): continuously generated by the Eternal Universe.Angular Momentum: inherited from the Eternal Universe.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how Physical Constants and Key Cosmological Parameters naturally emerge within WUC.

To address the absence of a physical “center of expansion” in three-dimensional cosmology—often associated with the initial singularity—WUC introduces the concept of the Hypersphere World embedded in four spatial dimensions. In this framework, the center of expansion resides at the center of the 4D Nucleus:

The expansion of the Nucleus stretches its 3D surface, which constitutes the Hypersphere World. Thus, there is no need to invoke dark energy.The continuous creation of matter arises naturally from the Nucleus’s expansion in the fourth spatial dimension. UCM is produced homogeneously throughout Hypersphere World.In WUC, all key cosmological parameters of Observable World depend on the dimensionless time-varying quantity: Q = R / a , where R is the World’s radius. Quantity Q encapsulates the curvature of the World in fourth spatial dimension and serves as a fundamental scaling parameter.

In WUC, the Observable World (OW) is described as a Hubble Bubble(HB) with radius R = c τ , where c is the gravitodynamic constant (identical to the electrodynamic constant in Maxwell’s equations) and τ is the Absolute Cosmological Time. The OW has an intrinsic surface energy density σ 0 interpreted as a temperature-invariant surface enthalpy [5].

Following Nikola Tesla’s principle—“There is no energy in matter other than that received from the environment”—the total energy of OW is:

The corresponding average energy density is:

which decreases inversely with radius R. Here, the fundamental scaling parameter Q is:

where A τ is the Absolute Age of the World and t 0 = 5.9059662 × 10 − 23   s is the basic time unit. Thus, Q is equivalent to Dirac’s Large Number.

UCM is continuously generated by the Eternal Universe within the expanding 4D Nucleus. This occurs through the formation of Universe-Created Particles(UCPs), which annihilate in pairs to form ordinary particles. UCPs carry angular momentum resembling microscopic “air vortices.” The rate of UCM creation is proportional to the surface area of the Hubble Bubble.

The surface energy density σ 0 can also be expressed as an angular momentum flux density:

so that the total energy of the OW is equivalent to the total angular momentum flux:

directed along the fourth spatial dimension.

In summary, WUC reduces the World to two fundamental parameters:

the dimensionless Rydberg constant α = ( 2 a R ∞ ) 1 / 3 .the time-varying quantity Q.

The principle follows that the best theory is the one constructed from the fewest possible dimensionless parameters.

The principal idea of WUC is that the energy density of OW, ρ O W equals to a critical energy density ρ c r , which can be found by considering a sphere of radius R M and enclosed mass Mthat can be calculated by multiplication of critical mass density by the volume of the sphere. When OW has the critical density, the Hubble velocity H × R M ( H = c / R is the Hubble parameter and R is a radius of OW) equals the escape velocity v e s c :

which gives an equation for ρ c r :

This equation can be rewritten as:

where μ g = 4 π G c 2 is a gravitomagnetic parameter and ρ C M = 2 3 ρ c r is an energy density of CM.

Considering that H ∝ R − 1 , it is easy to see the gravitational parameter G ∝ R − 1 . We emphasize that the values of the main cosmological parameters G and H depend on the value of ρ C M which is the characteristic of CM that is homogeneous and isotropic.

According to WUC, the critical energy density of OW ρ c r equals to ρ O W :

From this equation we can get the following expression for the gravitational parameter G:

The constancy of universe fundamental constants, including G, is now commonly accepted, although it has never been firmly established as a fact. A commonly held opinion states that gravity has no established relation to other fundamental forces, so it does not appear possible to calculate it from other constants that can be measured more accurately, as is done in other areas of physics.

