A pathological fracture occurs in a bone with an underlying medical or structural pathology; and is usually caused by a low energy injury mechanism [1] . The most commonly recorded pathologies include osteoporosis; metastatic bone disease, primary bone malignancies and bone infections [2] . The burden of pathological fracture has been on the rise amongst patients with bone malignancies, and it is a major and often devastating occurrence in the advancement of metastatic bone disease [3] . It detrimentally affects patient quality of life and often necessitates orthopaedic complex and well-defined treatment plan [4] . However, the management of pathological fractures is challenging to the orthopaedic team given the numerous factors to be considered in the decision tree of the treatment. Cases of primary and/or secondary bone malignancies will require a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy so as to improve outcomes [5] . However, survival rates after such fractures are as low as, about 3 months [3] .

In Africa, research on pathological fractures is sparse. A study from Kenya in 2007 identified bone malignancy as the leading cause of pathological fracture [6] . Our objective is to present local data from the Douala General Hospital (DGH) to foster research on pathological fractures in our context, and factors affecting its prognostic. More specifically, we aim to determine the prevalence, to identify the aetiology, to describe the management methods employed at the DGH for pathological fractures.

A total of 1320 cases of fractures were treated during the study period, amongst which 66 were pathological fractures, representing a prevalence of 5% in the DGH. However, 2 files of PF were excluded due to incomplete information. Hence 64 files were considered for analysis.

A total of 31 (48.4%) cases underwent surgery while the rest had non-operative treatment. The operative modalities included external fixation, internal fixation, arthroplasty and amputation.

For cases of osteoporosis, operative treatment included internal fixation (n = 16; 64%), arthroplasty (n = 7, 28%) and external fixation (n = 2; 8%). While non-operative included immobilisation technics (n = 23; 69.6%).

For cases due to metastatic bone tumours, adjuvant therapy was done including radiotherapy (n = 12; 63.2%), chemotherapy (n = 8; 61.5%) and Bisphosphonates (n = 4; 80%). While PF due to primary bone tumours received radiotherapy (n = 7; 36.8%), chemotherapy (n = 5; 38.5%) and Bisphosphonates (n = 1; 20%). All cases due to renal osteodystrophy were on dialysis (n = 4; 100%).

On bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test and the Fisher exact test (with a CI = 95%, P-value = 0.05); there was a significant association between the osteoporosis status and the management of PF (P-value = 0.000). Moreover, significant association was found between PF from metastatic bone tumour and the management (P-value = 0.001), as represented in Table 6 .

A total of 54 (84.4%) cases were discharged; while 10 (15.6%) cases died during hospitalisation.

On bivariate analysis using chi-square test and Fisher exact test (CI = 95%, P-value = 0.05); there was a significant association between PF due to osteoporosis and the loss of follow-up (P-value = 0.045), as shown in Table 7 .

No significant association were found between the treatment modality done and the outcomes.

In this study, the prevalence of pathological fractures (PF) was 5%. This is close to the 8.95% reported by Wejdi et al. (2019) in Iraq [7] . However, this value contrasts with the 28% prevalence observed by Dutra de Resende et al. (2023) in Brazil [8] . This can be explained by the fact that their study was an observational retrospective cohort design and focused on PF due to metastatic bone tumors in a palliative care setting. This prevalence of PF in our study could be higher but it is not so because it is a condition that is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed in the field, contrary to traumatic causes of fractures. The female predominance of this study is because majority of them had osteoporosis as etiology, which predominates in the elderly. This gender discrepancy may be due to hormonal changes during the post-menopausal phase in women, which affect bone mineral density, thus increasing the predisposition to osteoporosis and subsequent PF. These demographics align with the findings of Angelini et al. (2018) in Italy [9] , who noted a female prevalence of 72.50% and a mean age of 63.6 years on admission.

Osteoporosis was the leading cause of PF in our study (n = 33, 51.60%), similar to the findings of Wejdi et al. (2023) in Iraq [7] , who found osteoporosis as the primary cause in 38.20% of cases. The prevalence of osteoporosis in the elderly and predominantly female population is related to decreased bone mineral density, thereby increasing the risk of osteoporotic fractures especially in the proximal femur which was the most frequently affected site (n = 20). These findings are comparable to those of Warriner et al. (2011) in Alabama, USA [10] , who identified the femoral neck as a common site of osteoporotic fractures.

