This study begins with the concepts of structure assimilation development of e-skills, basic system usage, and technological advances, and their impact on students in developing skills for improvement in professional organizations. This paper explores an experimental research study and provides the detailed context in which it was developed. However, it is of great importance that e-skills increase the employability of graduates and improve the economic situation of the country [1] . System development usually, integrates the use of information systems components to support, hardware, software, telecommunication networks, system development, information technological advancement, and an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data [2] . E-skills are the knowledgeable concept that is needed for effective consumption and is determined to increase the capability to grow any country’s economy, essential to improving the digital learning environment and providing entrepreneurs better opportunities in technology understanding in creating jobs to grow their business [2] [3] . Systems integration promotes the brightest future of education, supports the learning frameworks offered, determines knowledge skills, enhances student attitudes, and values to their needs, and successfully shapes their future in the shape of the global market [4] , which will inspire the world to support and build on. However, this system will serve as a strategic operational system and enable them to achieve sustainable growth. Information and communication technology (ICT) promotes the sustainable development of organizations, boosts national economic growth, creates employability, contributes significantly to the availability of a skilled workforce, and enhances multifactor productivity [5] [6] . However, the idea is to rebuild teaching capacity, which enables tracing teaching evaluation and increases the potential skills incongruities between the output from tertiary Institutions and the need for employers able to reduce operational costs and the costs companies should cut [4] . The face of economic sectors has changed in recent years, with banking sectors, finance, healthcare, airlines, agriculture, SMEs, hospitality, fast-moving consumer goods, and retail driving investments in ICT, while emerging markets. They have already felt the need and have started to introduce ICT into their ecosystems [4] . E-skills motivate organizations widely to recognize the need to implement systems integration development able to empower graduates. There is a need for fundamental ICT skills, which are commonly referred to as e-skills, among employees [5] . These e-skills are identified as necessary to fully understand, explore, and use ICT-enabled business applications and internal processes [6] .

Many multinational corporations are operating in diverse physically remote regions of the world [7] . These businesses require personnel with e-skills and a fundamental understanding of how businesses operate as they try to use ICT-based integrated systems to bridge the gap between their respective marketplaces [8] . According to research by [9] , system integration development and e-skilled talent are essential for organizational performance in today’s knowledge-based economy. These writers also contend that companies with technological resources may outperform their rivals and save a ton of money on staff training. According to [7] , companies believe that they can thrive better in the digital economy by combining brilliant e-skilled individuals, highly trained technology specialists, and technology-savvy executives. Although systems integration can aid firms in gaining strategic and competitive advantages as well as improve job seekers’ employability, e-skills alone are not the basis of organizational development [9] . A study by [10] suggests that universities should encourage graduates to pursue careers in IT systems support, software development, and systems analysis so that they can acquire basic e-skills for new technologies.

This study critically investigates the cause of the youth unemployment rate in South Africa. The level of unemployment in South Africa has been identified and become a major issue in our society. However, this study examined some factors that can contribute to the incompetence and lack of e-skills among graduates in South Africa. These factors are determined by poor infrastructure, inadequate funding, government mismanagement, management unrealistic, corruption, inadequate technology, lack of information technology technical tools, ineffective professionalism development, external factors, low self-efficacy, unskilled employees, and internal factors. However, good governance, software development, stakeholder engagement, and information technology project management can enhance system integration development and e-skills, making it possible to empower the graduates for future careers, by increasing workflow efficiency among tertiary institutions with low operational costs and promoting employment [11] . The study established a framework that has been developed to evaluate system integration development and e-skills that are needed to support the employability of graduates and reduce the rate of unemployment in South Africa [12] . This study revealed South Africa is also part of the countries struggling to reduce the unemployment of graduates, and yet trying to create job opportunities relevant to improving system integration development and e-skills at the tertiary level should be established to improve the employability of university graduates in the South African context.

