Infant mortality remains a major public health issue in Africa. Infant mortality in pediatric emergency departments varies from one country to another and from one study to another: in Mali, it is 26.1%; in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), it is 16%; and in Benin, it is 13% [1] - [3] . According to the WHO, in countries with limited resources, most deaths occur within 24 hours of hospitalization, and most can be prevented [4] . Pediatric consultations account for 25% to 30% of all emergency visits in developed countries, whereas in countries with limited resources, they constitute less than 10% of consultations [5] [6] . Nola T et al. [7] evaluated pediatric emergency departments in 7 countries with limited resources, including 13 district hospitals and 8 university hospitals. The main difficulties encountered in these departments were: a problem with the initial triage of patients on arrival, inadequate technical resources and inadequate management of the children received due to a lack of knowledge of the part of the medical staff. In Malawi, the creation of pediatric emergency services has helped to reduce child mortality. Mortality has fallen from 80.5 to 70.5 deaths per 1000 admissions [8] . Another study highlighted the impact of medical triage of patients and staff training in emergency care on reducing mortality and morbidity in children [9] . In Cameroon, the incidence of infant mortality is 48 per 1000 live births, with the Far north region being the most affected, with an incidence of 53 per 1000 live births [10] . The country’s social and health conditions remain precarious, and since 2014, the Far north region has experienced social instability with an influx of internal and external refugees, exacerbating poverty and making access to healthcare and equity in care difficult [11] . The MRH is the only referral hospital in the Far north region with an adequate pediatric department and pediatricians. The annex referral hospitals in Kousseri, Yagoua, and Mokolo, created to strengthen the healthcare system in this region, lack sufficient infrastructure and specialized pediatric staff. As a result, the MRH pediatric department experiences a massive influx of patients. To improve the management of pediatric emergency cases and reduce morbidity and mortality among children in the Far North Region, we conducted a study to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and evolutionary profile of children admitted to the pediatric emergency department of the MRH.

The pediatric emergency department, established in April 2023 at the MRH, has a capacity of 8 beds and a medical staff consisting of 2 pediatricians, 3 general practitioners, and 5 paramedical personnel. This department receives pediatric medical emergencies around the clock, except for newborns. Initial care is administered without delay using emergency kits. We conducted an observational and descriptive study in the pediatric emergency department of the MRH from April 10, 2023, to April 10, 2024. sampling was exhaustive all patient aged over one month to 15 years who were admitted during the study period and had complete records and who met the inclusion criteria. The minimum sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula: (n = (t2 × p × (1 − p)/m²) using prevalence (p) at 10% corresponding to the prevalence of pediatric emergency consultations in countries with limited resources, t = confidence level according to the normal distribution centered reduced at 95%, equivalent to 1.96. m, the tolerated margin of error of 5% [12] . On the basis of the information available in the various documents consulted in the pediatric emergency department (patient files, registers), the data collection form was defined with inclusion and exclusion criteria. If any information was missing from the files or registers, the patients were excluded from the study. The variables studied included the epidemiological profile (age, sex and patient origin), clinical variables (reason for admission, positive diagnosis, medical complications and comorbidities, para clinical tests, treatment received) and patient outcomes (recovery, discharge against medical advice and death). Data were entered into a template created with CSPro version 8.01 and analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Qualitative variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, while quantitative variables were presented with means and standard deviations. The association between qualitative variables was tested using the chi-square test when the sample size was greater than 5 or Fisher’s exact test when it was not. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We submitted the study protocol to the hospital management and began data collection after authorization. The confidentiality and anonymity of patient’s were respected. Informed consent was difficult to obtain, given the retrospective nature of study. Severe malaria was defined by any patient with a positive rapid diagnosis test (RDT) or thick drop result and presenting with at least one severity criterion defined by WHO [13] ; broncho-pulmonary infections as all infections including bronchopneumonia, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleuro-pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Bacterial meningitis was defined by patient presenting with signs of meningeal irritation and/or a cytobacteriological examination of cerebrospinal fluid that isolated a germ. Discharges against Medical Advice (DAMA) were considered for patients who abandoned treatment during hospitalization and leave without medical consent. Febrile gastroenteritis was defined by patient presenting with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever.

