The crude oil from Kuwait has an API gravity of 22 degrees, which classifies it as medium crude. Table 1 presents a compilation of the characteristics of the crude oil.

Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal trees are used to harvest the branches of the Acacia tree, which are then used to extract the Arabic gum. This is a dry, gummy exudate that may be consumed. Gum Arabic serves as a stabilising component, emulsifier, flavouring agent, thickening agent, and surface-finishing agent in the food industry owing to its considerable solubility properties. Furthermore, it inhibits the crystallisation of sugar or the onset of turbidity. In the wine production process, gum Arabic functions to inhibit dye colouring and protein precipitation.

Plastics, coverings, compound materials, rubber, and ceramics are just some of the types of applications that make use of this substance. Since it has a substantial hydrophilic property, it is suitable for oil systems ( Table 2 ).

In accordance with the illustration in Figure 2 , brine solution was used in conjunction with the mixture of silica nanoparticles and Arabic gum polymer. Brine is made by combining distilled water and sodium chloride, both of which are bought from Ajax. The salinity of the brine varies based on the sources that are extracted from the oilfield.

Experimental research on fluid phase relations has given rise to the development of several tensiometers, which have become basic equipment in a range of technical processes. Of all the methodologies discussed, only a small number are currently common in measuring interfacial tension (IFT) at fluid liquid interfaces. [8] documented a short survey of the strategies that are currently considered to be the most frequent in measuring IFT, with a more comprehensive analysis. These researchers have made significant contributions in the science on interfacial tension measurement in that their work has contributed to a better insight into this experimental technique in exploring interfacial tension. The Pendant Drop (PD) method is one of the most common methods of measuring IFT at fluid-liquid interfaces due to its simplicity and versatility to study gas-liquid interfaces over an extended pressure and temperature scale [9] . It is regarded as the commonly used method to measure IFT in liquid phase systems. The PD method contains the production of a droplet of heavier fluid at the end of a capillary tube that is stabilised in the less dense surrounding fluids, whether liquid or vapor. This approach is intended to obtain the required density of droplets in the surrounding medium.

After the droplet is formed, the profile or the height of the liquid column is measured, and the morphology of the droplet is investigated. These measurements are subsequently added with phase density measurements to calculate the values of interfacial tensions. [10] stated that the PD approach was invented with the purpose of determining the effect of gravity on drop geometry, which directly impacts its profile. The main incentive behind the approach was to investigate the effect that gravity exerts on the appearance and dynamics of a drop that models a given volume of liquid. The discussion that follows is a brief historical and technical account of the theoretical underpinnings of these measurement techniques. In this section, we highlight the historical progression of measurement methods employed to measure IFT. Additionally, the device used in this research study to measure the interfacial tension of reservoir fluids in different experimental settings is also explained.

In this experimental design, the capillary, which is a calibrated tube, is mounted in a chamber, forming a fluid droplet. The resulting drop can be monitored by people attached to the computer system, as shown in Figure 3 . The output is subsequently captured by the software built into the system, permitting rigorous analysis of the droplet morphology and, in the end, the interfacial tension. It can provide accurate manipulation of experimental conditions and will enable consistent measurement of IFT in a variety of fluid systems, which can be useful in the investigation of the fluid phase interactions in reservoir conditions.

Modifications will be implemented to the settings for measuring IFT, as shown in Table 2 . The first concentrations of the combination are formulated at weight percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. There are a variety of salinity levels that are tried, including five weight percent, ten weight percent, fifteen weight percent, and twenty weight percent. It is then permitted for the temperature to vary between 25, 35, 45 and 55degrees Celsius. Finally, the pressure would be evaluated for their various values, which range from 25 to 1900 psi. Table 3 is a presentation of the operating settings that were used for this investigation.