This paper summarizes the many developments in this field of study and concludes what still needs to be done in our society to address graduate unemployment. Although significant, this does not ensure employment. Numerous economic reasons contribute to this issue, and many studies have suggested system integration of e-skills to address it and increase graduates’ employability [13] . According to research done in [12] by [13] , the adoption of e-skills in society boosts Uganda’s economy and the development of these abilities is a crucial part of the country’s advancement. To improve on the lessons learned in South Korea, a strategic approach to system integration for e-skills implementation in Uganda leverages ICT technological progress. The Advanced ICT Society, which began in the 1980s, increased system integration in Korea [6] . The major objectives were to progress ICT and make infrastructure and government services for Korean residents better. Their use of technology is centered on a venture known as the National Basic Information System (NBIS). Two phases will be used to accomplish the project. The initial phase was completed between 1987 and 1991. They aimed to create a huge database of government positions involving citizens, money, and real estate. To simplify the sharing of administrative information, the second phase, which lasted from 1992 to 1996, concentrated on the targeted networking of para-national entities [13] - [15] . The fast expansion of the Korean economy, and particularly the degree of communication among public workers, has been further accelerated by these two processes, which have brought about several developments and improvements [14] . Although this was a significant social advancement, research done in 2000 revealed that persons with disabilities, farmers, fishermen, and housewives utilized computers and the Internet less than other socioeconomic categories like public workers [14] . The poll also showed that since poor individuals are unwilling to learn and advance their ICT, the gap between the two categories is expanding [15] . The government responded by implementing measures that benefited them. They sought to improve accessibility at the building. However, the government has created a fully functional broadband infrastructure for them in several establishments, including schools, military, and post offices that served as centers for teaching people [16] . The major goal of this group’s instruction was to increase their capacity for finding and using the knowledge that was pertinent to their everyday lives. They will become more productive as a result and develop personally. As poverty declines, it also enhances the nation’s overall economic growth. A study, of [17] looked at how ICT expertise affected employment growth and employability in Latin American nations. The study examined how e-skills affected the labor market in two Latin American cities, Buenos Aires and Bogota. The implementation of information and communication technology is widely recognized as a creative strategy to boost economic development, nevertheless. To reduce poverty in society, the report recommends new trends in technological progress that offer e-skills and competencies to generate work possibilities, e-business, and e-health care. The study suggested that ICT e-skills might improve market operations inside a business and aid in establishing job possibilities to successfully contribute to the aims of the organization [18] . This finding motivates people to further them careers by obtaining ICT e-skills that would significantly increase their ability to get employment. The study highlights the significance of information technology development in assessing ICT use capabilities in Latin America to fight poverty and increase employability in the field. A study conducted by [19] demonstrated the importance of employability and skills in the workplace and suggested the difficulties that companies in all industries confront. They concluded that ICT has had a significant impact on economic growth recently, which has helped the development of e-skills and the educational system. They did, however, recognize the value of e-skills and establish graduate unemployment as a result of their inability to run ICT-operated tools, machines, and apps that have lately been produced as a result of technological breakthroughs. Similar to this, research by [20] investigates the significance of ICT graduates in Ghana. Concerns concerning unemployment among college graduates, particularly ICT graduates in Ghana, were highlighted by this study. They cited the lack of quality e-skilled graduates with specializations in software development, system integration programming language, robotics, and support systems as the reason why employers were not recruiting graduates. Their findings provided insight into the e-skills and training that graduate students are encouraged to pursue to lower Ghana’s unemployment rate. The concept makes it possible for ICT graduates to become more competent and gain knowledge to enhance organizational strategy plans with e-skills that are advantageous to the business and aim to employ new graduates with ICT e-skills [21] .

