Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) comprise two main entities: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), grouped under the same nosological framework due to several common features (epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, and evolutionary) [1] . They present diagnostic challenges and, more importantly, therapeutic difficulties due to their chronic nature and unpredictable progression, which is often complicated by complications [2] . Current treatment aims to achieve clinical, biological, and especially endoscopic remission (mucosal healing) and even histological remission. This requires an accurate assessment of mucosal inflammation severity to determine the appropriate therapeutic strategy [3] .

While endoscopy is the gold standard for an objective evaluation of disease activity and mucosal healing, it remains an invasive method, with limited availability, poor patient tolerance, and relatively high cost [4] . Therefore, several biomarkers have been studied, including fecal calprotectin (FC), to clarify their roles in diagnosing and assessing IBD activity [5] . In the physiological state, the fecal concentration of calprotectin is approximately six times higher than in plasma, leading to the concept that the measurement of this biomarker is likely to be a sensitive and specific marker of gastrointestinal inflammation. Compared to its serum concentration, the level in the stool is better correlated with the infiltration of the intestinal mucosa by neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells, and thus it is increased in patients with IBD.

The objective of this study is to comparatively evaluate the correlation between biological markers, including FC, and clinical scores with endoscopy in assessing inflammatory activity in IBD within a Moroccan population.

This is a retrospective analytical study conducted at the Hepato-Gastroenterology Department of Hassan II University Medical Center, Fez, spanning a two-year period and including patients followed for diagnosed IBD based on clinical, biological, morphological, endoscopic, and histological data.

1) Inclusion Criteria:

2) Exclusion Criteria:

3) Study Protocol:

The sample size was determined using a power analysis to ensure that the study had sufficient power to detect a significant difference in outcomes. Considering a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 80%, we estimated that we would need at least 111 participants.

Our limitations in sampling: Selection Bias: Participants were recruited from a single hospital and a specific geographic region, which may also introduce bias if the characteristics of this population do not reflect those of other groups.

During the period of our study, we collected data from 111 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including 62 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 49 with ulcerative colitis (UC). The average age of our patients was 40.6 years, with a slight female predominance (sex ratio F/M of 1.36). The extent of the disease was described according to the Montreal classification: for Crohn’s disease: L1: Ileal (41.3%), L2: Colonic (27.5%), L3: Ileocolonic (31%), and for UC: Rectal (3%), Left-sided colitis (47%), and Pancolitis (35.2%).

The phenotype of patients with Crohn’s disease, according to the Montreal classification, was as follows: B1, inflammatory in 62.9%; B2, stricturing in 29%; B3, penetrating in 8%; p, perianal manifestation in one patient only.

For UC, the severity of the disease is classified as mild in 30.6%, moderate in 22.4%, and severe in 12.2%; Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the patients.

The mean fecal calprotectin level in our series was 203 μg/g ( Figure 1 ).

According to endoscopic activity, patients are divided into two groups: Group I (n = 46), consisting of patients in endoscopic remission, and Group II (n = 65), comprising those with active disease endoscopically.

Patients in Group I were predominantly in clinical remission (89%) compared to patients in Group II (70%), with this difference not being significant (P = 0.274). In Group II, the mean CRP level was higher at 21 mg/L compared to the mean level in Group I (11 mg/L), but this was not significant (p = 0.098).

The mean fecal calprotectin level was significantly (p = 0.001) higher in patients from Group II at 253 μg/g [57 - 800] than in those from Group I, in endoscopic remission at 135.7 μg/g [19.5 - 192].

Table 2 presents the clinical and biological data observed in both groups, as well as the correlation of these parameters with endoscopy.

Based on the ROC curve, different threshold values of the CF were studied. Thus, we determined the threshold that maximizes the sensitivity and specificity of the evaluation of inflammatory activity at 157 µg/g, with a sensitivity of 86.2% and a specificity of 63%. The negative predictive value is 71.8%, and the positive predictive value is 72.7%. However, it should be noted that the area under the curve was 0.767 with a 95% confidence interval [0.671 - 0.863], p < 0.001. This makes it a moderately informative diagnostic test ( Figure 2 ).