The pediatric emergency department of the HRM has a lower patient load compared to the data from Aleo et al. [3] , Mabiala [14] , and Laraje et al. [15] . This low attendance could be attributed to several factors: on one hand, it is a new department, and surrounding hospitals might not be aware of its existence; on the other hand, the prevailing poverty in the region and cultural factors might limit the use of the department. Although Cameroon recently launched universal health coverage (UHC) to improve financial access to healthcare, the project is still in its early stages and currently only covers three diseases: malaria, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. The influx of patients to the emergency department was mainly observed in March, September, and October, which could be due to seasonal factors. March corresponds to the dry season, where temperatures are very high, leading to a resurgence of febrile illnesses during this time of year in the region [16] . September and October correspond to the rainy season, a period when malaria is most prevalent in the region [17] . The age group of children under 2 years old was the most represented (54.35%). These data are similar to those of Mitengi et al. [18] , Berthier et al. [19] , and Mabiala [14] , who reported 54.6%, 46%, and 55.4%, respectively. In general, studies show that children under 5 years old are the most frequently admitted to pediatric emergency departments [11] [14] [15] [18] [19] . This age group remains the most vulnerable and susceptible to infections due to the immaturity of their immune system and the early complications that can occur at this age. The sex ratio was in favor of males, and our data are similar to those found by Aloe et al. [3] , Mabiala [14] , and Asse et al. [20] [21] . The main reasons for consultation were fever (62.22%), convulsions (30.18%), and respiratory difficulties (12%), and our data are similar to those of Mabiala in Congo [14] and Asse et al. [21] , who reported fever as the main reason for consultation 81.4% and 62% respectively. Other authors also found fever among the reasons for consultation, with 21.6% and 29.2%, respectively [3] [15] . Fever is a common reason for consultation in pediatrics and remains one of the most frequent manifestations of febrile illnesses in tropical regions [21] - [24] . Convulsions may be related to bacterial meningitis as well as malaria in children in our context. In a study conducted in the North Region of Cameroon by Mbono et al. [24] , convulsions were the third most common severity criteria for malaria after prostration and fever. In our series, severe malaria was the main condition observed (45.18%), and our data corroborate those of other African authors in the DRC [2] , Benin [3] , Congo-Brazzaville [14] , and Côte d’Ivoire [20] [21] , who reported severe malaria as the main condition with 87%, 80%, 17.3%, 80%, and 68.4%, respectively. Cameroon is the third most affected country by malaria in Central Africa [25] . The mortality rate was lower than those reported by Alao et al. [3] and Asse et al. [21] , but higher than those of Doumbia et al. and Eyi Zang et al., who reported 3.3% and 2.1%, respectively [26] [27] . This low mortality rate does not reflect the reality in the field. The circuit of the sick child is not well codified at MRH, some deaths occur in other department, such as CNTI, general pediatric, outpatient consultations and adult emergencies the one hand, and on the other hand the arrivals of cases who die immediately and those who arrive dead are not always notified. Mortality was higher among children under 2 years old, and our data are similar to those of Ceyi Zang et al. [27] . who reported a mortality rate of 51.3% for this age group. The conditions associated with mortality were malaria (41.17%), meningitis (17.64%), and broncho-pulmonary infections (16.17%). Our data corroborate those of many authors who found that the two main conditions associated with death were severe malaria and pneumonia, with the order of frequency varying from one study to another in Africa [3] [4] [14] - [16] [20] [21] [26] [27] and in the literature [28] . Delays in treatment and referral of severe cases contribute to increased morbidity and mortality from malaria in our context [25] [28] [29] . Most deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization; our data are similar to those of other authors [3] [14] [26] - [31] . This could be explained by the three delays described by Thaddeus and Maine: the first delay in deciding to go to the hospital, the second delay in transferring or referring the patient, and the third delay in accessing quality care in health facilities [32] . In our series, 89% of children were transferred to general pediatrics after stabilization in the pediatric emergency department, reflecting the severity of cases received at the MRH pediatric emergency department requiring appropriate care. Nearly 5% of patients were discharged against medical advice (DAMA), and our data are lower than those found by Doumbia et al. [26] . The main reason for DAMA in our context was financial problems, they testify to the efforts that will have to be made by the government to speed up the implementation of the UHC on the one hand, and to include the management of pediatric emergencies in the UHC on the other.

Children under 2 years old were the most frequently admitted to the MRH emergency department, and febrile illnesses were the main reason for consultation. Severe malaria, broncho-pulmonary infections, and meningitis were the most common conditions. Most deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization. The mortality was associated with severe malaria; hence there is the need to reinforce malaria prevention measures and recommend the use of malaria vaccine.

We suggest the following recommendations:

Pediatric department managers to improve the archiving of records and registers. To raise staff awareness of the importance of notifying deaths in the department’s registers in order to obtain reliable data of infant mortality.

MRH administrative managers to define the pediatric emergency circuit in order to avoid delays in the management of pediatric emergencies. To organize training for medical and nursing staff in the management of febrile children, in particular malaria, respiratory infections and meningitis.

To the country’s political and administrative authorities, to speed up the implementation of UHC throughout the country, and include the treatment of urgent childhood illnesses. To improve the socio-economic conditions of the population of the far north region.

Researchers to conduct a prospective study of the socio-economic factors that may influence mortality among children admitted to the emergency department of the MRH, in order to provide more reliable data and propose solutions to reduce pediatric morbidity and mortality.

Our study is limited by its retrospective nature, with data sometimes missing. The results of complementary examinations were not available or not carried out, so the diagnosis was essentially clinical for certain conditions.

All authors contributed to data collection and manuscript writing.

We thank the staff of the MRH pediatric emergency department and the Maroua Regional hospital management for all the support.