After reaching service life, ships are sailed or towed to ship recycling yards for recycling. Although recycling a ship after its end of life can produce a considerable amount of hazardous waste, it is considered the best means of disposing of a vessel at the end of her operational life.
Bangladesh holds the largest share of the industry worldwide, and South Asia is the global centre for shipbreaking and recycling of End-of-Life (EOL) ships. Although Bangladesh and South Asia have the largest share of the ship recycling industry, they have been criticised for their unsafe working conditions and environmental practices. Accidents often occur due to inadequate safety precautions, insufficient training, and inadequate tools.
Bangladesh ratified the Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships in June 2023, allowing the Convention to enter into force on 26 June 2025. As a result, the demand for safe and environmentally sustainable ship recycling practices has intensified. The complexities of balancing economic benefits with safety and environmental responsibilities make it imperative to explore innovative solutions. Chowdhury et al.
Therefore, the recycling activities that require the most attention must be identified, considering personal safety, environmental hazards, and regulatory compliance, so efforts can be prioritised to increase safety measures and training. In this study, the most critical ship recycling activity will be discovered, taking into account safety and hazard management in the Bangladeshi ship recycling industry. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method, specifically the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), will be applied to achieve this objective. This method has been applied in various fields to address complex decision-making problems.
This research aims to identify and prioritise the ship recycling activities that have the most significant impact on safety and hazard management. Greater priority is given to activities that significantly prevent accidents, minimise health risks, ensure regulatory compliance, and effectively manage environmental hazards.
The main objectives are as follows:
1) To determine which activities pose the most significant risk to personnel and the environment.
2) To identify activities crucial for reducing or preventing accidents, environmental damage, and failures in hazardous waste management.
3) To prioritise efforts to enhance safety measures, training, and compliance for activities that currently lack adequate safety and hazard management.
4) To ensure that the selected activities comply with international and national safety standards, helping the industry avoid legal and regulatory violations.
Ultimately, the objective helps the industry focus on high-priority activities that require immediate attention and improvement to ensure safer, more sustainable, and compliant ship recycling practices.
Decision-making methods, such as AHP, have been utilised in the shipping industry, particularly in the ship recycling sector, as they simplify complex decision-making by structuring problems into a hierarchy of goals, criteria, and alternatives. In 2019, Dev and Shao’En
In 2023, Baihaqi et al.
In 2024, Saraswati et al.
That year, Celik et al.
This study aims to employ the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on expert judgments to identify the criteria and activities crucial for safety and hazard management in the Bangladeshi ship recycling industry.
AHP is particularly suited for the ship recycling industry compared to other MCDA methods, as it allows experts to systematically compare safety and hazard management activities through pairwise comparisons, ensuring a structured, reliable decision-making process. Thomas L. Saaty
The first step of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is to define the goal, which is to select the ship recycling activity that is most critical in terms of safety and hazard management. The second step involves identifying the criteria and structuring the hierarchy. In this case, six criteria were used to evaluate the most crucial activity among the six activity groups.
Next, questionnaires need to be developed for expert opinion surveys. Based on the survey responses, a Pairwise Comparison Matrix (PWCM) is constructed for both the criteria and the alternatives. Each PWCM is then normalised, and the criteria weights are calculated.
An essential step of AHP is checking the consistency of the PWCM. If the PWCM is consistent, the final weight calculations can proceed, and a decision can be made. However, if it is inconsistent, the PWCM must be revised, and the process will be repeated until consistency is achieved.
The step-by-step procedure of AHP calculation is given below:
1) Definition of Objective Goal.
2) Structure the hierarchy with the decision goal at level 1, the list of criteria at level 2, and then the list of alternatives at level 3.
