Agricultural sustainability is a center of food thinkers for, currently, 42% of the world’s population depends on agriculture for its livelihood, in the context of agriculture drives the economy of most developing countries (
Aznar-Sánchez et al., 2019
) among which Burundi taking into consideration that soils are the source of 98.8% humans food with of our (
Kopittke et al., 2019
). However, earth or soil is experiencing degradation that decreases its ability to provide humans with food production through different environmental harm (
Nijimbere et al., 2025
;
Sindayigaya, 2023a,
2023b
).
To tackle such issues, different techniques are being tried among which home gardening practices (
Lal, 2020
) and fertilizers (
Tudi et al., 2021
) and agricultural machines (
Pallathadka et al., 2023
) used in the context of agricultural artificial intelligence (
He et al., 2018
). All these efforts are deployed targeting the achievement of worldwide humans’ food self-sufficiency via sustainable intensification of agriculture (
Beltran-Peña et al., 2020
).
Besides, farmers are using pesticides which are becoming indispensable for the increase of agricultural production (
Tudi et al., 2021
). They have been utilizing them to control weeds and insects and harvests are the witness of their importance (
Victor et al., 2023
;
Sindayigaya & Toyi, 2023a
). This is applied while also applying the possibility for agriculture to be the source of its own performer in the sense farming waste become fertilizers and manure to increase land productivity as confirmed by FAO (
Oluseun Adejumo et al., 2020
;
Duque-Acevedo et al., 2020
;
Nuhu et al., 2023
).
The smart farming approach (
Klerkx et al., 2019
) implemented in agriculture implies the generation of digitalization in agriculture (
Nasirahmadi & Hensel, 2022
) that governs the future of digital agriculture and sustainable food systems policy (
Lajoie-O’Malley et al., 2020
). Even though the technical itinerary is not always well applied due to high cost of inputs and farming tools, inaccessibility of fertilizers and phytosanitary products, and lack of manpower (
Yasser & Wanis, 2021
), agriculture tries other techniques like sowing seeds and seedlings online and follow the advice of agricultural instructors (
Faye et al., 2022
) in the same way it is in Senegal.
In Burundi, the ministry in charge of farming and agriculture applied decentralized of the administration. This means it is effectively represented on the level of provinces, the level of communes till the hill farm monitors or instructors (
Nyabenda & Sindayigaya, 2023
).
The aim of this article is to analyze the way Burundian farming systems apply these techniques in the context of growing beans in the acid land of Burundi.
2. Methods and Methodology
This article is a result of a survey conducted by 4 interviewers with 283 respondents (chosen randomly) on the following dates:2023-04-24, 2023-04-26, 2023-05-16, 2023-05-17, 2023-05-18 2023-05-31, 2023-06-01, 2023-06-13, 2023-06-14, 2023-06-15, 2023-06-29 and 2023-07-04.
The survey was conducted in 15 sub-hills of 4 hills:
Figure 1. Hills origin of respondents.
Referring to gender, the target population of this article considers women 147 respondents representing 48.4% and 137 men 137 responding to our questionnaire, representing 51.6% (See
Figure 1
).
Over four-fifths of the respondents of our questionnaire, i.e. 240 out of 283 respondents (representing 84.8%) are from households whose chiefs are male, 41 respondents (it means 14.5%) from families whose chiefs are female, and 2 respondents (0.7%) from orphan children.
While a very large number of our respondents, in number of 173 out of 283 respondents (representing 61.1%) were chiefs of their households, 113 respondents (meaning 38.9%) were only members of their households.
Data collection was used with Kobokollect tool. IBM SPSS 25 software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences IBM 25) and Microsoft Office Excel were used to enter data on a model beforehand. Zotero software was used for references and biography throughout the text.
3. Main Results Analysis
In this part, we present the results in figures and tables below.
Figure 2. Production system frequently used to grow beans.
Figure 2
shows that beans’ farmers use various systems of production as:
Results from
Figure 3
show that 241 out of 283 respondents that means 85.2% of our respondents use organo-mineral fertilizers or manures while 42 respondents, i.e. 14.8% do not do such practice system.
Figure 3. Use of organo-mineral fertilisers.
During season 2022 A,
Table 1
shows that among 283 respondents to our questionnaire, 240 representing 49.5% answered that they produced zero kilos. 17 households (6%) produced 20kg each, 14 households (4.9) produced 30 kilos each, and 20 produced 50 kilos. Other quantities were produced by less than 10 households.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.143801-"></xref>Table 1. Estimated household production of bean variety one for 2022A (kg) on their farm.
