This section examines the distribution of victims and offenders based on occupation, highlighting the vulnerability of students, the involvement of educators, and the implications for crime prevention strategies.

The records of victims and perpetrators are presented in Table 1 , which reveals that 1311 students were victims of various crimes while 223 students were perpetrators. This significant disparity suggests that students are the most vulnerable group, accounting for 95.97% of the total victims recorded. The high incidence of student victimization underscores the need for enhanced protective measures within educational institutions and surrounding environments [6] . Teachers accounted for 4.02% of victims and 14.39% of perpetrators, reflecting cases where educators are either targeted by crimes or involved in criminal acts themselves. Though relatively lower in numbers, these cases raise concerns regarding teacher-student and teacher-teacher conflicts, necessitating institutional policies that ensure accountability, ethical conduct, and dispute resolution.

It can be inferred that in Table 2 , Other Occupations demonstrated 1153 Perpetrators who victimize students. The overwhelming number of cases involving perpetrators from “Other Occupation” suggests that schools and educators must focus on external threats, such as community crime, outsiders targeting students, or criminal activities near schools [7] . With 131 cases of Student-on-Student crimes, as presented in Table 3 , there is a clear need for school-based interventions [8] , such as anti-bullying programs, conflict resolution training, and mental health support. The teacher-perpetrated offenses of 28 highlight the importance of

ethical training, accountability measures, and strict enforcement of RA 7610 (Anti-Child Abuse Law). With only one case recorded, crimes involving principals as perpetrators are minimal. However, maintaining strong ethical leadership and oversight in schools remains essential [9] . Strengthening security measures, implementing access controls, and fostering better coordination with local law enforcement can help address this issue.

The annual crime trend data from 2017 to 2022 reflect fluctuations in crime rates across different quarters shown in Figure 1 , which was influenced by various socioeconomic and environmental factors [10] , including policy changes, law enforcement initiatives, and external disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the years 2017 to 2019, crime rates exhibited a relatively stable pattern, with Quarter 3 consistently recording the highest percentage of crimes (ranging from 29.35% to 30.34%), as shown in Table 4 . The increase in Quarter 3 may be linked

to long school breaks, increased social activities, and greater public interactions, which can lead to a higher likelihood of offenses [11] . Quarter 4 consistently reported the lowest crime rates, potentially due to the holiday season, increased law enforcement presence, and changes in routine activities.

A significant shift occurred in 2020, with Quarter 2 experiencing a substantial drop in crime rates (17.99%). The decrease in offenses in the public domain [10] can be attributed to the implementation of stringent lockdowns [12] , stay-at-home orders, travel restrictions, closed schools, and limitations on public and private gatherings [13] . With reduced mobility and heightened law enforcement presence, opportunities for crimes were significantly curtailed.

The closure of schools, workplaces, and commercial establishments further contributed to the decline, as incidents such as theft, robbery, and physical assault typically occur in these settings. Additionally, the heightened presence of law enforcement personnel, coupled with routine checkpoints and curfew enforcement, acted as a deterrent against crime [14] .

The substantial drop in crime observed in 2020 was largely a temporary effect of mobility restrictions and increased security measures rather than an indication of sustained improvements in public safety. As restrictions eased in 2021 and 2022, crime rates exhibited a gradual resurgence in post-pandemic crimes [15] , requiring targeted interventions to address holiday-related crimes, increased public gatherings, and end-of-year economic pressures. These highlight the need for a more comprehensive and adaptive approach to crime prevention that addresses both traditional and emerging threats in the post-pandemic landscape.

The crime data reveals that most recorded offenses in the Province of Albay are crimes against children and sexual offenses, highlighting significant concerns regarding child protection, gender-based violence, and personal safety.

The geospatial distribution of crimes in Albay province was mapped using Google Looker Studio, as presented in Figure 2 . This visualization helps identify crime hotspots, allowing law enforcement agencies and policymakers to deploy targeted interventions, allocate resources efficiently, and strengthen crime prevention initiatives to ensure a safer environment for vulnerable populations.

The crime data reveals a predominance of offenses against children, sexual crimes, and gender-based violence, indicating critical concerns for public safety are presented in Figure 3 . The Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse,

Exploitation, and Discrimination Act (RA 7610) accounts for 33.75% of reported cases, underscoring the prevalence of child abuse and exploitation. Sexual offenses, including Rape (16.02%), Acts of Lasciviousness (12.91%), and Violations of the Anti-Rape Law (12.82%), reflects systemic vulnerabilities that demand urgent intervention. Additionally, violence Against Women and Their Children (RA 9262) represents 11.01% of reported offenses, suggesting a persistent issue of domestic abuse and gender-based violence.

In contrast, property crimes such as Theft (4.24%) and Physical Injuries (3.70%) are relatively lower, indicating that crimes against individuals outweigh economic-related offenses in the region. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive legal enforcement, community education, and enhanced victim support services to address the high incidence of child abuse, sexual violence, and domestic abuse. Strengthening crime prevention measures and fostering a proactive approach to public safety [16] are essential to mitigating these threats and ensuring a more secure environment, particularly for vulnerable populations.