3) Construct a set of PWCM of size (n × n) for each element of level 2 and level 3. Each component of an upper level (j) is used to compare the elements with the level directly below (i) concerning it, using the Saaty comparison scale
Linguistic Scale |
Rating |
Reciprocal Rating |
Equally Important |
1 |
1 |
Equally to Moderately Important |
2 |
1/2 |
Moderately Important |
3 |
1/3 |
Moderately to Strongly Important |
4 |
1/4 |
Strongly Important |
5 |
1/5 |
Strongly to Very Strongly Important |
6 |
1/6 |
Very Strongly Important |
7 |
1/7 |
Very Strongly to Extremely Important |
8 |
1/8 |
Extremely Important |
9 |
1/9 |
5) The PWCM is normalised by dividing each element of the column by the total sum of that column calculated in the previous step. The Criteria weight vector [W] is calculated by averaging the total row of each element. The sum of the column of each element should be equal to one.
6) Then, a consistency check must be done to ensure the consistency ratio (CR) is less than 0.1. If it is greater than or equal to 0.1, it indicates that rankings are not being made appropriately, and the PWCM must be revised.
Procedure to check consistency:
1) Calculate weight sum vector, [Ws]
Let, original PWCM = [C], Criteria weight vector = [W]
[Ws] = [C] × [W]
2) Calculate the Consistency vector, [λ] = [Ws] × 1/[W]
3) The sum of each element of the Consistency vector is equal to λ.
4) Calculate the Consistency index (CI), CI = ((λ − n))/((n − 1)) where, n = matrix size.
5) Determine the consistency ratio (CR), CR = CI/RI
6) RI = Random Index is a standardised value presented in
Matrix Size |
n |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
Random Index |
RI |
0.58 |
0.9 |
1.12 |
1.24 |
1.32 |
1.41 |
1.45 |
This project aims to perform an AHP analysis for safety and hazard-related goals in Bangladesh Ship Recycling Industries to select the most critical Ship Recycling activity. In order to perform an AHP analysis, the hierarchy must be structured. This hierarchy structure has multiple levels; the first level defines the goal of the decision. The second level involves identifying the criteria that matter while evaluating the alternatives for achieving the goal, and the third level involves those alternatives. In this study, six alternatives will be assessed to identify the most critical ship recycling activity concerning six criteria related to safety and hazards in the ship recycling industry. The AHP structure is shown in
Level 1-Goal:
The goal of the AHP analysis is to find out the most critical Ship Recycling activity for Safety and Hazard Management in Bangladesh’s Ship Recycling Industry.
Level 2-Criteria:
Criteria are set to rank the alternatives to the decision. In the AHP analysis, the requirements are evaluated in terms of the higher goal, and alternatives are evaluated with respect to each criterion.
In this case, six criteria are defined based on safety and hazards in the ship recycling industry. Each criterion prioritises activities based on how well risks can be identified, managed, and mitigated. The selection and definition of each criterion focus on prioritising activities with higher inherent risks because activities posing greater risks require more robust management of hazards to ensure safety. This approach helps identify activities that pose greater risks to personnel, the environment, or overall safety, making them more crucial for safety and hazard management in the ship recycling industry. The criteria are described below:
1) Personnel Safety (PS)
Definition: This criterion assesses the potential risks to workers’ physical health and safety during the activity, including the likelihood of long-term health issues (e.g., respiratory problems, burns, and cancers) and severe injuries (e.g., equipment malfunctions, accidents, fires, and exposure to toxic substances). Activities that pose a higher risk of such incidents or have a higher probability of causing severe outcomes are prioritised as critical.
2) Operational Risk Complexity (ORC)
Definition: This measures the complexity involved in the activity, e.g., the complexity of safety procedures, specialised tools, or advanced risk management strategies. Activities that require advanced safety measures or intricate tools are considered more critical.
3) Environmental Hazard Management (EHM)
Definition: This evaluates the activity’s potential to harm the environment. This includes the risk of spills, pollution, or improper disposal of hazardous materials. Considering the likelihood and the severity of environmental hazards, activities that contribute to significant environmental damage or require complex mitigation efforts to control such risks are prioritised as critical.