Production in kilos
Frequency
Percentage
Valid percentage
0
140
49.5
49.5
4
1
0.4
0.4
5
3
1.1
1.1
6
1
0.4
0.4
8
1
0.4
0.4
10
8
2.8
2.8
11
1
0.4
0.4
12
2
0.7
0.7
14
1
0.4
0.4
15
5
1.8
1.8
18
1
0.4
0.4
20
17
6.0
6.0
23
1
0.4
0.4
25
6
2.1
2.1
27
1
0.4
0.4
28
1
0.4
0.4
29
1
0.4
0.4
30
14
4.9
4.9
32
2
0.7
0.7
35
1
0.4
0.4
36
1
0.4
0.4
38
2
0.7
0.7
40
9
3.2
3.2
45
1
0.4
0.4
48
1
0.4
0.4
50
20
7.1
7.1
58
1
0.4
0.4
60
4
1.4
1.4
70
4
1.4
1.4
80
4
1.4
1.4
90
1
0.4
0.4
100
9
3.2
3.2
105
1
0.4
0.4
115
1
0.4
0.4
120
1
0.4
0.4
150
8
2.8
2.8
155
1
0.4
0.4
170
1
0.4
0.4
200
2
0.7
0.7
272
1
0.4
0.4
300
1
0.4
0.4
750
1
0.4
0.4
Total
283
100.0
100.0
During season 2022 B,
Table 2
emphasizes the situation showing that the 1st category is occupied households that produced less than 1 kilo. 36 respondents representing 12.7%; 18 respondents (6.4%) produced 50 kilos. Another group of 18 respondents produced 100kilos; 14 (4.9%) said they produced 15 kilos; 13 (4.6%) produced 10 kilos; a category made of 11 households (3.9%) produced 10kilos and another category of the same number of households produced 200kilos; and a category of 10 households produced 20 kilos.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.143801-"></xref>Table 2. Estimated household production of bean variety one for 2022B (kg) on their farm.
Production in kilos
Frequency
Percentage
Valid percentage
Cumulated percentage
0
36
12.7
12.7
12.7
2.5
1
0.4
0.4
13.1
5.0
7
2.5
2.5
15.5
6
4
1.4
1.4
17.0
8
1
0.4
0.4
17.3
10
13
4.6
4.6
21.9
12
4
1.4
1.4
23.3
15
14
4.9
4.9
28.3
16
2
0.7
0.7
29.0
17
1
0.4
0.4
29.3
20
10
3.5
3.5
32.9
21
1
0.4
0.4
33.2
23
1
0.4
0.4
33.6
25
9
3.2
3.2
36.7
28
1
0.4
0.4
37.1
29
1
0.4
0.4
37.5
30
11
3.9
3.9
41.3
35
9
32
3.2
44.5
37
1
0.4
0.4
44.9
40
5
1.8
1.8
46.6
45
7
2.5
2.5
49.1
50
18
6.4
6.4
55.5
53
1
0.4
0.4
55.8
56
2
0.7
0.7
56.5
57
1
0.4
0.4
56.9
58
1
0.4
0.4
57.2
60
5
1.8
1.8
59.0
62
1
0.4
0.4
59.4
65
1
0.4
0.4
59.7
67
1
0.4
0.4
60.1
68
1
0.4
0.4
60.4
70
9
3.2
3.2
63.6
75
1
0.4
0.4
64.0
76
1
0.4
0.4
64.3
80
8
2.8
2.8
67.1
85
1
0.4
0.4
67.5
90
4
1.4
1.4
68.9
100
18
6.4
6.4
75.3
105
2
0.7
0.7
76.0
110
3
1.1
1.1
77.0
115
1
0.4
0.4
77.4
120
5
1.8
1.8
79.2
130
2
0.7
0.7
79.9
150
9
3.2
3.2
83.0
170
1
0.4
0.4
83.4
180
1
0.4
0.4
83.7
200
11
3.9
3.9
87.6
215
1
0.4
0.4
88.0
220
1
0.4
0.4
88.3
250
7
2.5
2.5
90.8
270
1
0.4
0.4
91.2
275
1
0.4
0.4
91.5
300
7
2.5
2.5
94.0
350
2
0.7
0.7
94.7
380
2
0.7
0.7
95.4
400
2
0.7
0.7
96.1
450
2
0.7
0.7
96.8
500
2
0.7
0.7
97.5
520
1
0.4
0.4
97.9
550
1
0.4
0.4
98.2
560
1
0.4
0.4
98.6
600
1
0.4
0.4
98.9
760
1
0.4
0.4
99.3
850
1
0.4
0.4
99.6
1000
1
0.4
0.4
100.0
Total
283
100
100
During the season 2022 C,
Figure 4
shows that out of 283 respondents, 264 corresponding to 93.3% did not produce any kilo of beans.