During the follow-up, it was observed that patients with clinical remission (N = 87) and those who experienced a clinical relapse (N = 16) had a higher calprotectin level compared to those (N = 71) who did not relapse (mean rate 239 μg/g versus 105). The average time to clinical relapse is 2.6 months over a follow-up period of 9 months.

The diagnosis and follow-up of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often complex and vary significantly from patient to patient: some patients may remain in remission for years with minimal treatment, while others experience chronic and recurrent progression with frequent flares despite aggressive treatment [6] .

Nowadays, the optimal therapeutic target for modifying the natural history of the disease should no longer be just clinical remission, but rather mucosal healing [7] [8] .

While endoscopy has been and still is an essential examination in the management of IBD, at various stages of its natural history, its invasive nature and cost have motivated the search for non-invasive markers that could replace it [6] .

These markers must first be well correlated with endoscopic and histological scores and be accessible, thus playing a role at different times in the management of IBD: during diagnosis, in the event of a possible flare under treatment, in predicting medium-term response, and when a therapeutic change is discussed [3] .

Clinical scores and serum inflammatory markers, particularly CRP, are widely used, despite their poor specificity for identifying mucosal inflammatory activity [9] [10] .

Fecal calprotectin (FC) has recently emerged as an effective and non-invasive marker for detecting inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, with several clinical applications in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) [5] :

1) Differentiating between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGD):

The clinical presentation of irritable bowel syndrome can closely mimic that of IBD [11] . Several studies have highlighted the usefulness of fecal calprotectin (FC) in differentiating between FGD and organic disease. One of the largest studies, which included 602 patients with abdominal symptoms, showed that an FC threshold of 50 µg/g had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 79% for identifying an organic etiology [12] .

2) Monitoring the activity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD):

Numerous studies have shown a significant correlation between fecal calprotectin levels and endoscopic findings in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This strong correlation between fecal calprotectin and the endoscopic activity of the disease gives it an important role in diagnosing the activity of CD [8] .

a) The correlation of fecal calprotectin with endoscopic activity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD):

Compared to clinical scores (HBI, Mayo score), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, or white blood cell count in the blood, fecal calprotectin is the parameter most closely correlated with endoscopic activity in IBD [5] . The correlation of fecal calprotectin with endoscopy and histology is greater than that of clinical activity indices, which are primarily based on subjective data. Therefore, fecal calprotectin can be used to detect subclinical inflammatory activity in asymptomatic patients [5] .

In ulcerative colitis (UC), Schoepfer et al. reported that endoscopic disease activity was well correlated with fecal calprotectin (R = 0.834) [11] .

In Crohn’s disease (CD), a reliable surrogate marker for intestinal inflammation is even more important than in UC, as silent intestinal inflammation in asymptomatic patients is associated with severe disease complications. Reflecting this silent inflammation, fecal calprotectin may be elevated in 60% to 70% of asymptomatic individuals with CD [13] [14] .

In another recent study involving 115 patients with CD, Lobato’n et al. demonstrated that using a threshold of 274 µg/g, fecal calprotectin was closely correlated with endoscopic disease activity, accurately predicting endoscopic remission (CDEIS < 3), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.935.

Moreover, the correlation of fecal calprotectin with the endoscopic activity of the disease appears to be better for colonic involvement than for ileal involvement [11] .

In our study, we determined a threshold of 157 µg/g with a sensitivity of 86.2% and a specificity of 63% for detecting endoscopically active inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Thus, fecal calprotectin is considered the best predictive marker of endoscopic activity compared to CRP, circulating leukocytes, and the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) [15] .

b) Evaluating therapeutic response:

Fecal calprotectin is also used in monitoring therapeutic responses in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD); thus, several studies have assessed the value of fecal calprotectin as a treatment response marker [5] .

