The S&T organization under VUSTA was established by the VUSTA Presidium, approved its charter of organization and operation in accordance with the law. It is a non-public S&T organization, granted a certificate of registration of S&T activities by the Ministry of S&T, granted a seal by the Ministry of Public Security and granted a tax code by the tax authority to operate.

S&T organizations are governed by the Law on S&T and other relevant legal provisions, operating according to the mechanism of autonomy, self-management and financial self-financing. The human resources include management team and employees who work full-time, part-time and may have collaborators.

The main function of S&T organizations is to gather experts and scientists to carry out the tasks of the organization. This function is specified in the organization and operation charter of each unit. This is also the implementation of part of VUSTA’s functions: “1) Gathering and uniting Vietnamese science and technology intellectuals inside and outside the country, coordinating and guiding the operations of member associations. 2) Acting as a bridge between member associations with the bodies of the Party, the State and the Vietnam Fatherland Front and other organizations to tackle common issues for the VUSTA intellectuals. 3) Representing and protecting the legal rights and interests of its members, member associations, and Vietnamese intellectuals in science and technology.” ( Decision No. 1795/QD-TTg, 2015 ). These S&T organizations are allowed to contribute opinions in the process of building and completing policies, socio-economic development programs and projects according to the provisions of law and the charter of the organization.

Affiliated S&T organizations play an important role in the process of building and developing VUSTA. “These S&T organizations are considered a new factor in Vietnam in participating in the socialization of science and technology activities, education and training, people’s health care, community development and environmental protection” ( Ngoc Linh, 2023 ); VUSTA needs to “strengthen exchanges and links between affiliated organizations, introduce effective science and technology organization models to learn and share experiences; strengthen cooperation with state management agencies, create conditions for S&T organizations to participate in programs, projects, and topics to provide consultation, criticism, and social assessment” ( Van Tan, 2018 ). Affiliated S&T organizations have contributed to enhancing VUSTA’s role in gathering, uniting, and promoting the creativity of S&T intellectuals to serve the country’s sustainable development.

According to 2020 survey data on the functions and tasks of S&T organizations under VUSTA ( Chien, 2020 ), there are 150/580 (about 26%) S&T organizations with the task of participating in social criticism and being specifically stipulated in the Charter and operation of the organization, and this task is also specified in the Certificate of registration of science and technology activities. This is an important legal basis for S&T organizations to carry out social criticism tasks.

One of VUSTA’s important tasks is “Proactively consulting, criticizing and assessing society to contribute to building a scientific and practical basis for planning and implementing the Party’s policy orientations and policies and State’s policies and laws, strategies, planning, programs, socio-economic development plans, and important projects” ( Decision No. 1795/QD-TTg, 2015 ). VUSTA’s social criticism activities are “activities of providing comments, assessments, criticisms and recommendations on the suitability of the project content with the goals and conditions prescribed or the current situation” ( Decision No. 14/2014/ QD-TTg, 2014 ). However, in Decision No. 14/2014/QD-TTg, it only mentions social advocacy activities of VUSTA and its member associations without specific regulations for affiliated S&T organizations. This also affects the participation of S&T in social criticism activities.

Implementing assigned functions and tasks, a number of S&T organizations under VUSTA have proactively implemented research, consulting, and social criticism activities for policy orientations and policies, programs, socio-economic development projects. However, there are still many S&T organizations that have not been able to implement this task.

Survey data also shows that about 30% of S&T organizations under VUSTA are not interested in social criticism activities because the organization itself does not have the function or task of social criticism and at the same time the organization also does not know how process to implement.

The 2020 survey results show that S&T organizations under VUSTA have implemented social criticism tasks in 5 main forms, shown in Table 1 below:

Source: Survey data of 150 S&T organizations, 2020.

