We collected 234 cases of mandibular trauma over our study period (9 years). Sixty-one (61) involved the mandibular condyle region, which equates to an annual frequency of 6.77 cases/year. We finally retained 49 patients for the analysis. Taking into account the exclusion criteria mentioned in the patients and methods section, we excluded 12 files (incomplete records, lost to follow-up).

In our study, males accounted for 91.83% (45) of cases. The sex ratio was 11.25. The 20 - 40 age group accounted for 69.4% of cases. The average age of patients was 32.85 ± 13.25 [7 years and 80] years. The distribution of patients by age group is summarized in Figure 1 .

Of the 49 patients in our study, 51.02% were from the informal sector. The distribution of patients by occupation is summarized in Table 1 .

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were found as the circumstance of occurrence of condylar fractures in 85.72% of cases. The distribution of patients by circumstance of occurrence is summarized in Table 2 . Motorcyclists were involved in 92.84% of the RTAs and distributed as follows: motorcycle-motorcycle collision was involved in 33.33%, motorcycle-car collision in 28.57%, motorcycle-obstacle collision in 21.42%, and motorcycle-pedestrian collision in 9.52%.

It should also be noted that helmet use was not recorded in the files.

RTAs = Road traffic accident.

After the injury, 75.51% (n = 37) of patients were taken to the hospital within 24 hours; and 24.49% (n = 12) were admitted after 24 hours. The average consultation time was 48 hours.

The distribution of patients according to the signs found during the clinical examination is summarized in Table 3 .

Fractures concerned low subcondylar in 51.02% of patients. The distribution of patients according to the type of condylar fracture found on imaging is summarized in Table 4 .

CT scaning of the facial bones ( Figures 2-4 ) was performed in 44 patients (89.80%) and an orthopantomogram ( Figure 5 ) was performed in 5 patients (10.20%).

In our study, 85.72% of patients had a condylar fracture associated with a fracture of the symphyseal region.

The distribution of patients according to fracture site is summarized in Table 5 .

Of the 49 patients in our study, 46.95% were treated beyond 14 days. The average duration of treatment was 13 days.

The distribution of patients according to the time to maxillofacial treatment is summarized in Table 6 .

Functional treatment was performed in all patients.

The distribution of patients according to the type of treatment received is summarized in Table 7 .

Maxillomandibular blockade (MMB) with an Ivy ligature was performed in 34.69% of cases (n = 17), and maxillomandibular blockade with a quick-release screw in 6.12% of cases (n = 3). The duration of maxillomandibular blockade was between 16 and 24 days in 70% of patients (n = 14) and between 8 and 15 days in 30% of patients (n = 6).

In our study, mini-Y screw plates ( Figure 6 , Figure 7 ) were used during osteosynthesis in 34.78% of patients.

The types of mini-screw plates used during osteosynthesis are summarized in Table 8 .

The retromandibular approach ( Figure 6 , Figure 8 ) was used during osteosynthesis in 47.82% of patients.

The distribution of patients according to surgical approach is summarized in Table 9 .

The outcome was favorable in 79.60% of patients. The postoperative course was marred by complications in 14.28% of patients. Three patients experienced sequelae (6.12%), including less mouth opening and dental disorders.

The distribution of patients according to complications and sequelae is summarized in Table 10 .

The management of condylar fractures is part of the management of maxillofacial trauma pathologies. Previous studies have been conducted in Lome on mandibular fractures in general. They highlighted a predominance of symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures [7] [8] . However, no study has specifically addressed condylar fractures. A correlation between symphyseal/parasymphyseal fractures and condylar fractures is known. This study is the first in Togo, hence its originality.

The Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery at the SO University Teaching Hospital is the only national referral department in this specialty. As a result, it attracts almost all patients suffering from pathologies falling within this framework and whose treatment needs hospitalization; hence the choice of this setting for our study.

The results obtained allowed us to highlight the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and therapeutic aspects of these injuries.

Our study is of real interest because it sheds light on condylar fractures.

Our study had limitations due to the retrospective nature of any study, including the incompleteness of medical records, missing tracking data, which reduced the sample size.

It should also be noted that helmet use was not recorded in the files.

Male was the most represented with 91.83% and a sex ratio of 11.25. Male predominance has been reported by most authors with a sex ratio between 3.2, and 9.83 [9] - [13] . This male predominance could be explained by the fact that men are more exposed to trauma, due to their dynamism, their professional activities, and their tendency to take risks.