4) Safety Training and Resource Dependency (ST-RD)
Definition: This assesses the level of dependency on safety training, equipment, and worker competency. Activities that require specialised training, advanced safety protocols, or substantial resources (e.g., safety equipment) to mitigate risks are considered more critical.
5) Regulatory Compliance Significance (RCS)
Definition: This evaluates the importance of the activity in adhering to relevant national and international safety and environmental regulations (e.g., Hong Kong Convention, EU-SRR regulations, Basel Convention, Ship Recycling Rule - 2018). Activities that are essential in ensuring compliance with such regulations are prioritised as more crucial for managing safety and hazards.
6) Hazardous Waste Management (HWM)
Definition: This criterion assesses the effectiveness of handling hazardous materials (HAZMAT) in ship recycling. It covers the identification, safe handling, storage, and disposal of toxic substances, including fuel, oil, asbestos, and heavy metals. Activities directly involving hazardous waste or requiring extensive measures to mitigate environmental and health risks are deemed more critical.
Level 3-Alternatives:
These alternatives represent the activities that are under consideration. Each activity will be evaluated based on the criteria defined above. Previously, ship recycling processes were divided into 15 activities for risk assessment of the ship recycling process
Activity No. |
Description |
A1 |
Inspection at the Outer Anchorage |
A2 |
Beaching |
A3 |
Lohari Group (Iron Works) |
A4 |
Pre-inspection immediately after beaching to identify and dispose of insulating and hazardous materials |
A5 |
Inspection by Vendors and Contractors before Gas Cutting |
A6 |
Removal of Mud & Other Contaminants |
A7 |
Wire Group |
A8 |
Draining & Cleaning of Oil and Fuel Tanks and Disconnecting Fuel Oil, Furnace Oil & Lubrication Oil Lines (Oil & Bilge Workers) |
A9 |
Cylinder Handlers |
A10 |
Cutters/Cutting Works |
A11 |
Recovering Unused and Partially Spent Materials - Fitters and Associated Others |
A12 |
Recovery and Decommissioning of Reusable and Recoverable Objects (Electrical, Electronic, Mechanical Machinery/Equipment) - Fitters |
A13 |
Electrical Works |
A14 |
Welding Group |
A15 |
Rotational and Linear Movement of Equipment & Vehicles (Winch, Crane, Excavator & Trucks) |
Alternative No. |
Title |
Recycling Activities Included |
R1 |
Inspection Activities |
A1 |
R2 |
Beaching Operation |
A2 |
R3 |
Handling & Recovery of Materials |
A3, A5, A7, A9, A11, A12 |
R4 |
Dismantling Operations |
A7, A10, A13, A14 |
R5 |
Contaminant Removal & Waste Management Activities |
A4, A6, A8 |
R6 |
Operational Equipment Handling/Material Transfer |
A15 |
After analysing the ship recycling survey
The alternatives for the AHP analysis of safety and hazard-related goals in Bangladesh’s ship recycling industry are listed below in
Therefore, the AHP analysis has been conducted considering these six activity groups, amongst which the most crucial one would be identified.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) involves creating pairwise comparisons for various criteria and alternatives, which depend on experts’ judgments to establish priority scales. All survey participants are actively involved in the Ship Recycling project at the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, BUET, Bangladesh. When selecting participants, it was ensured that each had at least a BSc degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, providing them with a strong foundation in the subject. The participants included professors, current and former research assistants, and technical support staff of this project, all of whom possess substantial experience and expertise in the ship recycling industry of Bangladesh.