One of the most essential elements of the equipment was a piece of stainless steel that was formed like a cylinder. This device is equipped with a circular glass pane that allows for the observation and recording of the form of each rising bubble via the medium of photography and videography. The cell has a capacity of 39 cubic centimetres, and it is furnished with a circular glass window. Utilising the heating element that is positioned around the cell to control the temperature, as well as employing the chamber to control the temperature. To manufacture the needle, the insert hole, which is formed of stainless steel and is situated at the bottom of the cell, is used. To begin the procedure of measuring the interfacial tension, the first step was to fill the fluid sample cylinder with the fluid using either a manual pump or an automated pump. Alterations to the pressure that was contained inside the cylinder were accomplished using a manual pump in conjunction with a back pressure controller. The air supply linked to the capillary tube and the regulating valve are essential for effectively controlling the ascent of the appropriately sized bubble at the capillary tube’s apex. For every shot in the collection, ten distinct metrics were applied. It was determined that the value of interfacial tension, that was regarded to be representative of the current inquiry was the average interfacial tension that was produced by the bubble profile at every agreed-upon experimental pressure and temperature.

The bubble chamber is an important part of the system as it is the point of interaction between the liquid and gaseous samples where the interface forms. The system also contains a vibration control table and a measurement chamber as shown in Figure 4 . The chamber is made of stainless steel, an ideal material because it can handle extreme humidity levels and pressures. With the ability to withstand temperatures of up to 200˚C and pressures of up to 10,000 psi, the chamber is durable to withstanding the severe conditions during such experiments. The bottom end has a sealing port where needles are inserted, and a back-pressure controller is connected to an overflow valve at the top, which allows precise control of the pressure in the system. The inner volume of the chamber is 39 cubic centimeters. The chamber is connected to a vibrational control bench to keep it at the right orientation and reduce the errors in the measurement due to external vibrations. This bench is particularly optimised to minimise vibrations, thereby making the interfacial tension (IFT) measurements as accurate as possible. A combination of a robust chamber and vibration damping setup allows such a system to be usable within the stated experimental parameters

In line with the plan shown in Figure 5 , the mounts of the bench companion are supplied with air via the use of a pump that is operated manually. It is necessary for the viewing glass to be situated at the front end of the chamber for the capturing camera to be able to take and record a live picture of the droplet or bubble. During this period, the light mate that is responsible for illumination is situated at the back of the cell. To light the fluid that is visible within the cell, which in turn makes it possible to observe the inside of the cell, its function is to illuminate the fluid. It is possible to establish a connection between the lower valve assembly and the capillary tube by using the bottom of the needle, which is attached to the lower valve assembly. This connection is accomplished by using the needle. When the knurled stem is rotated, the needle tip is positioned in the right spot inside the cell for the generation of bubbles or drips. This is accomplished by turning the stem.

According to Figure 6 a representation of both the automated and manual pumps that were used during the IFT measurement can be seen in the picture below. With the help of the Quizix Pump Works software, the QX-6000 automated pump is completely linked with the data collecting system and is being monitored in a continuous manner. This device is outfitted with a pump controller that is accountable for coordinating the activities of two separate positive displacement piston pumps, which are denoted by the letters A and B. When it comes to establishing a pulseless continuous fluid flow for a single fluid, it is conceivable for these two piston pumps to operate independently for distinct stroke volumes. There is also the possibility that they will collaborate to provide a continuous flow of fluid for a single fluid. At this point, it is possible to make use of any of these pumps. With a stroke volume of around 12 centimetres cubic, a piston diameter of 0.375 inches, a maximum pressure of 6000 pounds per square inch, and a maximum flow rate of fifty cubic centimetres per minute, the device displays a range of capabilities. There are 0.375 inches of diameter on the piston. There is a possibility that the manual pump will help in elevating the cell’s internal pressure.

The Rame-hart digital video camera was placed outside the viewing chamber of the cell; A visual documentation of the droplet or bubble that formed inside the cell was obtained.