WUC holds that there indeed exist relations between all Cosmological parameters that depend on dimensionless time-varying quantity Q. According to WUC, the following parameters of OW depend on Q:

Newtonian Parameter of Gravitation G: G = a 2 c 4 8 π h c × Q − 1 Hubble’s Parameter H: H = t 0 − 1 × Q − 1 Absolute Age of the World A τ : A τ = t 0 × Q The Worlds’ Radius R: R = a × Q Critical Energy Density ρ c r : ρ c r = 3 ρ 0 × Q − 1 Concentration of Intergalactic Plasma n I G P : n I G P = 2 π 2 a 3 m e m p × Q − 1 Minimum Energy of Photons E p h : E p h = ( m e m p ) 1 / 2 E 0 × Q − 1 / 2 Temperature of Microwave Background Radiation (MBR) T M B R :

Temperature of Far-Infrared Background Radiation peak T F I R B :

where m e / m p is electron-to-proton mass ratio. In frames of WUC, all these Cosmological parameters are a manifestation of the Worlds’ curvature in the fourth spatial dimension.

Summary:

The World’s energy density is inversely proportional to the dimensionless time-varying parameter Q in all cosmological times.The particles relative energy densities are proportional to constant α .The constant α plays a central role in WUC. Its value defined through π (see Section 8).Constant α and quantity Q should be named “Universe Constant” and “World Parameter.”

The current CODATA recommended value for α − 1 is:

In 2019, J. Yee proposed the following equation for α − 1 using π only [7]:

Accuracy: Correct to 6 decimal places—an excellent fit.

This is the best balance of simplicity and precision (without exotic functions), because it uses only π and gives agreement to 6 decimals.

In 1951, F. Lenz wrote a very short Letter to the Editor of Physical Review noting that the value of the ratio m p / m e could be expressed to all significant figures by 6 π 5 . Lenz’s note is the shortest article ever published in Physical Review: 27 words, 1 number, 1 equation, and 1 reference [8].

The current CODATA recommended value for the proton-to-electron mass ratio is:

Accuracy: Correct to 5 decimal places— 6 π 5 matches this ratio to a high degree of precision:

This type of coincidence is common in physics and usually leads to a deeper question: is this a signal of some undiscovered theory of reality or just a mere fluke? For this particular case, A. Amir, et al. calculated in 2016 using a simple model that for an expression built up from well-known mathematical constants the a priori probability of getting a 5-digit number like 1836.1 is only 1.2% [9].

The fact that relatively simple expressions involving π provide accurate approximations for such precisely measured fundamental constants as α e x p − 1 and ( m p / m e ) e x p is unlikely to be a mere coincidence. In our view, the “Universe Constant” α and the proton-to-electron mass ratio m p / m e are, in fact, natural expressions constructed from the “Universe Number π”, which reflects the spherical geometry of the World.

While many competing cosmological models exist, the most probable one, in our opinion, is that which rests on the minimum number of fundamental parameters. WUC is built upon just two: the “Universe Constant”, defined through π, and the “World Parameter” Q , which increases with absolute cosmological time ( Q ∝ τ ) and serves as a measure of both the Size and Age of the World. In WUC, well-known physical parameters are often employed, but always with the understanding that they can ultimately be expressed through the Basic Units. By considering relative values of physical parameters in terms of these Basic Units, all dimensionless quantities of the World can be represented through the two Fundamental Parameters, α and Q , combined with rational exponents, small integers, and π.

There are only two directly measured Cosmological parameters: the Gravitational parameter G and the Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (MBR) T M B R . Q. Li, et al. experimentally measured the most accurate values of Gusing two independent methods [10]

which are in excellent agreement with the value of G = 6.67420 × 10 − 11   m 3 ⋅ kg − 1 ⋅ s − 2 predicted by WUC in 2013 [5].

In 2009, D. J. Fixsen measured the value of MBR temperature T M B R [11]:

It means that the most accurate parameter is G, and all other Cosmological parameters could be, in principle, calculated based on the value of G with the same accuracy. Thanks to the revealed by WUC Inter-Connectivity of key Cosmological parameters, we show that G that can be measured directly makes measurable all Cosmological parameters, which cannot be measured directly.

Considering equations in Section 7, we have the following equation for G:

An average value of Gravitational parameter G a v of experimentally measured values by Q. Li, et al. [10]:

allows us to calculate the value of Q a v based on the value of G a v :

Below, we will use this value of Q a v for a calculation of all key Cosmological parameters.