Metastatic bone tumours were the second most common aetiology of PF (n = 16, 25%), because majority of the primary cancers identified are osteophylic. This is similar to the studies done by Angelini et al. (2018) in Italy [9] and Dutra de Resende et al. (2023) in Brazil [8] , who reported a prevalence of 50% and 40%, respectively. The differences in percentages may be due to their studies focusing solely on PF caused by metastasis bone tumours. In this research, PF caused by breast cancer metastasis predominantly affected the proximal femur, corroborating findings by Axelrod et al. (2021) in Canada [11] , who noted breast cancer metastasis tends to spread to the femur.

Multiple myeloma was the most common primary tumour causing PF, in contrast to the study by Godley et al. (2011) in Scotland, UK [12] , who reported osteosarcoma as the principal cause of primary bone tumors in PF cases. This difference could be due to the younger population in their study, whereas multiple myeloma shows a higher predilection for black races [13] . Similar to the aforementioned PF etiologies, multiple myeloma predominantly affected the proximal femur. These findings are similar the reports by Wanman et al. (2023) in Sweden [14] and Wejdi et al. (2019) in Iraq [7] , who indicated the lower extremities, specifically the femur, as frequent sites of PF. However, this differs from the work of Kuriakose et al. (2024) in India [15] , in which the dorsal spine was the most common PF location. The discrepancy may be due to the fact that their main aetiology of PF was lung cancer metastasis, which tends to spread to the spine rather than the axial skeleton, contrary to our findings where osteoporosis and breast cancer metastasis predominantly affect the femur [16] .

Surgical treatment was the commonest treatment modality in our study, this can be explained by the fact that majority of the patients were osteoporotic cases who had proximal femur PF, that warranted use of internal fixation (n = 16; 64%) and hip arthroplasty (n = 7, 28%). This parallels the findings of Wanman et al. (2023) in Sweden [14] , whose treatments were primarily surgical (66%) with the remainder being non-operative. Yet, this differs from the study by Angelini et al. (2018) in Italy [9] , where internal fixation surgery was the exclusive treatment in all PF cases, often in conjunction with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both.

Furthermore, we identified a significant association between operative treatment and osteoporotic PF, suggesting that patients with osteoporotic PF which tend to occur more on the proximal femur are more likely to receive surgical intervention compared to those without.

There was also a notable association between PF from metastatic tumors and the treatment approach, indicating that PF cases of metastatic origin are less likely to undergo surgery compared to non-metastatic cases. This could be due to the advanced stage of the tumor in metastatic PF cases, rendering patients less suitable for surgical intervention and more in need of palliative care through adjuvant therapy.

In this study, three-quarters of the osteoporotic cases treated surgically were discharged, reflecting the high level of care provided at DGH, a category I referral hospital. However, this was accompanied by a high rate of loss to follow-up. Furthermore, the majority of deaths in our study were attributable to osteoporotic PF. Given that our study was primarily elderly, these findings are in line with the research by Nazrun et al. (2014) in Malaysia [17] , which indicated a strong association between osteoporotic PF and elevated mortality; thus, the majority of our loss to follow-up cases may be due to deceased patients.

Strengths: No published data have been found in the literature that assessed the prevalence, the aetiology, and the outcomes of PF in Cameroon. This finding will contribute to set initial data for future research on pathological fractures in Cameroon.

Limitations: This study was a retrospective, therefore files where useful relevant information couldn’t be obtained were rejected. Moreover, the sample size was small because it wasn’t a multicentric study.

We therefore conclude that the prevalence of pathological fracture in the DGH is relatively low. Osteoporosis was the most dominant metabolic aetiology of pathologic fractures, followed by metastatic breast cancer. Surgery by internal fixation and arthroplasty were the main management methods of pathological fractures in the DGH. After discharge, majority of patients had a loss of follow-up; and those who survived reported incomplete recovery of function. Osteoporotic pathological fractures were associated with high mortality.