The study area covers the entire territory of Mongolia (Figure 1), with a longitude 46.8625˚N and latitude 103.8467˚E. The difference between the mean temperatures of January and July can reach 80˚F (44˚C), and temperature variations of as much as 55˚F (30˚C) can occur in a single day [8] . In the last decades, the meteorological disaster as dust storm, zud (heavy snow), flood, cold rain, earthquake, desertification, and wildfire occurred in Mongolia [9] .

International practices’ data selection criteria consider the main environmental and social-economic parameters, including sub-divided transportation, population distribution, hydrology, sensitive zone, and morphology [10] . Before further steps can be recognized, the location shall not be endangered by environmental factors and human-induced events. Moreover, the exclusion maps criteria and additional criteria were used in few Mongolian National Standard, International experiences and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [11] some suggestions are shown in Table 1. Meanwhile, the Mongolian National standards did not belong well to the hazardous and radioactive waste substances, and there were not many criteria attached in the study.

In recent years, the number of articles conducted and employed standard the Geographic Information System (GIS) uses digitized data representing siting criteria to generate composite maps showing areas more or less potential for siting [25] . For the last 15 years, the Geographic Information System has been developing globally to analyze many kinds of things. A geographic Information System is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Most agencies and organizations in virtually every sector use GIS to maps that communicate, perform analysis, share information, and solve complex problems worldwide―the data relating to position on Earth’s surface. The GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data. For example, create the map, data information, analysis of spatial, and work virtually everywhere [26] .

There are no studies for the potential locations that were conducted in Mongolia. Some data has been collected from national agencies [9] [27] and international [10] [28] and scored by international practices. The data was classified into a polygon, polyline, point, and raster as DEM (Digital Elevation Model). The all data selected and collected, and it classified into main and sub-criteria’s shown in Table 2. The study is constructed by the methodology scheme shown in Figure 2.

This study area is used in the latest Geographic Information System version, ArcGIS 10.8. It was mapped for Restriction Model and Multi-Criteria Model for Suitability Analysis calculated by raster calculator. The GIS works for mapping and modeling, Multi-Criteria Model (MCM) and restriction analysis to solve the model that these models were named by suitability analysis. GIS applications give a geographical study, which allows for practical and proposed waste disposal locations. Several publications consider the application for landfill GIS modeling issues. Published articles were executed by a variety of scientific journals publishers such as ScienceDirect [29] , SpringerLink ( [30] , ASCE [31] and Scopus database ( [32] , which made through the multi-criteria and GIS, landfill, suitability analysis, landfilling, disposal and MCDA [33] .

a) Site Suitability Analysis Using Arc GIS

Suitability analysis in a GIS context is a geographic or GIS-based process used to determine the appropriateness of a given area. Suitability can be performed by raster and vector methods. This analysis is identifying restriction maps and suitability areas. For creating a suitability raster for identification of the potential optimal location for disposal of radioactive waste, it has been proposed the equation as following.

S = ∑ i = 1 n W i × C i ∏ j = 1 n r j

S = suitability for the potential optimal location

W_i = Weight for the criteria’s i, C_i

C_i = Criteria for suitability (example: slope, land use, distance, etc.)

r j = Restriction criteria (examples: water, land use, protected areas, etc.

This part is going to representing the restriction analysis for potential optimal location in the maps. To criteria, this study uses slope, elevation, place, forest,

lakes area e.g. However, in the restriction raster analysis ∏ j = 1 n r j Component,

there were different constraints considered as well as its buffers. The buffers were applied to restrict the social-economic and environmental criteria based on international recommendations. The Restriction analysis created for Boolean raster layer will represent the restriction to develop the potential optimal locations for radioactive waste disposal. All restrictions included a minimum buffer zone. For producing the tutorial, the restriction raster, Boolen rasters much pasture that contains zeros and ones where zero represents the restricted cell to develop and represents a cell viable to set potential optimal location for disposal of radioactive waste.

b) Restriction Model for Potential Optimal Location for Disposal of Radioactive Waste based on criteria