During season 2023 A,
Table 3
shows 103 respondents (corresponding to 36.4%) did not produce even a single kilo of beans. In number, this was followed by 25 respondents (8.8%) confirming that they produced 50 kilos; 17 (6%) produced 30 kilos; 14 (4.9%) produced 20kilos; and 10 produced only 15 kilos and another category of 10 produced 150 kilos.
Figure 4. Estimated production of bean variety one for 2022C.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.143801-"></xref>Table 3. Estimated household production of bean variety one for 2023A (in kg) on their farm.
Production in kilos
Frequency
Percentage
Valid
0
103
36.4
3
1
0.4
5
3
1.1
6
1
0.4
10
9
3.2
11
1
0.4
12
3
1.1
15
10
3.5
16
1
0.4
18
1
0.4
20
14
4.9
25
8
2.8
26
2
0.7
27
1
0.4
28
1
0.4
30
17
6.0
35
5
1.8
37
2
0.7
38
2
0.7
40
12
4.2
42
2
0.7
45
2
0.7
46
1
0.4
48
2
0.7
50
25
8.8
54
1
0.4
58
1
0.4
60
7
2.5
65
1
0.4
70
4
1.4
75
2
0.7
80
4
1.4
89
1
0.4
90
1
0.4
100
9
3.2
110
2
0.7
120
2
0.7
140
1
0.4
150
10
3.5
170
1
0.4
200
4
1.4
250
1
0.4
450
1
0.4
1050
1
0.4
Total
283
100.0
4. Discussion and Conclusion
Beans farmers use various systems of production as crops associations or combinations with agronomic practices system, crops combinations or associations without agronomic practices system, single crop production system, single-crop farming with agronomic practices system and cropping rotation (See
Figure 2
). Crops combination or association has been remarked in Morocco as innovative systems and technologies to fulfill food, feeding and energy demands and helped to fight against negative impacts of monoculture oriented intensification, agroforestry creating an interest in the international scientific community in regards to the preservation of biodiversity, diversification of productions, alternative solution for climatic change, enhancing agricultural land profitability, livestock integration, and erosion control (
Daoui et Fatemi, 2014
;
Moraine et al., 2014
). Crops combination that may be applied as a simple diversification strategy an increasing number of crops grown on separate plots within a farm but also as an intercropping strategy considered as a within-plot increased diversity, where more than one species is grown at the same time and place production variability (
Paut et al., 2020
). Crop combination may also be implemented as a means of pest management (
Barzman et al., 2015
).
A single crop production system applied in Burundi (
Figure 2
) has been shown the best way of satisfying the food needs. The example of rice production in China, Nepal, Japan, and India (
Gadal et al., 2019
) is a key solution to such issue for it enables an easy way of fertilization intensification (
Hayashi et al., 2022
) as it has been in Kansas, USA (
Nelson et al., 2022
). Anyway, a single-crop system or agricultural intensification increases crop productivity but is known to simplify production with a lower diversity of cropping systems, higher genetic uniformity, and a higher uniformity of agricultural landscapes (
Hufnagel et al., 2020
) while local production with it cannot feed more than one-third of the population (
Kinnunen et al., 2020
).
A large number of Burundians use organo-mineral fertilizers or manure-farming fertilization systems (See
Figure 3
). Organo-mineral fertilizers have given proof of production growth, yield and economic profitability of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Eastern DRC while the territory suffered low fertility obliging soil fertility management technologies (
Chakirwa et al., 2019
). Beans farmers require then the integration of inoculants, green manure and organo-mineral fertilization for any of their crops of banana plantations and beans that feed their families (
Simo et al., 2020
).
As shown by
Figure 5
, results reveal that access to fertilizers differs from the sort of life farmers are living; for 174 out of 283 respondents i.e. 61.5% of our respondents directly purchase manures or fertilizers; 58 respondents i.e. 20.5% buy it on credit; 40 respondents i.e. 14.1% do not access by any means to fertilizers; 8 respondents i.e. have others sources means to buy fertilizers and 3 out of 283 respondents i.e. 1.1% mix credit and direct purchases. Access to soil fertilizers or manures like organic carbon pools is important for maintaining soil productivity and reducing the net CO2 loading of the atmosphere, thus beans production is
Figure 5. How the region’s farmers access fertilizers.
raised (
Akpan et al., 2019
;
Gowing et al., 2020
;
Ndayisenga & Sindayigaya, 2024
;
Ndengu et al., 2022
;
Sabiraguha et al., 2023
;
Srinivasarao et al., 2014
). While there a large part of Burundian population is poor like beans farmers in Northern Rwanda missing money to access fertilizers (
Franke et al., 2019
), beans production is lowered and households live in bad conditions leading to the worst child’s life conditions (
Mperejimana & Sindayigaya, 2023
;
Sindayigaya, 2020,
2022,
2023c
;
Sindayigaya & Nyabenda, 2022
;
Toyi & Sindayigaya, 2023
).