The most represented age group was 20 - 40 years (69.4%). This age group represents the most active population, users of motorized vehicles, and is therefore more mobile and more exposed to road traffic accidents. Similar results have been reported by several authors in the literature. Indeed, Zachariades et al. in Greece [14] , Emmanuelle Vernhet et al. in France [15] , and Oumayma in Morocco [9] reported 51.6%, 50%, and 58%, respectively, as the proportion of patients in this age group. Furthermore, all authors, whether from developed or developing countries, agree that maxillofacial trauma is generally the prerogative of young people, and often males [16] [17] .

The most represented socio-professional category in our study was the informal sector, with 51.02% of patients.

In their series, Bissa et al. in Togo [7] and Tine et al. in Senegal [18] also found the informal sector to be the socio-professional category most affected by mandibular fractures in general, with 41.20% and 25.25%, respectively.

Our results can be explained by the fact that more than 70% of young people, who represent the working population, are found in the informal sector, which is a major hub of the Togolese economy [19] .

Road traffic accidents accounted for 85.71% of the circumstances of condylar fracture occurrence in our study, followed by workplace accidents (6.12%), assaults (6.12%), and one case of a play accident (2.04%). No fall from a tree was found as a circumstance of occurrence. However, a study conducted in Burkina Faso among children aged 3 to 15 years found falls from trees to be the main circumstance of occurrence of mandibular fractures in general [20] . Motorcyclists were involved in 92.84% of RTAs.

Most studies in Africa have shown that road traffic accidents, primarily accidents involving two-wheeled vehicles, represent the leading cause of condylar fractures. According to Elmansouri’s study in Morocco, they accounted for 66.67% of the circumstances of condylar fracture occurrence [11] . The same is true of Keita’s study in Mali, where road traffic accidents accounted for 66.66% of the etiologies [21] .

This can be explained in our context by the road safety conditions described as unfavorable, by the non-observance of the systematic wearing of full-face helmets and the non-compliance with the highway code by road users, as well as the rapid increase in the vehicle fleet in recent decades, and the defects of certain public roads.

In developed countries, assaults are the most frequent causes (57% in France, 79% in the United States) despite a highly developed vehicle fleet [10] [17] [22] . This situation could be explained by the better quality of the road network, the better application of the various policies to raise public awareness about respecting traffic laws, wearing protective equipment, and strictly enforcing road safety regulations . This recommendation is being supported by the high incidence of motorcyclist injuries and established public health knowledge.

In our study, 24.49% of patients consulted after 24 hours. The average consultation time was 48 hours.

Tine et al. in Senegal [18] and Edouma et al. in Cameroon [23] reported 6.50% and 39.19% of consultations after 24 hours.

This delay in consultation could be explained by limited financial accessibility for patients who delay consulting, and by the fact that some patients were referred from other facilities in the interior of the country, with travel time to take into account.

The diagnosis of mandibular condylar fractures was suspected clinically and confirmed by orthopantomogram or CT scan of the facial bones. We noted, regarding the clinical examination, that periauricular pain was found in 93.87% of patients, limited mouth opening in 95.91% of patients, premature molar contact associated with a contralateral open bite in 77.58% of patients, and a deviation of the interincisal point in 77.58% of patients.

These results are consistent with those of Ahmedou in Morocco [12] , who found clinical signs of periauricular pain in 84.31% of patients, limited mouth opening in 90% of patients, and premature molar contact associated with a contralateral open bite in 67.74% of patients. Keita in Mali [21] also found the main clinical signs to be periauricular pain in 85.17% of patients, limited mouth opening in 90.47% of patients, and dental articulation disorder in 57.14% of patients.

These signs are the cardinal signs of mandibular condyle fractures [24] .

1) Radiological Examinations Performed

In our study, CT of the facial mass was performed in 89.80% of patients. This result is close to that of Keita in Mali [21] and Elmansouri in Morocco [11] where 100% and 55% of patients benefited from it, respectively.

Orthopantomogram was performed in 10.20% of patients in our study, which differs from the results of Elmansouri [11] and Keita [21] , where 100% of patients benefited from it.

This difference could be explained in our context by the existence of associated facial fractures, which immediately justified the use of CT of the facial mass.

