The experimental site was located within the National Agency for the Valorization of Research and Innovation Results (ANVRI), situated in the premises of the former ORSTOM scientific campus. This site is located in the southern zone of Brazzaville, specifically in the 1st district, Makélékélé. The campus is part of the Patte d’Oie forest reserve, established on a plateau at an altitude of 309 meters in the southwest of Brazzaville (15˚14' East longitude and 4˚16' South latitude).

The area has a humid tropical climate, with an annual average temperature of 25˚C and a narrow temperature range (4˚C - 6˚C). The warmest months are March and April, while July and August are the coolest [7] . Annual rainfall averages 1200 mm, mainly from October to May, with a brief lull between January and February. Relative humidity exceeds 70% year-round, peaking between 88% and 94%. Evaporation is highest between February and March, with another peak in August and September. Sunshine averages 140 hours per month, with maximum values in April–May and November–December, and a minimum in July [8] .

Geologically, the area is dominated by sandstone and sandy formations belonging to the Inkisi series, composed of arkoses and feldspathic sandstones [9] .

The experiment was conducted from November 14, 2017, to February 8, 2024.

• V1: Ninja (packaged in France)

•V2: Cobra (packaged in Vietnam)

•V3: Caraibo (packaged in France)

Poultry manure was sourced from the National Institute of Agronomic Research. Delivered wet in 50 kg bags, it was sun-dried before application to enhance its effectiveness. Once dried, the manure was stored in bags until use ( Figure 1 ).

Land preparation took place from April 20 to 26, 2024. The site was cleared, weeded, and ploughed to a depth of 25 cm. In total twenty-seven raised beds (2 m × 1.2 m; 2.4 m² each) were constructed, separated by 0.5 m furrows. Sowing in the nursery was carried out on April 3, 2024, and transplanting on May 8, 2024.

A completely randomized block design (completely randomly) with three replicates per treatment and two factors variety (V1, V2, V3) and fertilization (T0 = control, T1 = poultry manure) was employed, resulting in six treatments with three replicates each. Each plot consisted of twelve plants, from which five vigorous individuals were selected per treatment. With three replicates, this resulted in a total of 15 plants per treatment ( Figure 2 ).

Before transplanting, poultry manure was applied at a rate of 0.5 kg per planting hole (pocket planting), and an additional 0.5 kg (or approximately 12.5 t/ha) was added after the appearance of flower buds. Control plants (T0) received no manure. Beds were watered after each application to encourage manure decomposition.

Standard practices such as watering, weeding, staking, and pruning were carried out regularly to ensure optimal plant development.

Growth Parameters

Measurements began one week after transplanting and continued weekly. Parameters included:

•Neck diameter (measured with a caliper),

•Stem height (measured with a 1-meter ruler from the collar to the apex),

•Number of leaves.

Yield Parameters

Starting 20 days after transplanting, the following were monitored:

•Number of flower buds and flowers,

•Number of fruits per plant,

•Fruit diameter and length (measured with calipers),

•Fruit weight (measured with precision scales).

Data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS v26. Normality was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Based on these, either:

•One-way ANOVA (comparisons by Tukey test p < 0.05) or

•Independent samples median test (for non-normal data) was used, with a significance level of p < 0.05.

-Collar Diameter

The collar diameter of the plants from the three tomato cultivars, after fertilization with poultry manure, is shown in Figure 3 . Plants treated with poultry manure exhibited greater collar diameter values across all three cultivars: 9.56 mm (V1), 8.01 mm (V2), and 10.45 mm (V3), compared to control plants with 9.39 mm, 6.33 mm, and 7.95 mm, respectively. The highest diameter was observed in V3T1.

Statistical analysis confirmed that poultry manure had a significant positive effect on collar diameter across all varieties (P < 0.05). Notably, V3 showed the most substantial increase.

The results of the median test for independent samples on variety V1 showed a significant effect of poultry manure application on collar diameter (P = 0.037 < 0.050). Additionally, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for varieties V2 and V3 revealed a significant influence of poultry manure on the collar diameter of both tomato varieties (P = 0.018 < 0.05 for V2 and P = 0.016 < 0.05 for V3). The highest collar diameters were observed in plants of varieties V1 and V3 that received poultry manure (group b) ( Table 1 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), V3T1: fertilized with poultry manure.

The median test for independent samples on varieties V1 and V2 did not indicate a significant effect of poultry manure application on the number of leaves (P = 0.071 > 0.05 for V1 and P = 0.063 > 0.05 for V2) ( Table 2 ). However, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for variety V3 revealed a significant effect of poultry manure on the number of leaves (P = 0.00 < 0.05). The highest number of leaves was observed in plants of variety V1 fertilized with poultry manure (group a) ( Table 2 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), Nbfeu: number of leaves.