A live feed was sent to the drop image software by the Rame-hart camera, which was connected to the personal computer. This allowed the program to do processing ( Figure 7 ). There is a link between the suit and the Rame-hart camera, which is responsible for managing the transmission of the live image of the drop that is created in the cell for the purpose of additional analysis using the Advanced picture software to be performed. Using this connection, the suit is able to provide the picture.

Figure 11 and Figure 12 display the findings of measurements that were taken of the interfacial tension (IFT) of bubbles of air in water. These measurements were conducted at a variety of temperatures and pressures. The pressure varies between 25 and 1900 psi, and the temperatures are 25, 35, 45 and 55, respectively. The IFT typically decreases as the levels of temperature and pressure rise. This kind of behaviour is a sign that, in a two-phase system that is comprised of water and air and operating under typical pipeline conditions, the IFT drops as the pressure increases while the temperature is held at a constant level. In a similar vein, the IFT drops when temperature increases, even though pressure has a greater impact than temperature in this specific situation. This phenomenon is evidence that the surface of the water encounters an increase in the buildup of air molecules as the amount of pressure increases. As a result of the fact that they tend to connect with one another in water, this buildup of molecules makes it simpler for them to transmit over the contact. Furthermore, as the IFT falls, the transportation of air across the interface is enhanced.

The interfacial tension (IFT) of air was determined by comparing the surface tension of air to that of distilled water, brine, and polymer-silica solutions. This was done to measure the quality of air. To create the brine solutions, several amounts of sodium chloride were used, namely 5, 10, 15, and 20 weight percent. Additionally, a variety of combinations of polymer and silica solutions that were mixed were put through their paces. The density of the aqueous solutions was also calculated and recorded, in addition to the IFT measurements that were taken. The findings are summarised in tabular form for the purpose of making comparisons and analyses more straightforward.

To ensure that the investigation was thorough and accurate, the IFT of the air-water system was compared to the information discovered in the literature. This was done to ensure that the study carried out the correct information. In addition, the results that were achieved by administering a variety of fluid solutions, including aqueous solutions, polymer fluids, silica fluids, and combination silica and polymer fluids, were also considered here. The purpose of this comparative research was to evaluate the impact that salts and fluid solutions have on IFT. This was the goal of the investigation. Furthermore, an investigation was undertaken to examine the impacts of system pressure and temperature by assessing interfacial tension across various pressure and temperature configurations. This experiment was carried out with the purpose of determining the degree to which these components influence the outcome. It is possible that the findings of this study will shed light on the behavioural patterns displayed by interfacial tension in a variety of fluid systems. This is something that is possible. The temperatures used in the experiments ranged from 25˚C to 55˚C, while the pressures used in the experiments ranged from 0 to 100 pounds per square inch. The effects of pressure and temperature were painstakingly studied and recorded in the report that was finally generated. This was done throughout the duration of the experiments.

There was 65.1 mN/m of interfacial tension (IFT) between air and distilled water 25˚C was 65.1 mN/m to 65.17 mN/m at 35˚C, then to 63.18 mN/m at 45˚C and 59.81 mN/m at 55˚C. It worked best when the temperature was between 25 and 55 degrees Celsius, where the interfacial tension dropped from 65.1 mN/m to 59.81 mN/m, which is a 8.12% drop as shown in Figure 13 .

At 25˚C, the IFT between air and brine containing 5% was 21.47 mN/m; however, it dropped to 18.80 mN/m at 35˚C, and then it dropped to 15.44 mN/m and 9.65 mN/m at 45˚C and 55˚C, respectively. At 25˚C, the interfacial tension was 21.47 mN/m, which reduced to 9.65 mN/m at 55˚C, representing a reduction of about 55.05 percent ( Figure 14 ).