During the survey, participants are briefed on the objective and structure of the analysis, and an instruction file is provided. They are also instructed on how to rank criteria and alternatives using the Saaty scale (
Finally, a survey for AHP analysis was conducted, gathering input from six experts. However, expert knowledge and advice have been utilised throughout all stages of the methodology, including data collection in this study. The expert profile is shown in
Serial No. |
Name of the Expert |
Profession |
Education |
1 |
Arun Kr Dev |
Reader in Naval Architecture and Maritime Engineering/Associate Professor, Newcastle University in Singapore |
PhD |
2 |
Zobair Ibn Awal |
Professor, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology |
PhD |
3 |
Md. Imran Uddin |
Assistant Professor, Accident Research Institute (ARI), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology |
PhD |
4 |
H.M. Sabbir Hossen |
Technical Support Staff, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology |
BSc |
5 |
Mst. Zebun Nahar Eti Moni |
Technical Support Staff, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology |
BSc |
6 |
Shaumik Sharif Dipto |
Consultant, JICA Bangladesh Ship Recycling Technical Cooperation Project. Former Research Assistant, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology |
MSc |
In this study, the arithmetic mean was used to aggregate expert judgments due to its simplicity and ease of interpretation. The arithmetic mean allows for a straightforward calculation of the average judgment across multiple experts, providing a clear representation of the consensus view.
Criteria |
PS |
ORC |
EHM |
ST-RD |
RCS |
HWM |
PS |
1 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
ORC |
1/4 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
EHM |
1/5 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
ST-RD |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
RCS |
1/3 |
1 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
2 |
HWM |
1/3 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
Criteria |
PS |
ORC |
EHM |
ST-RD |
RCS |
HWM |
Criteria Weight |
In percentage |
PS |
0.382 |
0.500 |
0.455 |
0.308 |
0.353 |
0.300 |
0.383 |
38.29 |
ORC |
0.096 |
0.125 |
0.182 |
0.154 |
0.118 |
0.200 |
0.146 |
14.56 |
EHM |
0.076 |
0.063 |
0.091 |
0.154 |
0.118 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
10.02 |
ST-RD |
0.191 |
0.125 |
0.091 |
0.154 |
0.235 |
0.100 |
0.149 |
14.94 |
RCS |
0.127 |
0.125 |
0.091 |
0.077 |
0.118 |
0.200 |
0.123 |
12.30 |
HWM |
0.127 |
0.063 |
0.091 |
0.154 |
0.059 |
0.100 |
0.099 |
9.89 |
Sum |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
100.00 |
1) Firstly, Personnel Safety (PS) is given the highest priority, with 38.29% weight. This means worker safety should be the primary concern in ship recycling.
2) Secondly, Operational Risk Complexity (ORC) and Safety Training & Resource Dependency (ST-RD) are moderately significant, with 14.56% and 14.96% weight, respectively. These factors highlight the importance of complexity in risk management and the necessity of proper training and resources in ship recycling.
3) Thirdly, the significance of Regulatory Compliance Significance (RCS) is considered relevant but not dominant, with a weight of 12.30%. While compliance with national and international regulations (e.g., the Basel Convention, the Hong Kong Convention) is essential, it is not as critical as ensuring personnel safety and mitigating operational risk.
4) Lastly, Environmental Hazard Management (EHM) and Hazardous Waste Management (HWM) are regarded as the least prioritised, with respective weights of 10.02% and 9.89%. Despite the environmental impact of shipbreaking, these aspects seem to have lower importance than direct worker safety and operational risk. This could be due to the immediate life-threatening nature of safety hazards, whereas environmental damage has long-term consequences.