2) Fracture Types on Imaging

We recorded 49 cases of condylar fractures in our study, including 51.02% lower subcondylar fractures, 32.65% upper subcondylar fractures, and 16.33% capital fractures. These results are similar to those of Elmansouri in Morocco [11] , who recorded 58% of lower subcondylar fractures, 27% of upper subcondylar fractures, and 15% of capital fractures in his series; Zachariades et al. in Greece [14] also recorded 12% of capital fractures, 31% of upper subcondylar fractures, and 57% of lower subcondylar fractures in their series.

Indeed, the neck of the condyle is a weak area of the mandible [6] . Chin trauma therefore tends to lead to subcondylar fractures, through an indirect mechanism.

3) Mandibular Topographic Associations

In our study, 85.72% of patients had a condylar fracture associated with a fracture of the symphyseal region. These results are consistent with those of Ahmedou [12] , who found an association between the condyle and the symphyseal region in 39.21% of cases. Elmansouri [11] found a condylar fracture associated with a symphyseal fracture in 46% of patients.

Fractures of the mandibular condyle are often caused by indirect trauma from an impact to the chin. This upward force can cause fractures in the fragile areas of this region, the neck of the condyle, relative to the base of the skull [25] .

Forty-six point ninety-five percent (46.95%) of patients received treatment within more than 14 days, and 34.69% of patients within 7 days. The average treatment time was 13 days. This timeframe is almost similar to that of the Keita study in Mali [21] , where 52.64% of patients were treated between 6 and 11 days.

This timeframe was longer compared to that of the Elmansouri study in Morocco, where treatment was completed within an average of 5 days [11] . Rocton et al. in France found an average timeframe of 30 hours [10] .

This delayed response time could be explained in our context by, among other things, the existence of associated bone lesions of the limbs, which were initially treated in trauma care, therapeutic errors (referral to private clinics or traditional therapists), or the reduced financial accessibility of patients for their care.

However, the difference with developed countries could be explained by effective insurance and social security systems that promote access to care, which is not the case in our developing countries. This could also be explained by the existence of a sufficient number of maxillofacial surgeons available at all times to provide rapid treatment in these countries.

In our study, all patients received functional treatment. All major fractures received functional treatment only. These results are similar to those of Elmansouri and Oumayma in Morocco [9] [11] . Since mandibular condyle fractures are articular fractures, regardless of the type of treatment, rehabilitation is always associated to restore masticatory function.

The retromandibular approach was used in 47.82% of cases in our study. Our results are similar to those of Oumayma [9] , where the retromandibular approach was the most commonly used. In Mali, according to the study by Keita [22] , the high subangulo-mandibular approach (modified Risdon) was used in 52.63% of patients.

The approach depends on the fracture topography and its degree of displacement [26] .

Trapezoidal condylar osteosynthesis plates are easier to place thanks to their curved shapes that adapt to the anatomy. They are used to treat high and low subcondylar fractures [27] . These plates were not used in our study. However, in the studies by Elmansouri and Ahmedou in Morocco, these plates were used for all osteosynthesis [11] [12] .

In Togo, these plates are not available. Ordering them from abroad would be prohibitively expensive for patients due to the low socioeconomic status of the population.

The minimum duration of MMB in our study was 8 days, with a maximum of 21 days. This result is comparable to that of Keita in Mali [22] , where the duration of MMB was between 8 and 23 days.

This maximum period of 21 days is explained by the risk of sequelae of mouth opening limitation due to temporomandibular ankylosis after 3 weeks of maxillomandibular locking [28] .

The outcome was favorable in the majority of cases (79.60%). Seven patients experienced postoperative complications, which were managed. This involved peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) in 6.12% of cases, hypoesthesia of the V3 territory in 4.08% of cases, and non-union in 4.08% of cases. Three patients had sequelae, including temporomandibular joint disorders in two patients and dental disorder in one patient.

Delayed treatment of condylar fractures leads to delayed healing, malpositioned condylar healing, and/or poor healing of the joint ligaments. This can lead to limited mouth opening, complex joint dysfunction (CRD) of the masticatory system, or, at most, temporomandibular ankylosis.

In growing children, growth retardation may be observed, with a characteristic facial deformity.

In Keita’s study in Mali [22] , postoperative complications were facial nerve paralysis and surgical site infection in 10.52% each. Oumayma and Ahmedou in Morocco found sequelae in 14% and 14.81%, respectively [9] [12] . For Elmansouri [11] , the outcome was favorable in 90% of cases. The occurrence of complications and sequelae could be explained by a long treatment delay, difficult access to the mandibular condyle during the surgical approach, and non-compliance with postoperative instructions.