Using weight measurements, the interfacial tension (IFT) between air and a brine solution was determined at four distinct temperatures: 25˚C, 35˚C, 45˚C, and 55˚C. These temperatures were chosen since they all had different temperatures. 45˚C and 55˚C were the other temperatures that were recorded. The experiment was conducted with temperatures measured in degrees Celsius throughout its whole. Over the course of the experiment that was carried out, each one of these temperatures was used in their respective capacities. The initial IFT was measured to be 74.05 mN/m when the temperature was set at 25˚C. When the temperature reached 35˚C, the IFT dropped to 66.97 mN/m. After that, the IFT dropped even more to 61.68 mN/m at 45˚C, and then it dropped even further to 49.49 mN/m at 55˚C. Notably, the most substantial drop in IFT was recorded at the temperatures that were evaluated at the lowest and highest levels, which were 25 degrees Celsius and 55 degrees Celsius, respectively. As a result of these temperatures, the IFT dropped from 74.05 mN/m to 49.49 mN/m, which represents a decrease of around 33.61% ( Figure 15 ).

We investigated the interfacial tension (IFT) between air and a 15% brine solution at 25˚C, 35˚C, 45˚C, and 55˚C. At 25˚C, the initial interfacial tension was recorded as 17.54 mN/m. When the temperature was raised to 35˚C, the IFT began to rise to 13.26 mN/m. However, the IFT climbed to 12.17 mN/m when the temperature was 45˚C, but it decreased once more to 30.61 mN/m when the temperature was 55˚C ( Figure 16 ).

The IFT between air and brine at a concentration of 20 weight percent was tested at a variety of temperatures, and the findings indicate that the IFT dropped at warmer temperatures as well as at lower temperatures. At temperatures between 25˚C and 55˚C, the greatest results were achieved, with a drop in IFT of about 20.39 percent. It is essential to take notice of the fact that the IFT values are relatively low, which indicates that the system is conducive to the displacement of air and water ( Figure 17 ).

Effect of NaCl concentration (5 - 20 wt%) on IFT between air and brine. Increasing salinity reduced IFT, though the trend plateaued at higher concentrations ( Figure 18 ).

The pendant drop technique was shown to be the most efficient method for determining the interfacial tension (IFT) at different concentrations between fluids made of nanoparticles and crude oil. This was established by the findings of the study. To maintain a steady IFT value for the whole of this method, ambient circumstances were used. A decrease in the interfacial tension (IFT) that occurred between brine and crude oil was seen because of the existence of polymer Arabic gum and silica nanoparticles between the two substances, as shown by the results of the research. As the brine concentration increased, the IFT values between brine and crude oil were 19.23%, 18.57%, 15.47%, and 14.89%. The brine content showed a reduction from 19.23% to 14.89%, indicating that the brine content was decreasing. Figure 19 and Table 4 both illustrate the link that exists between the two unique kinds of liquids via their separate representations. For arriving at these values via the process of comparison, a comparison was conducted between the crude oil and the brine. Through the utilisation of 20% brine, a reduction of 14.89% was accomplished, while the utilisation of 15% brine resulted in a reduction of 15.47%, the utilisation of 10% brine resulted in a reduction of 18.57%, and the utilisation of 5% brine resulted in a reduction of 19.23%. All these reductions were accomplished by utilising brine.

Figure 19 depicts the outcomes of the experiments that were conducted using a combination of Arabic gum and silica nanoparticles in conjunction with brine at a concentration of 5%. A decrease in interfacial tension (IFT) was seen throughout a wide temperature range, as shown by the data. It was observed that there was a decrease in IFT that was about 46.01 hundred percent.

IFT measurements were conducted at pressures ranging from 25 to 1900 psi to evaluate the role of pressure in interfacial behavior. The results show a consistent trend of decreasing IFT with increasing pressure. At 25 psi, the IFT values were relatively higher, while at 1900 psi the IFT values were the lowest across all systems tested (air-brine, brine-oil, and nanoparticle-modified systems). This reduction in IFT with pressure is attributed to the compression of fluid phases at elevated pressures, which promotes stronger molecular interactions at the interface and reduces interfacial energy. Although the magnitude of the pressure effect was less significant than that of temperature, salinity, or nanoparticle addition, its influence was measurable and consistent across all test conditions.