PS |
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
R2 |
1/3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
R3 |
1/3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
R4 |
1/3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
R5 |
1/3 |
1 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
R6 |
1/2 |
1 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
ORC |
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
R2 |
1/3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
R3 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
R4 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
R5 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/2 |
1 |
2 |
R6 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
EHM |
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
R2 |
1/3 |
1 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/2 |
R3 |
1/2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
R4 |
1/2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
R5 |
1/3 |
3 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1 |
4 |
R6 |
1/2 |
2 |
1 |
1/2 |
1/4 |
1 |
ST-RD |
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
R2 |
1/3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1/2 |
1/3 |
R3 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
R4 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
R5 |
1/2 |
2 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
1 |
R6 |
1/2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
RCS |
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
R2 |
1/3 |
1 |
1/2 |
1/3 |
2 |
1/3 |
R3 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
R4 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
R5 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1 |
2 |
R6 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
HWM |
R1 |
R2 |
R3 |
R4 |
R5 |
R6 |
R1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
R2 |
1/3 |
1 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1/3 |
R3 |
1/2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
R4 |
1/2 |
2 |
1/2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
R5 |
1/2 |
2 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
4 |
R6 |
1/2 |
3 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
1/4 |
1 |
The overall priority matrix for the most critical ship recycling activity is shown in
Criteria/ Alternative |
PS |
ORC |
EHM |
ST-RD |
RCS |
HWM |
Overall Priority Weight |
In percentage |
R1 |
0.351 |
0.330 |
0.296 |
0.291 |
0.204 |
0.279 |
0.308 |
30.83 |
R2 |
0.123 |
0.230 |
0.063 |
0.101 |
0.097 |
0.075 |
0.121 |
12.14 |
R3 |
0.158 |
0.182 |
0.174 |
0.138 |
0.190 |
0.186 |
0.167 |
16.71 |
R4 |
0.158 |
0.099 |
0.190 |
0.160 |
0.204 |
0.170 |
0.160 |
15.99 |
R5 |
0.099 |
0.086 |
0.164 |
0.140 |
0.128 |
0.177 |
0.121 |
12.12 |
R6 |
0.109 |
0.074 |
0.113 |
0.168 |
0.177 |
0.112 |
0.122 |
12.21 |
1.000 |
100.00 |
1) Inspection Activities (R1) is considered the most critical ship recycling activity, receiving the highest priority weight of 30.83%. This indicates that thorough inspections before and during shipbreaking operations ensure worker safety, reduce operational risks, and minimise environmental hazards.
R1 scores high in key criteria—Personnel Safety (PS: 0.351), Operational Risk Complexity (ORC: 0.330), and Environmental Hazard Management (EHM: 0.296). This highlights the importance of inspections in preventing severe accidents, ensuring safe dismantling processes, and managing hazardous conditions.
2) Handling & Recovery (R3) and Dismantling Operations (R4) are considered moderately critical activities, with 16.71% and 15.99% respective priority weights. These activities are crucial due to their involvement in high-risk tasks such as material handling, welding, and cutting, which require strict adherence to safety measures. R4 is particularly critical in terms of hazardous material exposure and regulatory compliance.
R3 has balanced importance across all criteria, whereas R4 is critical in terms of Environmental Hazard Management (EHM 0.190) and Regulatory Compliance Significance (RCS 0.204), indicating concerns about hazardous material exposure and regulatory compliance.
3) Beaching (R2), Contaminant Removal & Waste Management (R5), and Operational Equipment Handling (R6) are regarded as less critical activities, each with approximately a 12% priority weight. These activities are essential but pose fewer immediate risks to workers compared to direct dismantling. Their lower complexity and safety impact have resulted in lower priority weights.
Despite the valuable insights provided by this study, several limitations may be considered when interpreting the findings. Firstly, the study is conducted with the opinion of six experts. Although the experts are knowledgeable, in the context of AHP analysis, this sample size can be considered small and may limit the generalizability and robustness of the findings. Secondly, although the selected experts have substantial experience, their personal biases and individual perspectives could influence the results. Thirdly, the paper groups 15 detailed activities into six broader categories (R1 - R6) for the AHP analysis. This simplification of activities may result in the loss of differences between individual activities, potentially affecting the accuracy of the prioritisation of activities. Lastly, the AHP analysis is conducted, focusing on the ship recycling industry in Bangladesh. Therefore, while the findings are important for local contexts, they may not be directly applicable to ship recycling industries in other countries with different safety standards, regulatory frameworks, or operational conditions.