These two are followed by provincial offices of farming national system (4.6%) and seeds multiplier companies (3.5%). The role played by NGOs and donators is very low occupying 0.4% each, in seeds provisions.
Results from
Figure 6
demonstrate that beans’ farmers get seeds from their own stock, meaning a big part of 170 out 60.1% of our respondents; that the local market or the market in the region is the 2nd main supplier of seeds, providing them to 88 out of 283 respondents i.e. 31.1%. Smallholder farmers in Burundi need to have their own stocks to get legume and bean seeds (
Sindayigaya & Toyi, 2023b,
2023a
;
Sperling et al., 2021b
) and play a key role in food crop seed production for the community by their operational structures (
Dey et al., 2022
) till they are considered as backbone in seed production (
Sperling et al., 2020
). Provincial offices of the farming national system produce 4.6% of seeds and seeds multiplier companies offer 3.5%. The role played by NGOs and donors is very low occupying 0.4% each, in seeds provisions. This joins the idea that there is also a part of informal systems in seed production as is the case in Tanzania (
Sperling et al., 2021a
). 226 out of 283 respondents i.e. 79.9% do not use pesticides in bean production while the remaining part of our respondents (57 respondents representing 20.1%) use fertilizers (See
Figure 7
). A few Burundians use compost to fertilize their bean faming crops. The same situation is noticed in growing coffee especially beneficiating from coffee factory waste composting, a means of transforming coffee factory waste into organic fertilizers (
Nsabimana et al., 2013
). Information on potential
Figure 6. Major source of seeds.
Figure 7. Pesticide use in bean production.
co-composting coffee pulp with ou without decomposition accelerators is lacking in the Burundi agricultural sector (
Nduwimana & Sindayigaya, 2023a,
2023b
). Compost is testifying the performance in the production due to soil fertility in crops of potato and green beans permitting a good and effective mixture of compost and mineral fertilizer (
Temgoua et al., 2023
).
Results show that 252 out of 283 respondents representing 89% do know the use or do not use dolomite and only 31 respondents corresponding to 11% use dolomite (See
Figure 8
). This is a big issue for bean farmers in the Burundian system who do not consider the dolomite use. Notably, dolomite uses interference to help the adsorption of sodium oleate, leading to a substantial decrease in the hydrophobicity of dolomite and realizing the selective inhibition of dolomite in scheelite flotation (
Jonya et al., 2023
;
Sindayigaya et al., 2016
;
Ziming et al., 2023
). Dolomite use is a key to suboptimal soil productivity in agricultural land that increases food production needs (
Benavides Bolano, 2019
;
Rachman et al., 2021
).
Figure 8. The use of dolomite for bean production.
Figure 9
illustrates that mixing agriculture and farming is a key to accessing manure or fertilizers. Cows farming alone is the first main source of fertilizers for they provide fertilizers to all 136 respondents corresponding to 48.1%. Pigs and goats come second providing correspondingly to 18% and 17.7% of our respondents. The following is compost with 6.7%, others (not precise sort) with 5.7% chickens with 2.1% organic manures with 0.7%, and at last position scale farming with 0.4%. Organic fertilizers, green manures and mixtures of the two witness the potentiality to take a place of inorganic fertilizers used in various crops (
Rothé et al., 2019
). Mixing helped as manure management favorite to promote sustainable agriculture, and increasing crop production for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (
Ciza & Sindayigaya, 2023
;
Mpabansi, 2023
;
Ndambi et al., 2019
).
In consequence of not accessing to fertilizers and manure, not using dolomite and not growing crops according to agronomics systems councils, beans harvest per households has been very low (See
Table 1
,
Table 2
and
Figure 4
).
Figure 9. Main source of manure used on your farm.
5. Conclusion
This article aimed to survey the Burundian applications of growing common bean in the acid land of Burundi. Results show that due to poverty among households, small farmers cannot afford the price of fertilizers and dolomite. They try to apply manures but the production is still very low. They do not even follow councils from farming instructors but rather, they grow beans in association with other plants while they were recommended to separate seeds in their crops.
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