The study developed theories on the impact of e-skills in tertiary institutions to empower graduates in South Africa, the theoretical aspect developed activity theory to empower graduates with e-skills that improve their employability and create more jobs. The development of activity theory is developed through a model in information system environments that influences techniques and behaviours to achieve specific goals [22] . This action includes skills, knowledge, tools, machines, and computers. The basic ground of activity theory, however, describes the connection to the performance as process actions taking place in our work environment. However, the connection between the subject and the work environment is made possible by digitalization [21] [22] . This offers a platform for human change throughout the development of the activity since the storyline and instruments are incorporated into the social structure [23] . This implies that the technologies and tools that shape interactions between people, things, and communities are what drive cultural and historical change. According to [22] and [24] , activity theory has a set of guidelines that regulate how it affects the workplace. The first rule is a collection of circumstances that guide how and why someone might behave as a result of social training. The division of labour is the second rule. It stands for actions and deception in a workplace setting. As a result, activity theory often relates to our environment and the activities and processes that take place in it [25] . The process of human activity and effort to attain a goal is described by activity theory. A work activity system, according to [26] , is made up of the following elements: tools, teachers, objects, rules, communities, division of labor, and outcomes. Additionally, knowledge and skills for enhancing organizational performance are included in activity theory [27] . This is an easy way to support national economic development [28] . A study based on the applicability of activity theory in the application of learning to support by technologies from diverse communities of practice was developed [21] and [23] . Since activity theory had already been developed, it appeared appropriate to be taken into account as a prospective analytical framework [24] . However, the research cooperation incorporates two distinct communities—programmers (software developers) and learning communities—as well as web-based learning (students, colleagues, and tutors). Similarly, to how 23 utilized ethnographies to support and strengthen results [28] in scientific development, they too employed activity theory as an analytical tool in research development.

An e-skills model created to increase the employability of graduates in South Africa was evaluated using activity theory. Activity theory excels at explaining how individuals engage with one another to achieve particular results and sets of goals. The study’s findings were based on the major activity hypothesis of e-skills for graduates’ and interns’ employability. Research suggests a system between computer programs and software programs was created in research by [29] to improve teaching and learning in the subject matter expert. Mistakenly believing that interface designers who interfere with system development are content specialists (skill trainers) [30] . However, the group came up with a fundamental idea for education that required developing learning apps that used technology. These disputes prompted the creation of e-skill training programs that enable instructors to experience educational software [31] . Tutors should be encouraged to understand cognitive learning theory, motivation, better design across communication, usability, multimedia learning concepts, and technology-based learning applications, according to [30] and [32] . The study’s findings indicate that a wide variety of e-skills are needed for technology-enabled teachers of learning apps to transmit the information that would equip graduates with skills. The abilities would enhance work in novel ways. In research by [33] , knowledge to act was enhanced by employing a learning tool in a high school to improve teaching and learning techniques with the creation of a system to act remotely. Activity theory is a paradigm in the context of information systems that affects technology and behavior to achieve certain goals, according to research [34] . This action involves knowledge, abilities, apparatus, tools, and computers. Activity theory, however, views technological performance as process actions occurring in our workplace [33] . Because actions and instruments are integrated into social systems, this builds a foundation for human change while the activity is being developed [35] . This means that the tools and technology that impact interactions between people, things, and communities enable processes dictate how culture and history evolve. Likewise, activity theory is recognized as a set of guidelines guiding labour impacts in research by [36] and [37] . The first rule is a collection of circumstances that guide how and why someone might behave as a result of social training. The division of labour, on the other hand, is the second rule that controls behaviour and business practices inside a company. As a result, activity theory often relates to our surroundings and the ways that social interactions use technology to improve communication, analyze human activity in natural settings, and consider the role of tools in everyday activity [38] . The process of human activity and effort to attain a goal is described by activity theory [39] . Meanwhile, activity theory makes it possible to record how individuals (or groups) investigate, evaluate, apply, and change novel workplace solutions [40] . This is a prerequisite for simplifying these individuals’ operations. Help workplace designers and decision-makers foresee future important use patterns by providing them with tools and resources [36] [39] .

Activity theory merges these several hierarchies into one activity state: Activity, Action, Operation, Motivation, Goal, and State [40] . It may be described as the processes taking place at the level of states leading to various actions). Theoretically, activity is the act of a subject (i.e., an individual or a group) moving in the direction of an object to produce some outcome ( Figure 1 ). The activity theory’s summary form is displayed below.