The effect of pressure on IFT was also considered, with measurements performed between 25 and 1900 psi. The results confirmed that IFT decreases as pressure increases, in agreement with prior studies that reported reduced interfacial energy at higher pressures. This trend can be explained by the enhanced density of the liquid phase under compression, which modifies the molecular arrangement at the fluid interface and decreases cohesive forces. Compared with the effects of temperature, salinity, and nanoparticles, the influence of pressure was smaller but still significant, suggesting that pressure should not be neglected when assessing reservoir conditions for enhanced oil recovery. In practical applications, the combined effects of elevated pressure and temperature may further improve the efficiency of IFT reduction when nanoparticles and biopolymers are employed.

The reducing rate of IFT with elevation of temperature as observed in this study are in line with those of previous researchers. Literature reveals that the leading cause of this decline is the attenuation of intermolecular forces at the oil/brine/air/water interface caused by temperature rise. Since kinetic energy of molecules is elevated with increase of temperature, attraction between the molecules at the interface weakens which in turn causes a decrease in the IFT [11] . The occurrence of this trend has been recorded in much research on the nature of IFT in aqueous and oil-based systems. The reduction of IFT in the example of a brine-oil system might also be explained by the fact that the solubility of both surfactants and other types of additives is increased when the temperature is higher, and, thus, the interfacial tension is decreased further [12] . Such impact has been addressed concerning the concept of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), whereby temperature has been adopted to improve the utilisation of surfactants in the reduction of IFT and mobilisation of oil.

Salinity is largely another major characteristic in defining the IFT between brine and air. The data produced in this study indicates that the IFT decreases with the rise in concentration of NaCl. This is attributable to the impact of salt on the constituent of water molecules. According to [13] , sodium chloride ions tend to disturb the hydrogen bonding of water molecules and this type of deterioration in the bonding between water molecules reduces the interfacial tension. The same kinds of results have also been replicated in studies that explored the modifying ability of different salts on IFT in non-aqueous systems of brine and water. It should also be pointed out, though, that the influences on IFT of salinity are not necessarily linear, so that at higher concentrations of salt the IFT can begin to reach a plateau or even rise slightly, depending upon the ions being used. Interactions among salt ions, water molecules, and any surfactants or additives involved are quite complicated, so it is crucial to take them into account to grasp the consequences of salinity on IFT [14] .

The inclusion of polymer-silica nanoparticles on the brine-oil system was found to lower the IFT to a significant level as evidenced in the results emblazoned in Table 4 . This behavior has attracted wide attention in nanofluid-enhanced EOR due to the knowledge that nanoparticles adsorb at the oil and water interface, promoting a reduced interfacial tension and enhanced oil displacement [15] . It is probable that the nanoparticles have a role of stabilising that minimises the attraction between the oil and brine phases making separation possible. The decrease in IFT reported in this research matches up with results of other research that have worked with nanoparticle application to decrease IFT in different fluid systems.

The Arabic gum further contributed to the decrease in IFT, presumably because it forms a protective coating at the interface and, thus, this prevents the coalescence of the droplets to keep the system stable [16] . This has been observed before in literature because naturally occurring polymers like Arabic gum have been used in altering the properties of a surfactant system to ensure that they increase the rate of oil recovery.

This research has extensive implications on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, especially where brine and dead oil are used in a system. The lowering of IFT with an increase in temperature and salinity indicates that EOR processes may be enhanced by temperature and salinity regulation to enhance the reduction in IFT which helps in mobilisation of the trapped oil in reservoirs [17] . The effective induction of nanoparticles and natural polymers also increases the prospects of lowering IFT, thus, presenting an interest in investigating these additives as an opportunity in future research of EOR.

Also, it allows such approaches as utilising brine with different NaCl content and nanoparticle addition as a potential solution to adapting IFT to a particular reservoir scenario to enhance the effectiveness of the recovery process. Still, additional research is needed to find out how stable this kind of system is over time and how well it works in the field.