The granites and leucogranites of Côte d’Ivoire display significant textural and mineralogical variability, reflecting diverse magmatic and tectonic conditions. The Ferké-Niakaramandougou leucogranites are syntectonic, muscovite-dominated, with well-developed foliation and lineation. Two facies are recognized: a medium- to coarse-grained facies, granitic to porphyrogranular, and a fine-grained border facies, microgranular to micro-porphyritic. Quartz ranges from subhedral to euhedral, alkali feldspar is xenomorphic or perthitic, and plagioclase commonly exhibits twinning and sillimanite inclusions. Biotite is automorphic and elongate, often interlayered with muscovite, which occurs in multiple generations.

The Katiola-Marabadiassa massifs (Kowara and N’Zi) contain mesocratic porphyrogranites, enriched in biotite and plagioclase. Intense mylonitization is observed in the N’Zi massif, associated with mineral lineation and injection of pegmatites with muscovite ± tourmaline ± garnet. Two-mica granites from Bouaké, Zuénoula, Dabakala-Nassian, and Abidjan are granitic to porphyrogranular, composed mainly of quartz, microcline, plagioclase, chloritized biotite, and muscovite. Accessory minerals include garnet, apatite, zircon, epidote, and magnetite.

Korhogo and Kong granites exhibit granoblastic to porphyrogranular textures, with biotite, muscovite, quartz, and feldspars, and accessories such as tourmaline and spodumene. In the SASCA domain, six petrographic types were identified, ranging from foliated granites with large muscovite lamellae to weakly oriented, leucocratic granites. Tectonic structures, including foliation, lineation, and mortar-like textures, are frequent, especially in deformed massifs.

Overall, the Precambrian granites exhibit substantial variability in texture, mica proportions, and accessory minerals, reflecting a strong syn- and post-emplacement tectonomagmatic influence. This mineralogical and textural diversity allows clear differentiation between leucocratic, mesocratic, and highly deformed to migmatitic facies.

The two-mica granites from the studied massifs display a remarkable chemical homogeneity. They are consistently silica-rich (SiO₂ = 68.5 - 74.8 wt.%) and aluminum-rich (Al₂O₃ = 13.3 - 17.2 wt.%, average 14.9 wt.%), with alumina saturation indices generally above 1.13 ( Table S1 in Supplementary material). Total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) range from 6.8 wt.% to 10.2 wt.%, although four Kowara samples yield slightly lower values (5.5 - 6.8 wt.%). K₂O dominates over Na₂O, with an average K₂O/Na₂O ratio of 1.18, indicating the predominance of alkali feldspar over sodic plagioclase, which is mainly albite-oligoclase with CaO < 3.5 wt.%. The Na₂O + K₂O/CaO ratio reaches up to 16.3. Mafic constituents are scarce, as shown by the sum of TiO₂ + FeOt + MnO + MgO rarely exceeding 7% (mean 2.1%).

In the TAS diagram [24] , the samples (SiO₂ = 58.2 - 74.8 wt.%; Na₂O + K₂O = 5.8 - 10.2 wt.%) plot within the granite field, extending toward alkaline granites ( Figure 3(a) ). Most samples fall in the acidic domain, ranging from subalkaline to alkaline compositions, whereas Kowara rocks are the least siliceous and lie at the granite-quartz diorite boundary. The R1-R2 diagram of De la Roche [25] indicates limited compositional variation, from quartz syenite to granodiorite ( Figure 3(b) ). Granites from Ferkéssédougou, Abidjan, and Bouaké cluster within the granite field, while Grand-Lahou samples lie at the granite-alkaline granite boundary. Dabakala samples fall between granite and granodiorite, and Kowara leucogranites show granodioritic affinities. These classifications confirm the granitic affinity of the Abidjan, Bouaké, Katiola, Ferkéssédougou, Grand-Lahou, and Nassian intrusions, and the granodioritic to tonalitic character of Kowara and part of Dabakala.