The model identifies the three collective connections that are engaged in each action, as shown in the schematic in Figure 2 below. The following elements are included in work activity systems, [1] : tools, teachers, objects, rules, communities, division of labor, and outcomes. Additionally, knowledge and abilities to enhance organizational performance are included in activity theory. This is a simple way to improve employment opportunities and contribute to national economic progress [41] . Activity theory’s guiding premise and core value were to use people’s capacity for success to determine objectives through knowledge, norms, communities, and outcomes [42] . Furthermore, Activity theory Organizations with expertise in many work performance areas, such as hiring, e-skills, education, management, culture, and employment, have been driven by activity theory [42] . Some scholars accept this theory as an information system that

governs our understanding of how people use advanced tools to do things together in complex and dynamic environments [40] [41] [43] . The components of the activity system are described below.

The importance of activity theory involves learning about social and cultural patterns, which signifies performing transformative tasks that pave the way for development [43] . Activity theory provides a rigorous framework of illustrative examples to enhance teaching and learning contexts and outcomes [43] . However, learning contexts are associated with sociocultural power [44] . It is a cultural property that supports thinking and communication between people and individuals [45] . The choice of activity theory is well-suited for this study. It helps you focus on different issues, skills, and economic growth [42] . In addition, activity theory strategies were used to improve human capital and study ICT skills in growing African economies [44] . The ICT skills in South Africa were enhanced by activity theory, which encouraged organizational performance standards. The term “e-skills” refers to the advancement of ICT competencies and skills (e-skills) that enhance the performance of public companies, small and medium enterprises, and other organizations [45] . In general, the e-skills system has increased small company productivity, career progression, and employability. These have increased the number of prosperous small enterprises while lowering the unemployment rate in society [45] .

Figure 3 shows the conceptual framework for the study that was generated from the theoretical foundation. It provides a schematic illustration of how these constructions work.

The lecturers help the students learn the course-required abilities. This activity will give graduate intern students the chance to hone their e-skills through a variety of extracurricular activities, including volunteer work, part-time jobs, business assistance programs, and internships with cutting-edge businesses. The industry accepts the curriculum’s rigor because it gives students the skills they need and makes them more employable in organizations [30] . Skills are characterized by experience, and the nation recognizes the credentials attained. Activity fuels economic expansion [44] [45] . According to research, South African graduates lack e-skills, and educational institutions are unable to give these pupils the proper instruction [42] [44] . Therefore, it is necessary to alter higher education standards to bridge the e-skills gap in South Africa. ICT is a recognized platform that helps students successfully create and present e-skills [45] . According to the conceptual paradigm, this study alters educational standards to improve graduates’ and interns’ employability. Companies today place a high value on e-skills, so graduates and interns with these abilities have job opportunities. A set of volunteers were given a questionnaire to put this idea into practice, and results were collected quantitatively.

The study design evaluates the effectiveness of the e-skills model used to promote graduate employability. This is based on the issue statement to reduce graduate unemployment in South Africa by integrating e-skills development at tertiary institutions that would boost graduate employability. The research paradigm works to promote the idea that a fundamental living principle contains truth or logic through scientific discoveries. Researching facts is defined as keeping track of ongoing interactions between objects and developing scientific laws as the guidelines for reliable relationships between various occurrences [43] . Positive thinking makes people more motivated to pursue universal principles and truths. To reach a true statement, it gives the idea of facts in information systems [45] . The positivist paradigm is the best suited for this specific inquiry, going by the aforementioned logic. However, in this paper, the quantitative technique was mostly used. Quantitative methods are used to understand the vast amounts of data that were collected in numerical format and examined using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. In addition, it is a methodical scientific investigation of a phenomenon’s quantitative characteristics that generates evidence to support variables, examines relationships between variables, tracks data, finds cause-and-effect interactions between variables, and interprets population sample samples. The study’s exploratory character led to the development of a descriptive research methodology using the best available systematic data regarding a social phenomenon. The research project seeks to reduce graduate unemployment in South Africa by systematizing e-skills at tertiary institutions, which will improve graduates’ employability and capacities, under the issue description described above. However, this study looks at the approach used in the current study, and successful exploratory research techniques were used in it. In a research context, a cause to an effect at a certain time is also explored. The cause of such an incident is also hinted at, along with its implications [46] .