Figure 5 presents the statistical analysis results of stem height in the three tomato varieties, with or without fertilization using poultry manure. From the figure, it is evident that the main stem height was greater in tomato plants fertilized with poultry manure, with values of 122.77 cm, 82.27 cm, and 93.23 cm for varieties V1, V2, and V3 respectively. These values were higher than those measured in the unfertilized control plants, which reached 93.83 cm, 61.88 cm, and 65.46 cm respectively for V1, V2, and V3. The greatest stem height was recorded in treatment V1T1, while the lowest was observed in the control treatment of variety V2 (V2T0).

The results of the median test for independent samples on varieties V2 and V3 showed a significant effect of poultry manure application on stem height (P = 0.037 < 0.05 for V2 and P = 0.013 < 0.05 for V3) ( Table 3 ). However, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on variety V1 did not indicate a significant effect of poultry manure on stem height (P = 0.086 > 0.05) ( Table 3 ). The greatest stem heights were observed in plants of variety V1 fertilized with poultry manure (group a) ( Table 3 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), V3T1: fertilized with poultry manure.

The number of flower buds observed in tomato plants of the three varieties (V1, V2, and V3), whether fertilized or not with poultry manure, is illustrated in Figure 6 . The results show that all plants treated with poultry manure (treatment T1) produced a significantly higher number of flower buds compared to the unfertilized control plants (T0).

Specifically, the fertilized varieties V1, V2, and V3 (V1T1, V2T1, and V3T1) produced 37, 34, and 32 flower buds respectively more than twice the number observed in the control plants (V1T0, V2T0, and V3T0), which had 17 or fewer buds.

The highest number was recorded in V1T1 plants with 37 flower buds, while the lowest number was observed in the control V2T0.

These results clearly indicate the positive effect of poultry manure on flower induction in tomato plants, particularly in variety V1.

The median test for independent samples and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to the three tomato varieties revealed a significant effect of poultry manure application on the number of flower buds. The results were statistically significant for all three varieties, with P-values of 0.003, 0.002, and 0.016, respectively, all below the 0.05 threshold ( Table 4 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V1T2: fertilized with termite mound soil, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized).

The flower production of tomato plants from the three cultivars, following fertilization with poultry manure, is presented in Figure 7 . In fertilized plants, the number of flowers per plant ranged from 16 to 18, whereas in unfertilized control plants, the range was from 5 to 8. This clearly indicates a substantial increase in floral initiation due to the organic amendment.

Specifically, the number of flowers recorded in the poultry manure-treated plants were: V1: 18 flowers, V2: 16 flowers and V3: 17 flowers.

In contrast, the control (non-fertilized) plants exhibited the following flower counts: V1: 6 flowers, V2: 8 flowers and V3: 5 flowers.

The highest flower count was recorded in cultivar V1 under fertilization treatment (V1T1), while the lowest was observed in the unfertilized control of cultivar V3 (V3T0).

These findings highlight the effectiveness of poultry manure in enhancing floral development in tomato plants across different cultivars, suggesting its potential as a sustainable organic fertilizer to improve reproductive performance.

The results of the median test for independent samples and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for varieties V2 and V3 indicate a significant effect of poultry manure application on the number of flowers in the three tomato varieties (P = 0.003 < 0.05 and P = 0.002 < 0.05, respectively) ( Table 5 ). However, no significant effect was observed for variety V1 (P = 0.153 > 0.05). The highest numbers of flowers were recorded in plants fertilized with poultry manure, particularly in varieties V1 and V2, which were classified in groups a and b, respectively ( Table 5 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), V3T1: fertilized with poultry manure, Nbflowers: number of flowers.

Regarding the number of fruits per plant, it ranged from 1 to 21, appearing from the 3rd week with a marked increase starting in the 5th week. The highest number of fruits was observed in the V2 variety, followed by V1 and V3, with 21, 16, and 15 fruits respectively. In contrast, the lowest number of fruits was recorded in the control plant of variety V3 ( Figure 8 ).

The median test for independent samples conducted on varieties V2 and V3 showed a significant effect of poultry manure application on the number of fruits in the three tomato varieties (P = 0.000 < 0.05 and P = 0.010 < 0.05, respectively). In contrast, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed on variety V1 did not reveal a significant effect (P = 0.059 > 0.050). The highest fruit counts were recorded in plants fertilized with poultry manure in varieties V1 and V2, classified into groups a and b, respectively ( Table 6 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), V3T1: fertilized with poultry manure.

Fruit Diameter

Figure 9 shows the fruit diameter of plants from the three tomato varieties, either fertilized or not with poultry manure. The largest diameter was recorded in variety V1, with an average of 17.17 mm, followed by varieties V3 and V2, with average diameters of 14.92 mm and 14.01 mm, respectively. In contrast, the smallest diameters were observed in the control plants across all three varieties.