A decrease in calprotectin levels parallels mucosal healing, indicating a good response to treatment. Conversely, persistent high levels of fecal calprotectin suggest treatment resistance [5] .

Rapid decreases in fecal calprotectin among patients receiving anti-TNF antibodies were significantly correlated with endoscopic remission [16] [17] .

In a more recent prospective Italian study involving 43 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), fecal calprotectin appeared to be both a biological marker of therapeutic efficacy (significant decrease in fecal calprotectin in clinically responsive patients to infliximab) and an indicator of sustained response (below a threshold value of 168 µg/g, P = 0.0001), as well as mucosal healing at one year (below a threshold value of 121 µg/g, P = 0.0001) [18] .

c) Evaluating the risk of relapse:

The potential role of fecal calprotectin in predicting relapse risk in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been well studied by several authors [6] .

Tibble et al. concluded in a study involving 80 patients with clinically inactive IBD for 1 to 4 months (43 with Crohn’s disease and 37 with ulcerative colitis) that patients with a fecal calprotectin level above 250 µg/g had a 13-fold higher risk of relapse within 12 months, with respective sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 83% [19] .

Later, Costa and colleagues conducted a similar study to determine if the predictive value of calprotectin differs between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. They found a non-significant doubling of the relapse risk in Crohn’s disease and a significant 14-fold increase in the relapse risk in ulcerative colitis for those in clinical remission with fecal calprotectin > 150 μg/g [20] .

Overall, these studies indicate that fecal calprotectin is a promising marker for predicting relapses in IBD. It appears to be more accurate for predicting relapses in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease with colonic involvement, making it a powerful tool in the monitoring and management of IBD [21] .

d) The interest in the postoperative setting:

Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic conditions, and despite advances in medical therapy, a significant number of patients still require surgery [7] .

In ulcerative colitis (UC), following colectomy, the patient is assumed to be cured, whereas in Crohn’s disease (CD), surgery is not curative, and the disease often recurs [7] .

Several studies have evaluated the role of fecal calprotectin (FC) in predicting postoperative relapse. In a multicenter trial involving 86 asymptomatic patients with CD who underwent ileocolic resection, it was shown that FC levels were significantly higher in those with endoscopic recurrence compared to those in remission. The optimal threshold to predict endoscopic recurrence was found to be 100 µg/g [21] .

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) for predicting postoperative disease recurrence were 95%, 54%, and 93%, respectively. This high NPV can help avoid unnecessary endoscopies in asymptomatic patients [21] .

In a study conducted by Yamamoto et al., maintaining an FC level below 140 µg/g postoperatively was correlated with endoscopic remission, yielding a negative predictive value of 91%. Conversely, an increase in FC above 140 µg/g was predictive of endoscopic relapse during follow-up (6 out of 8 patients, or 75%) [22] .

3) Limitations of fecal calprotectin (FC):

Although FC is a reliable marker for detecting and evaluating intestinal inflammation, it has certain limitations:

4) The medico-economic aspect:

The use of fecal calprotectin testing has allowed for the selection of patients who do not require comprehensive evaluations for organic disease, consequently significantly reducing healthcare costs [22] .

In the context of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) postoperatively, the use of fecal calprotectin to determine which patients require endoscopy could reduce the number of colonoscopies by 47% [23] .

Fecal calprotectin (FC) is an interesting marker for identifying patients with atypical digestive symptoms who may require further examinations to investigate organic disease.

FC is more closely correlated with endoscopic activity in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) than other non-invasive markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and clinical activity.

It also serves as a useful marker for monitoring therapy and for the early detection of relapses in IBD. Currently, its measurement is increasingly integrated into daily practice for assessing endoscopic activity, enabling the selection of patients who are candidates for endoscopy and thus reducing the cost of managing IBD.

However, further efforts are needed to establish thresholds for the various clinical applications of FC in the context of IBD.