From Table 1 above, it can be seen that the form of Coordination/participation with other units implementing the social criticism project accounts for the highest percentage (52%); next is Writing reports and seminars for the purpose of social criticism (40.6%) and Appointing experts to participate in social criticism when be invited (40%). Meanwhile, only 28.6% of units implemented the form of Presiding over the implementation of social criticism topics, and only about 20% of units implemented the form of Organizing seminars and discussions to collect opinions to serve social criticism. Thus, the majority of S&T organizations implement social criticism activities in the form of participating with other units but rarely directly preside over the implementation of social criticism activities.

Each form of social criticism has its own advantages, for example, the form of chairing the implementation of social criticism topics is a form that any S&T organization wishes to implement because it is suitable for the condition that the organization has a rich experience experts team. Besides, the organization can mobilize more reputable scientists to carry out the social criticism project.

The form of organizing seminars and discussions to collect opinions for social criticism helps the organization quickly synthesize opinions of experts and scientists and send recommendations directly to competent authorities for research. Furthermore, through seminars and discussions, experts and representatives of state management agencies have the opportunity to meet, exchange and discuss directly on issues that need social criticism opinions.

In addition, some S&T organizations carry out social criticism through other forms, such as: Social criticism is based on evidence through field research results; Social criticism through writing comments, evaluations, and recommendations on issues that require social criticism opinions and posting them in the media...

“Scientific and technological organizations are participating more and more in stages in the policy development process, contributing opinions and proposing initiatives for the policy orientations and policies of the Party and the State” ( Khoi, 2019 ), thereby contributing to perfecting policy orientations and policies, creating higher social consensus in the implementation process so that policies can truly come to life.

“For the process of developing and perfecting policies, the Institute of Environmental and Social Sciences has actively participated in contributing opinions and proposing initiatives for policies. Specifically, the Institute participated in commenting on the draft document of the 12th Party Congress on “Strengthening publicity, transparency and accountability of State administrative agencies”, participating in commenting on the draft document of 12th Party Congress on “Management of social issues in industrial zones”.

(N. D. B, male, Institute of Environmental and Social Sciences)

Below are the topics and fields that S&T organizations often attent in the process of implementing social criticism:

Source: Survey data of 150 S&T organizations, 2020.

Table 2 shows that S&T organizations under VUSTA carry out tasks with content related to State’s policies and laws, accounting for the highest proportion (50.6%). Next is content related to socio-economic development projects and schemes (42.6%). These are comprehensive policies and projects, have a wide scope of influence nationwide and have a direct impact on people and businesses. As for issues related to policy orientations and policies of the Party and State from central to local levels, these organizations pay less attention (about 10% - 12% of implementation units).

Regarding human resources, besides many experienced experts, S&T organizations under VUSTA also have a team of young, well-trained and quite dynamic personnel. Through reported data of 150 S&T organizations, in 2019 there were 1803 workers working at S&T organizations, including 1036 official workers and 1093 part-time workers. In 2020, due to the Covid-19 epidemic, this force was somewhat reduced compared to 2019, specifically there were 1542 official workers, 696 part-time workers, this is shown in Table 3 below.

Source: Survey data of 150 S&T organizations, 2020.

Thus, on average, a S&T organization under VUSTA has about 10 official employees and about 6 - 7 part-time employees, not including the number of collaborators. A few organizations have a larger workforce of 20 - 25 official employees, roughly equivalent to a medium-sized public S&T organization.

The fact that experts from S&T organizations under VUSTA participate in many stages of the policy development process, providing scientific arguments and practical basis for policy makers, has clearly affirmed their role, potential and strengths of S&T intellectuals in S&T organizations.

Number of S&T organizations under VUSTA have in-depth policy research capacity, have systematic research, evaluation and recommendation activities, which have been recognized by both scientists and authorities, for example: “The Center for Indigenous Knowledge Research and Development (CIRD) coordinates with the National Assembly’s Science, Technology and Environment Committee and the General Department of Forestry to conduct a series of surveys, assessments and consultation workshops to provide scientific arguments advocate for amending and replacing the Law on Forest Protection and Development and the Law on Forestry to protect the rights and interests of households and communities as well as consulting on the Land amendment Law 2013” ( Dat, 2019 ). Statistics show that there are “63 draft laws, 64 draft decrees and 128 draft circulars and propose many policy initiatives for management agencies to consider...” vusta.vn (2018) has been implemented by S&T organizations under VUSTA.