The two-mica granites follow the calc-alkaline trend close to the A pole, consistent with their evolved nature. In the K₂O vs. SiO₂ diagram of Peccerillo and Taylor [26] ( Figure 3(c) ), samples from Abidjan, Bouaké, Grand-Lahou, Katiola, and Ferké plot between the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic series, with one Ferké sample in the calc-alkaline field. Dabakala rocks are more scattered, ranging from tholeiitic to shoshonitic affinities, likely due to alkali mobility. Kowara and Nassian samples fall within the calc-alkaline series. In the alumina saturation diagram of Barton and Young [27] , the granites are mostly peraluminous ( Figure 3(d) ). Abidjan and Ferké range from weakly to strongly peraluminous, Kowara rocks are strongly peraluminous (ASI > 1.1), and Grand-Lahou is weakly peraluminous. Bouaké and Dabakala vary from metaluminous to strongly peraluminous, while Katiola and Nassian are generally metaluminous (ASI < 1). Figure 3(d) reveals the granite types for the two-mica granites studied. The Nassian, Katiola, and Grand-Lahou granites are I-type, while those from Kowara are S-type. Those from Abidjan, Bouaké, Dabakala, and Ferké straddle I- and S-types.

Overall, the two-mica granites from Côte d’Ivoire are predominantly peraluminous, silica-rich, and K-rich, with compositions ranging from syenogranite to granodiorite. Their calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinities and evolved geochemical features highlight their magmatic differentiation and the influence of source composition.

The trace element compositions of the two-mica granite massifs are illustrated in primitive mantle-normalized diagrams ( Figure 4 ). The multi-element spectra display broadly similar patterns, characterized by enrichment in incompatible LILE (Cs, Rb, Ba, Sr) and HFSE (Th, U, Ta, Nb, Zr). The rocks also show a pronounced positive Pb anomaly and negative K and Ti anomalies. The Ba enrichment indicates a lack of significant fractionation of K-feldspar, while the positive Sr anomaly is attributed to plagioclase melting, as Sr readily substitutes for Ca in its crystal structure. Negative Ti anomalies reflect the fractionation of accessory phases such as Fe-Ti oxides and sphene, typical of intermediate to acidic magmas [30] ( Figure 4 ). The enrichment in HFSE may be related to the separation of accessory minerals such as zircon, which is known to host Zr, Y, Hf, and Yb [31] .

A total of eleven whole-rock analyses from the Ferkéssédougou (7 samples) and Kowara (4 samples) massifs were used to characterize REE distribution ( Table S1 in Supplementary material). The Ferké granites show variable total REE contents ranging from 28 to 489 ppm, with the lowest and highest concentrations recorded in samples T9N2 and T-14, respectively. The Ferké leucogranites display parallel REE spectra with low to moderate slopes ( Figure 5(a) , indicating a moderate enrichment in light REE (LREE) (LaN = 17.58 - 350 × chondrite) and moderate to strong fractionation [(La/Yb)N = 11.58 - 51.50]. Sample T-14 is distinguished by its strong REE enrichment, interpreted as reflecting a low degree of partial melting of garnet-bearing crustal sources. Europium anomalies are generally weak to absent (Eu/Eu* = 0.54 - 0.97). The lack of Eu anomaly in T-14 may be explained by oxidizing conditions, under which Eu³⁺ cannot be incorporated into feldspars [7] .

The Kowara granites show more homogeneous REE contents, ranging from 65.6 to 100 ppm, with spectra broadly parallel and comparable to those of Ferké ( Figure 5(b) . These rocks are enriched in LREE with weak to moderate fractionation [(La/Yb)N = 11.48 - 21.79], except for sample SEP-1, which displays stronger fractionation [(La/Yb) N = 51.50]. No significant europium anomaly is observed in this massif (Eu/Eu* = 0.93 - 1.05).

The classification of two-mica granites, long based solely on field observations and petrography, appears more complex when examined through geochemical data. The use of various discrimination diagrams highlights greater lithological diversity within the studied plutons. Most samples belong to the two-mica granite group, identified in the Abidjan, Bouaké, Dabakala, Ferké, Grand-Lahou, Nassian, and Katiola plutons, consistent with the Casanova and Yobou findings [7] [12] . However, some samples show distinct compositions. These rocks had previously been described as leucogranites by [4] and as (meso)granites with two micas by [12] . Similarly, two Dabakala samples (N˚ 72 and 86) correspond to leucogranitic tonalites, although [12] classified them as granites with two micas. Finally, sample N˚ 185 from Bouaké, interpreted by Casanova as a leucogranite with two micas, is more accurately a syenite. These comparisons indicate that, depending on the diagram used, some samples may shift between classification fields, while remaining within closely related petrographic categories. Overall, despite these variations, all the studied rocks clearly fall within the broader granitoid suite.