To try to understand the situation, a survey questionnaire was used, and the selected people were pressured to reply. Research Unit The individual is the unit of analysis when a person is chosen for analysis, following [47] research. For instance, in a certain study, the following strategies acted as the analytical unit: People, businesses, associations, teams, collections, places (cities, provinces, nations, tribes, and states), and social interaction. Diverse areas of social research have chosen these hierarchies of units of analysis for the study’s foundation before concluding the disciplines of information systems and social science. In this study, only interns are used. Blaikie’s 2003 book Sampling Frame and Sampling Procedure defines a sampling frame as a procedure or a list that specifies the sample population. It is a comprehensive list of the group that was chosen. that the population is broad and the frame specific. Because they are aware that many students will return to school following the internship program, the e-firms are not prepared to train the new hires. Numerous enterprises lack the resources or equipment listed below: Since not all tertiary institutions perform research on graduate employability, some do not see information technology as a strategic advantage, others hold the belief that e-skills have not boosted graduate employability for their firms, and still others may just have this perspective. An adult sample, 18 years of age or older, who was employed as a trainee in a structured organization for the current study: To gather data and provide evidence that points to a conclusion. It is a coding procedure that transforms information into useful data [47] . According to the results of the study, tertiary institutions should implement a new e-skills model to increase the employability of graduates in South Africa. Literature study, however, supports the use of questionnaires in case studies alone as the most common methodology. A case study that focuses on recent graduates and interns was used in this investigation. The acquired findings and conclusions are examined to assess the applicability of the proposed e-skills paradigm. The experiment was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), which can handle enormous amounts of data. One-of-a-kind software called SPSS is used to enter data, analyze it, and make tables and graphs on Windows [46] [48] . However, Cronbach’s Alpha, a method of coding that changes information, is employed to carry out these activities to confirm the validity of the constructs and the reliability of the questionnaire.

Results and conclusions 255 questionnaire responses from the experiment were utilized to analyze the results of the investigation. Age, gender, and qualification were the primary demographic statistics that were questioned. A substantial portion of the research process involves demography. The strategy that a search plans to take is influenced by the general attitude and psychology toward the profession, which differs with demographic variations: The respondents’ ages were divided into 4 age categories as follows: Ages 18 to 20, 21 to 23, 24 to 26, and 27 to 29.

Any developing economy and society must consider unemployment. It can have an impact on lives and economies, particularly those of recent tertiary graduates [39] . As a result, there is a pressing need to investigate this issue and suggest ways to reduce unemployment if it cannot be adequately addressed in society. In this study, graduates and interns received most of the attention, and it was found that, despite their education, most graduates are unemployed in the job market. This is because, in today’s technologically advanced industries, most companies need skilled workers to complete the tasks; graduates lack these skills, making them unemployed [48] and a resolution is required.

This study develops a methodology for incorporating e-skills into postsecondary institutions, which should aid in producing graduates with e-skills who will be employable in the sectors. The results from experiments utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) and Cronbach’s Alpha indicate the importance of e-skills for graduate employment.

Future research should consider the implementation of employing apps as a support for teaching and learning in a digital technology environment that will establish system integration and computing to facilitate teaching at institutions around South Africa. However, it would boost technical e-skills for students across South Africa by allowing undergraduate and graduate students to get familiar with multimedia tools, computer networks, and software programming. Additionally, it will enable graduate students to use and put to use scientific instruments and machinery, ICT applications, web-based software applications, practical projects, solution-based learning processes, and autonomous work as they get ready to enter the workforce.