According to International literature review, the criteria are mainly divided into Social, Economic and Environmental, which also split sub-criteria. This study considered mainly sub-criteria as transportation, population distribution, and land use to main social-economic. Besides, sub-criteria hydrology, sensitive zone and morphology have been divided by main environmental criteria. Under divided sub-criteria. In additional, the reclassification is classified into Mongolian morphology based on several studies. Besides, International studies mentioned that elevation between 1000 - 1500 and slopes between 15 - 26 degrees. The source was posted in the original UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) from missions to principled humanitarian action in partnership with national and international actors to alleviate human suffering in disasters and emergencies [34] . Final multi-criteria model will be used in map of covered earthquake photo which are created by ArcGIS shapefile as vector. Those all criteria were calculated by raster calculator as suitability.

a) The population distribution: The population distribution restriction was applied to protect the people in the study area. A distance was buffered by far away 20 kilometers from potential optimal locations to dispose of radioactive waste. The population density in Mongolia is five people per mi². 67.2% of the population lives in the urban city of Ulaanbaatar (2,203,469 people in 2020) [35] . The population distribution is scattered on the map is shown in Figure 3.

b) The transportation locations observed in this map were protected to address the commercial factor as the economic criteria shown in Figure 3. The restriction map was applied to protect the road networks, airports, and railways. In addition, it provides the safe, secure, and reliable transport of radioactive materials and sources from imported points to end-user due to protect the negative radiation impact. Nearby transport accidents may affect the disposal of radioactive waste management facilities [36] .

c) This restriction analysis was applied to protect the existing land use ensure that the potential optimal area is not situated in the current land use areas. Land use data included mainly residential areas in urban cities and around farms, farmyards, military, and industries. It is shown in Figure 3.

a) The water resources of Mongolia are highly vulnerable depends on climatic conditions. The main sub-criteria as hydrology include wells, rivers and lakes, which exist to address the environment. The restriction map shows that collected Lake data is the primary source of drinking water in Mongolia, and it is in mountain areas containing cold water. Hydrology map shows that well and rivers are covered in existing locations which shown in Figure 4, and it shall be protected from hazardous substances. Lakes and Rivers may be affected by the pathway for the dispersion of radioactive materials and wastes and a potential source of flooding.

b) According to international practice, the study selected protected areas and forest applied to severe protect the sensitive zone from any negative impact of hazardous. Therefore, the protected area includes the fresh lake, mountain, and national zoo are 20 km far away from any hazardous facilities and industries. As observed, the protected area is covering the study area. Fires must avoid the forest, and protected areas are special attention. The restriction areas may be affected by fire-fighting. A map is shown in Figure 4.

c) An elevation map shows that Mongolian elevation and slope are classified into several categories [37] that shown in Figure 4. It was used by Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The country has an average elevation of 1580 meters. For suitable elevation for potential optimal locations, 800 - 1000 (7 - 12 degree of slope) meter is hills, and 1001 - 1500 (12 - 30 degree of slope) meter is low mountains to Mongolian elevation and international recommendations.

The restriction map shows that all the main criteria recommended by international practices in Figure 5. Raster calculator analyzed from the buffer to raster and its created restriction and allowed potential locations in the map. As a result, Mongolian western and southern regions might be potential optimal locations for radioactive waste disposal. But this map has shown that only allowed areas without specific locations.

a) Raster calculations have calculated the Final Multi-Criteria Model map that shown the potential locations to potential locations from less potential. The population distribution was used places, rivers, and forest’s shapefiles, and slope and aspects used the Digital Elevation Data. The aspect identifies the downslope direction of the maximum rate of change in value from each cell to its neighbors. Aspect can be thought of as the slope direction. The slope direction is used in minimum 90 and maximum 270 degrees based on Multi-Criteria Analysis in ArcGIS [38] . Therefore, the green-colored potential location is expansive, and red-colored locations are less in the map showed in Figure 6.

b) In 2019, there were 45,757 earthquakes in Mongolia and the border areas. The 66 earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above, of which the public felt 20. The around 1000 earthquakes around Ulaanbaatar and some other serious earthquakes have occurred along with Northern and Central Mongolia [39] . Therefore, the study considered the earthquake zone, which is a risk. In addition, international practices recommend that site selection criteria be considered history of earthquake condition and estimate the maximum potential earthquake within the geological settings [40] .

The map shown in Figure 6 that Mongolian Northern, Western, and southern regions have a higher risk than the Central region; besides, the eastern region is lower risk. If the countries have plant to construct the facility, earthquakes shall be evaluated by assessments, recommended by IAEA, seriously.