Leveraging Inter-Connectivity of key cosmological parameters revealed by WUC, we demonstrate that the gravitational parameter G a v , which can be measured directly, enables the determination of all other cosmological parameters that are not directly measurable. Using G a v , we calculate the radius of the curvature R as follows:

The most important parameters in Cosmology are the Hubble’s parameter H 0 and the Age of the World A τ , which we can calculate by the following equations:

We emphasize that the Hubble’s parameter H 0 and absolute Age of the World A τ are determined by the experimentally measured value of G a v !

According to WUC, the value of H should be measured based on MBR only. The calculated value of the Hubble’s parameter in 2013: H 0 = 68.733   km ⋅ s − 1 ⋅ Mpc − 1 is in excellent agreement with the most recent measured value in 2021: H 0 = 68.7 ± 1.3   km ⋅ s − 1 ⋅ Mpc − 1 using only MBR data [12].

Considering the equation in Section 7 for T M B R :

we have the following equation for m e / m p :

WUC, being a classical model, introduces classical notions only from the moment the first ensemble of particles emerged at the Absolute time τ ≳ t 0 × α − 2 ≅ 10 − 18   s , which defined by the value of Q ≳ α − 2 ≅ 18780 . Time, Space, and Gravitation are intrinsically linked to the Impedance Z g = μ g c , the Gravitomagnetic parameter μ g and the energy density of CM ρ C M , respectively. Consequently, Time, Space, and Gravitation cannot be discussed independently of CM.

In frames of WUC, μ g can be calculated based on the value of ρ C M :

where a dimension-transposing parameter P equals to:

The gravitational parameter G equals to:

Using a substantial degree of freedom when it comes to choosing the dimension of “mass,” we multiply the mass by P and divide Z g by P . Following this approach, we find the gravitomagnetic parameter of CM μ C M :

and the impedance of the Cosmic Medium Z C M :

Gravity, under WUC, is not an interaction but rather a manifestation of CM. This perspective aligns with Le Sage’s theory of gravitation, which, in WUC, is based on UCPs, referred to as XIONs (5.3 μeV). The energy density of CM constitutes two-thirds of the total energy density of OW.

All physical laws are determined by CM, which is both homogeneous and isotropic. Indeed, Cosmic Medium emerges as the cornerstone of Classical Physics—a savior of its principles. Let us not discard this profound concept with the tide of modernity: we must not throw the baby out with the bathwater!

Table 1 are depicted Physical parameters corresponding to the characteristics of the Eternal Universe and CM. Analysis of this table shows that all key physical parameters determine by their characteristics.

WUC demonstrates that the fundamental physical constants and the key cosmological parameters of the Observable World can be derived from a minimal foundation. At its core lie two quantities: the dimensionless Rydberg constant, α = ( 2 a R ∞ ) 1 / 3 and the time-varying scaling factor, Q = R / a , which together form the backbone of the model. From these, essential cosmological parameters—including the Absolute Age, Hubble parameter, and Critical energy density—emerge naturally, without reliance on adjustable inputs.

The framework avoids speculative constructs such as dark energy, inflation, or an initial singularity, replacing them with physically grounded mechanisms tied to the expansion of a four-dimensional Hypersphere World.

Comparisons with observational data—from direct Hubble measurements to CMB-derived cosmological parameters—show strong consistency with WUC predictions.

In this way, WUC provides a predictive, coherent, and testable alternative to conventional cosmology, firmly rooted in classical physics and defined by a minimal set of dimensionless parameters. The Universe Constant, defined through π, and the World Parameter Q stand as the central pillars of WUC.

Table 1. Physical parameters in WUC corresponding to the characteristics of the eternal universe and CM.

I express deep gratitude to Academician A.Prokhorov and Prof. A.Manenkov for their pivotal influence on my scientific path. Eternal thanks to my Scientific Father, P.Dirac, whose visionary ideas inspire this work, and to N.Tesla, another extraordinary genius. I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. C.Corda for publishing my manuscripts in the JournalofHighEnergyPhysics, GravitationandCosmology. I am also thankful to H.Ricker for valuable comments and suggestions that greatly enhanced the clarity and scope of this model.