The following recommendations can be drawn up based on AHP analysis results.
Inspection activities gaining more than 30% weightage indicate that thorough inspection is essential to ensure personnel safety. Moreover, other activities, such as handling & recovery of materials, dismantling, and contaminant removal & waste management, depend on inspection activities for their proper and safe execution. A thorough inspection should be conducted to identify the inventory of hazardous materials, assess the structural and mechanical systems, and safely shut down energy sources. Additionally, regulatory oversight should be increased during inspections to enhance compliance with national and international standards. Rigorous pre- and post-beaching inspections should be implemented to identify potential hazards early.
Accidents may occur during inspection activities. Therefore, inspectors should ensure that proper safety protocols are followed. This should include protective gear such as helmets, gloves, and safety boots. Additionally, adequate hazard assessment training should be provided, ensuring that inspectors can identify potential risks and hazardous materials.
Activities such as ironworking, cylinder handling, cutting, and welding are prone to fatal accidents and can cause long-term injuries. Therefore, safety measures, including proper training and the use of safety equipment, should be emphasised during handling, recovery, and dismantling operations. There should be strict enforcement of protocols for gas cutting, welding, and dismantling activities to prevent fires, explosions, and injuries to workers.
Dismantling operations are crucial for managing environmental hazards and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations. Consequently, the safe disposal of hazardous materials and adherence to regulations must be prioritised during dismantling operations. Moreover, continuous monitoring and the implementation of advanced safety measures should be carried out throughout the dismantling process to mitigate environmental impacts and protect worker health and public safety.
Implementing advanced safety equipment (e.g., gas detectors, protective suits) for workers dealing with hazardous materials should be ensured. Additionally, developing efficient waste management strategies should be prioritised to safely segregate, store, and dispose of hazardous residues and contaminants.
These recommendations provide a strategic framework for addressing the critical safety and environmental challenges of Bangladesh’s ship recycling industry.
Despite South Asia dominating the ship recycling industry, Bangladesh faces criticism for poor safety measures, inadequate training, and lack of proper tools, resulting in accidents and unsafe conditions. As Bangladesh prepares to implement the Hong Kong Convention, the demand for safe and sustainable ship recycling practices has increased.
In this study, an AHP analysis was conducted to assess safety and hazard-related goals in Bangladesh’s ship recycling industry, to identify the most critical ship recycling activity. Six expert opinions were gathered to create the pairwise comparison matrices for the analysis.
The results show that Personnel Safety is the most significant criterion among the six in terms of safety and hazard management. Meanwhile, Inspection Activities were identified as the most critical activity. It can be explained that adherence to regulatory standards, identification of hazardous materials, and implementation of safety protocols cannot be achieved without proper inspection, making it the most crucial among others. Handling & Recovery and Dismantling Operations were considered moderately significant due to their high-risk nature, requiring strict safety measures.
The study successfully addressed the objective of identifying activities that pose the greatest risks to personnel and the environment. It identified key activities—such as inspection, handling & recovery, and dismantling operations—that are crucial for reducing accidents, environmental damage, and failures in hazardous waste management.
In conclusion, the analysis emphasises efforts to improve safety measures, training, and compliance, ensuring that these high-risk activities adhere to international and national safety standards. The activities deemed critical require immediate attention and should be prioritised in safety and hazard management initiatives.
This work was conducted as part of the collaborative project “Safety Envelope for Ship Recycling Practices in Bangladesh: Hazard Identification and Risk Evaluation” funded by the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) and Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF) under Engineering X. The authors thank all project partners for their contributions. We extend our deepest gratitude to these esteemed institutions for recognising the importance of this project and for their commitment to advancing safety, hazard, sustainability, and innovation in the global ship recycling industry. We have made every effort to acknowledge all sources used in the preparation of this article. However, some references may have been inadvertently missed. We sincerely apologise for any such oversight and gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all whose work has informed this article.