A total of 282 patients were registered during the period, considering the inclusion and non-inclusion criteria. The age of the patients at the time of treatment ranged from 12 to 49 years, with an average of (27.80 ± 9.10) years. In 39.72% of cases, the patients were between 20 and 29 years old, followed by those between 30 and 39 years old in 26.6% of cases. The average age at fistula repair was (34.88 ± 10.68) years, with extremes of 16 and 69 years. The most represented age group was between 30 and 39 years old in 40.4% of cases. Uneducated patients accounted for 75.2% of cases, followed by those with primary education (75.2%), and they resided in rural areas (60.5%). Farmers accounted for 39.72%, followed by homemakers (34.40%). Before the onset of the fistula, patients were in a relationship in 49.3% of cases, whereas after the onset of the fistula, 24.1% of patients were in a relationship, and 25.2% of patients had been divorced.

Multiparous women represented 44.33% of cases. Patients had delivered in a health center (88.1%). In 51.4% of cases, patients delivered by cesarean section, and spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred in 48.2%. Of the newborns, 88% were stillborn. Labor lasted more than one day in 61.3% of cases. The average duration of the fistula condition was (7.08 ± 7.95) years, with extremes of 0 and 39 years. Among the operated patients, vesicovaginal fistulas accounted for 86.88%, followed by rectovaginal fistulas (8.52%). The fistulous opening was single in 95.4% of cases and small in size in 55.1% of cases. The vaginal consistency was supple in 71.63%, sclerotic in 28.37%, and maceration lesions were noted in 2.84% of cases. ( Table 1 )

Patients who were undergoing their first surgery represented 72.3% of cases, followed by those with a history of one repair at 15.8%. The anesthesia techniques used were spinal anesthesia at 96.0%, general anesthesia at 1.5%, and combined anesthesia in cases of difficulty at 2.5%. The majority of patients were surgically managed via the vaginal route, at 90.4%. The abdominal route concerned 8.6% of patients, while the mixed route was used for 1% of patients. The operative technique used was splitting-suturing in 96.0% of cases, followed by ureterovesical reimplantation at 2.9%. Urethroplasty was performed on two patients, and vaginal plasty on one patient. Immediate complications were mainly hemorrhage at 2.5% and cardiorespiratory arrest at 0.35%. The overall surgical success rate was 90.9% (69.85% with closed and dried fistula and 21.05% with closed fistula without continence), and the therapeutic failure rate was 9.1% in this study.

The surgical outcome was not statistically related to the number of previous attempts, the duration of the condition, the type of fistula, the number of fistulous orifices, or the type of fistula according to Kees Waaldijk’s classification. A healthy vaginal state had a higher success chance compared to a sclerotic vagina (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.22 - 1.63). We found that small-sized fistulas had a higher chance of success compared to other sizes (RR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.07 - 1.42). ( Table 2 )

In our study, the average age at the onset of obstetric fistula (OF) was 27 years, with a range from 12 to 49 years, and the most affected age group was 20 to 29 years, with a frequency of 39.72%. Our result was comparable to that of Diallo [6] , who reported an average age of 25 years, but higher than that found by Harouna [7] in Niger, which was 19 years. These age discrepancies may be due to the fact that the authors did not always specify whether the reported average age was at the onset of the obstetric fistula or during treatment. These average ages highlight a condition affecting women in their reproductive years, during which unmanaged or poorly managed dystocic deliveries expose women to OF. These young women, in their reproductive prime, with their low levels of schooling or literacy and rural living, constitute a population at risk for OF. In our study, 75.2% of our patients were uneducated, and farmers made up 39.72%, followed by homemakers at 34.40%. This clear predominance of homemakers reflects the low socio-economic status of our patients as well as their low level of education. According to Sanou [8] , in Cameroon, when a woman is educated, she is more likely to have a good understanding of health, making her aware of the importance of quality obstetric care and the adoption of better attitudes towards modern medicine. After the onset of the fistula, 25.2% of these women in relationships were divorced because of the fistula. However, Nsambi [3] in the DRC found a higher divorce rate (71.5%). This disparity could be linked to cultural and religious belief differences [3] .