Geochemical data reveal close relationships between the chemical composition of the granites and their geodynamic settings, in the Nb vs. Y diagram ( Figure 6(a) , the Ferké granites plot within the syn-collisional granite field, whereas the Kowara granites fall in the volcanic-arc granite field. The Rb vs. (Y + Nb) diagram confirms these trends ( Figure 6(b) : the two-mica granites from Ferké are mainly syn-collisional, while those from Kowara plot in the volcanic-arc field, reflecting subduction-related influences [7] . In the R1-R2 diagram [25] ( Figure 6(c) , most Ferké granites lie in the syn-collisional field. The two-mica granites from Abidjan and Bouaké fall into both the late-orogenic and syn-collisional fields, whereas the Grand-Lahou granites are restricted to the late-orogenic field. Finally, the Kowara granites plot along the boundary between the pre-collisional and syn-collisional fields, suggesting emplacement in a transitional setting between active convergence and collisional stages.

Geochemical data indicate that the two-mica granites of Côte d’Ivoire are predominantly meta- to strongly peraluminous and show a calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline trend. Based only on geochemical characteristics, clear compositional differences are observed between massifs. The Ferké, Abidjan, and Grand-Lahou massifs display strongly peraluminous signatures, consistent with a crustal affinity [33] . The Kowara granites share similar features with Ferké, also suggesting a crustal source. In contrast, the Katiola and Nassian granites are meta-aluminous, pointing to a mantle contribution [33] . The Bouaké and Dabakala massifs range from meta- to peraluminous, implying a dual origin that combines both crustal and mantle sources. These results corroborate earlier studies [4] [34] [35] , which emphasized the mixed origin of Ivorian granitoids. However, Doumbia et al. (1998) reported that all the granitoids (Ferké, Kowara, Katiola) exhibit juvenile characteristics, evidenced by mantle-like low initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.700 - 0.702) and positive ε_Nd values (+1.5 to +2.7). The potassic enrichment of these granites is consistent with advanced magmatic differentiation [3] . Gamsonré [36] , studying granitoids in Burkina Faso, attributed K enrichment to the progressive destruction of biotite during granitization, releasing potassium that accumulates in more evolved rocks. Rare earth element (REE) patterns and multi-element diagrams reveal negative Eu anomalies in the Ferké granites, reflecting feldspar fractionation. The fractionation of heavy REE further suggests residual garnet and, to a lesser extent, zircon in the source [7] . Elevated concentrations of Rb, Ba, Th, and U in the Ferké, Abidjan, Bouaké, Dabakala, Grand-Lahou, and Kowara granitoids cannot be explained solely by magmatic differentiation and likely result from crustal contamination, as highlighted by Sr isotopic composition and positive epsilon Nd values [7] . On the Martin tectonic discrimination diagrams [37] , Ferké and Kowara leucogranites fall mainly within the Archean granitoid field, with some Kowara samples straddling the Archean-post-Archean boundary ( Figure 7(a) . Their position indicates that the protoliths of these leucogranites are TTG-type sources. Geotectonically, the two-mica granites of Ferké, Abidjan, Bouaké, Dabakala, and Grand-Lahou are linked to a collisional setting, whereas the granodioritic two-mica granites of Kowara are more consistent with a subduction-related context. The evidence indicates that the granites of Ferké, Abidjan, Bouaké, Dabakala, and Grand-Lahou were formed from magma generated by a collisional event, whereas those from Kowara originated from the fusion of sediments and/or crustal anatexis. This interpretation aligns with broader geodynamic models proposed for Archean cratons [11] [37] - [39] . These models suggest that TTG suites formed through partial melting of undepleted oceanic crust in Archean subduction zones. The REE-depleted signatures of TTG are explained by garnet ± amphibole retention in the melting residue. Interestingly, mechanisms first proposed for Archean crustal evolution may extend into the Paleoproterozoic, as illustrated by the Birimian granitoids of Côte d’Ivoire. Beyond horizontal subduction-related processes, vertical tectonic styles such as sagduction [40] may also have influenced the geodynamic evolution of these terranes, adding complexity to their petrogenetic history. The multi-element diagrams of the two-mica granites from Côte d’Ivoire, normalized to the primitive mantle [41] , show a close similarity to those of the two-mica granites from Central Bretagne, France [42] ( Figure 7(b) . These features suggest that they may have formed under similar tectonic or magmatic conditions, such as crustal anatexis (partial melting of continental crust) in a collisional or post-collisional setting. This is confirmed by studies conducted by [43] , who reveal that the Central Bretagne granite results from the Hercynian orogen formed by the collision of the Sud Gondwana plate, the Laurentia plate, and the Laurasia plate.