The median test for independent samples revealed a statistically significant effect of poultry manure application on the fruit diameter of tomato plants (P = 0.027 < 0.05; P = 0.018 < 0.05; and P = 0.000 < 0.05). Among the tested varieties, V1 exhibited the largest fruit diameter ( Table 7 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), V3T1: fertilized with poultry manure.

Figure 10 shows the fruit weight of plants from the three tomato varieties, either fertilized or not with poultry manure. It highlights a higher fruit weight in fertilized plants compared to control plants. In variety V1, fertilized plants reached an average fruit weight of 25.16 g, which was higher than that of varieties V2 (11.88 g) and V3 (11.34 g). Conversely, the lowest fruit weights were recorded in the unfertilized plants across all varieties.

The results of the median test for independent samples show a highly significant effect of the combined application of poultry manure and termite mound soil on the fruit weight of tomato plants (P = 0.027 < 0.05; P = 0.018 < 0.05; and P = 0.000 < 0.05). The highest average fruit weight was recorded in variety V1 ( Table 8 ).

V1T0: control (non-fertilized), V1T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V2T0: control (non-fertilized), V2T1: fertilized with poultry manure, V3T0: control (non-fertilized), V3T1: fertilized with poultry manure.

Our results show that poultry manure significantly improves the growth variables of tomato plants, notably collar diameter, stem height, and number of leaves. This improvement is more pronounced than that observed in plants not amended with poultry manure. Although the chemical composition of the poultry manure was not locally analyzed, data from [1] indicate an average content of 2.8% N, 2.5% P₂O₅, and 1.6% K₂O. This nutrient composition of poultry manure may explain the significant improvement observed in the growth variables of the tomato plants in this study. Nitrogen, which constitutes 3.389 % of poultry manure [10] , likely promoted this markedly greater growth compared to control plants. Indeed, the application of poultry manure resulted in increased collar diameter, stem height, and leaf count relative to unfertilized plants. These findings align with those of [11] , who demonstrated that organic fertilizers particularly poultry manure significantly enhance plant height, collar diameter, and branching number in tomato plants. In addition, the findings of [5] demonstrated the effectiveness of using poultry manure on all growth parameters of tomato plants, compared to goat and cow manure. These authors concluded that organic fertilizers, particularly poultry manure, significantly enhance the growth parameters of tomato plants. Furthermore, [6] also reported substantial vegetative growth in eggplant seedlings following poultry manure application.

Beyond this aspect, poultry manure also improves the physico-chemical properties of the soil. [12] showed that the application of chicken manure significantly enhances these properties. Due to its rapid decomposition, it contributes to improving the physical, chemical, and biological fertility of the soil, thus providing better growth conditions for crops. These findings are consistent with those of [13] , who demonstrated that soils amended with manure exhibited better physico-chemical properties, resulting in significant improvements in biometric parameters such as stem height, number of leaves, and collar diameter.

Regarding yield variables, the results show that tomato plants fertilized with poultry manure produced more than the unfertilized control plants. This is primarily due to the mineral richness of poultry manure, which enhances soil fertility. According to [14] , poultry manure has a high agronomic value, with 60% to 90% of its nitrogen content in mineral form, making it readily available for plant uptake.

Secondly, other mineral elements such as phosphorus and especially potassium play a crucial role in fruit production. Potassium, for instance, helps maintain the plant’s water potential, which is essential for producing larger fruits. This explains the better growth of yield variables observed in plants fertilized with poultry manure compared to unfertilized control plants. These results clearly indicate that the composition of poultry manure is responsible for the improved production. Our findings align with those of [15] , who revealed that chicken manure contains potassium and phosphorus, essential nutrients for flower bud initiation and fruit development. In addition to these two elements, the nitrogen contained in poultry manure is believed to play a key role in achieving high tomato yields [16] .

Indeed, nitrogen stimulates photosynthetic activity [17] , a vital process for the plant. Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy at the level of the light-harvesting complexes and the reaction centers. This conversion then allows the storage of assimilates in specialized organs, such as fruits, which directly contributes to good yield at the end of the growth cycle. Thus, tomato plants amended with poultry manure showed better production. Our results are consistent with those of [18] , who reported that poultry manure and plants fertilized with organic inputs produced a higher number of tomato fruits and greater yields compared to the control plots. Similar to those obtained by [19] in their study entitled Impact of Organic Fertilizers on Tomato Yields and the Density of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Saguiya Region (Niger). The authors showed that tomato plants treated with poultry manure had a higher yield compared to those amended with cow or goat dung. Moreover, the chemical composition of poultry manures also promoted earlier appearance of the first flower buds, leading to faster flowering. These results are similar to those obtained by [6] , who showed that eggplant plants treated with poultry manure exhibited earlier floral bud emergence and a higher number of blossomed flowers. The availability of nutrients provided by poultry manure also improved the production of tomato varieties. Indeed, since mineralization is a gradual process, cumulative residual effects can contribute to improving soil fertility, thereby promoting increased fruit yields over successive cropping cycles [20] .