Deliveries took place in a health center for the majority of our patients (88.1%), with cesarean section accounting for 51.4% of deliveries, and 53.9% of these were performed by a gynecologist. The study conducted by Sanda [9] in Niger showed a higher frequency of home births at 64.6% compared to our 11.9%. Teguete [10] noted that a third of women with fistulas had delivered at home and that one in two fistula cases had delivered vaginally. This difference can be explained by the fact that most of our patients began their labor at home and went to a health center only when delivery became impossible. Additionally, the distance of women from health centers and the cultural habit of relying on traditional birth attendants contributed to home deliveries. In such a context, the newborns suffer the consequences, as we found an 88% stillbirth rate in our study. The stillbirth rate reported in the literature is generally over 90%, according to some authors [4] [10] . The average duration of the condition, regardless of the type of fistula, was 7 years, with extremes of 0 and 39 years. Bohoussou [11] in Côte d’Ivoire found an average duration of 1.5 years. In our study, fistulas on a supple vagina were predominant, with a frequency of 71.63% compared to 28.37% on a sclerotic vagina. The frequency of fistulas in a sclerotic vagina was not negligible in our study. This may be linked to the late management of fistulas in our regions and the use of traditional products and decoctions for therapeutic purposes, which turn out to be caustic for the vagina, causing sclerotic lesions.

In our series, all patients underwent surgery aiming to restore the anatomical and functional integrity of the bladder and urinary continence. Although the surgical approach is not uniform, the best is the one that provides the best operative comfort. The vaginal approach was the best for us, being the most anatomical and simplest. The frequency found for VVF treated by the vaginal route in our study was 90.4%. These data were comparable to those in the literature [7] [12] . The choice of surgical approach depends on the type and location of the fistula, vaginal compliance, and associated lesions. In our study, fistulorraphy was performed using Latzko’s splitting-suture technique in 96.0% of cases. This technique has been described as the most used for treating fistula patients by several authors [3] . Postoperative courses were simple in 97% of cases and complicated by hemorrhages in 2.5% of cases. Our results were consistent with those reported by Kayondo [13] and Mafu et al. [14] . This low rate of per- and postoperative complications may be related to the predominant choice of the vaginal approach in our work. The overall surgical success rate was 90.9% (69.85% closed and dried fistula and 21.05% closed fistula without continence). Our closed and dried fistula rate is lower than the WHO target of 85% for quality care [15] . This relatively low frequency of closed and dried fistulas could be explained by the condition of the vagina, the duration of the fistula, and the fact that some patients had undergone multiple surgeries.

Our study showed that surgical outcomes were not statistically linked to the number of previous attempts. Similar results were reported in the study by Venara et al. in France [16] . However, Lowry et al. [17] in the USA reported that the success rate was 85% during the initial operation and decreased to 55% by the third attempt. According to Pinto et al., a history of fistula surgical repair is correlated with a higher failure rate. Some studies have suggested that a reduced interval between operations could improve the success rate [18] . Our study did not show a statistical difference between surgical outcomes and the duration of the fistula or the condition of the vagina. However, Mafu et al. [14] in the DRC showed that a duration of less than one year for the fistula tripled the chances of surgical success. Indeed, the fistula itself is a source of chronic sclerosing local inflammation. Furthermore, in the study by Diallo [6] , the significant failure rate observed in older fistulas (duration of more than one year) could be explained by the extent of fibrosis in this type of fistula, making dissection laborious and compromising the final outcome. According to Mafu et al. [14] , there was an association between scar fibrosis and fistula surgical repair outcomes, demonstrating a dependent effect of scar fibrosis on fistula closure. In our series, surgical outcomes were statistically linked to the size of the fistula. These results corroborated those of Vodouhe et al. in Benin [19] , which showed a twofold risk of surgical failure associated with large size, as well as those of Nsambi et al. [3] , who found an 11-fold higher risk of surgical failure for a large fistula. This high repair failure rate for this type of fistula is likely related to the prolonged duration of labor, making the fistula complex. However, Kumar et al. in India [20] and Mafu et al. [14] did not find any statistically significant difference regarding the size of the fistula and surgical outcomes. There was no statistically significant difference between surgical outcomes and the number of fistulous openings in our study. The studies by Zhou et al. [21] contradicted our observations, finding that single fistulas were significantly associated with a higher success rate. Indeed, it has been confirmed that multiple fistulas (2 or more) had a significant relationship with unsuccessful fistula closure. This is probably due to the fact that large or multiple fistulas make it difficult to mobilize local tissues and perform a tension-free repair due to insufficient bladder tissue. In our study, surgical outcomes were not statistically linked to the Kees Waaldijk classification. However, Mafu et al. [14] showed that type I fistulas, according to the Kees Waaldijk classification, were twice as likely to have surgical success compared to type II, reflecting the complexity of the fistula, given that type I fistulas do not involve the closure mechanism, with the bladder neck and urethra intact. The surgical outcome was not statistically linked to the operative technique. However, Nsambi et al. [3] considered that the operative technique and the surgeon’s expertise are determinants of surgical success; our study did not find a statistical link in this regard. Our observations were reinforced by those of Vodouhe et al. [22], who did not find an association between the choice of operative technique and the surgical success rate.