Although the official staff is not large, S&T organizations are still able to mobilize the participation of experts and scientists in social criticism activities. The widespread and social participation of qualified and experienced experts is the factor that ensures that the issue of social criticism is considered in a systematic, scientific and practical basis.

However, the capacity of human resources to perform social criticism work in S&T organizations is still uneven, many units and officials do not have enough capacity and experience to carry out this activity. Therefore, some S&T organizations have not implemented social criticism activities deeply, have not brought many specific results and have not created the trust and coordination of competent authorities.

In social criticism activities, the leader of a S&T organization plays a very important role, especially in terms of qualifications, vision, acumen, bravery and determination to implement social criticism tasks. In the context of increasingly developing society and deep international integration, there are many economic, social, scientific, educational, health care, environmental issues... arising, even emerging, but how to choose the right issue and be able to conduct social criticism depends on the choice of the organization leader. This is a demonstration of the capacity of the human resources leading the S&T organization in this activity.

In order for non-public S&T organizations to participate in social criticism activities, in addition to factors such as the quality of human resources and the ability to organize and perform tasks, financial factors play a very important role for a social criticism activity to be effective. Funding sources for S&T organizations to carry out social criticism tasks are usually from budget sources ordered by state agencies “Presiding organizations are organizations with legal status assigned to preside over the implementation of social consulting, criticism and assessment tasks: Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations, Local Union of Science and Technology Associations, National Science and Technology Industry Associations, Science and Technology Organizations” ( Circular No. 11/2015/TT-BTC, 2015 ) or from other legally mobilized funding sources. However, the current cost norms for this activity are very low compared to the spending norms for similar scientific activities, so it is not consistent with the practice of implementing social criticism activities of S&T organizations.

According to VUSTA’s report, every year a small number of affiliated S&T organizations register and are funded from the state budget to implement social criticism seminars; a number of S&T organizations receive orders from state agencies at the central and local levels to carry out research serving social criticism activities.

As for other sources, a number of S&T organizations under VUSTA use funds to carry out social criticism tasks through S&T service activities, corporate sponsorships or a very few from research funding of the international organizations in accordance with the provisions of Vietnamese law.

Survey results show that S&T organizations also have advantages when participating in social criticism activities. This is shown in Table 4 below.

Source: Survey data of 150 science and technology organizations, 2020.

Table 4 shows that 30% of units responded that they are trusted by agencies and organizations to carry out social criticism tasks. This is important for non-public S&T organizations because when these organizations gain trust, the proposed social advocacy tasks will be more favorable.

Only 21.3% of units were invited by VUSTA to participate in social criticism, 10% of units were sponsored by VUSTA for this task and 5.3% of units were helped by VUSTA to convey opinions to the competent authorities. This shows that VUSTA’s support for affiliated S&T organizations has received attention but needs to continue to receive more attention in the future.

Assessing the level of satisfaction of S&T organizations in carrying out social criticism tasks, the percentage of S&T organizations responding to the level of Satisfaction and Partly Satisfaction is much higher than the level of Dissatisfaction. Specific data are shown in Table 5 below.

Source: Survey data of 150 S&T organizations, 2020.

S&T organizations responded Satisfied and Partly satisfied because: Suggestions and recommendations in the organization’s social criticism report were received and recorded by the authorities. These organizations have provided competent agencies with a lot of information, grounds, and objective scientific data to serve the review and approval of socio-economic development schemes, plans, and projects. Through the implementation of social criticism activities, S&T organizations have gathered and promoted the role and intelligence of intellectuals, experts, and scientists, contributing to the implementation of the functions and tasks of VUSTA.

Thus, according to the survey and analysis content above, it can be affirmed that S&T organizations are an organic part and play an important role in the process of building and developing the organization of VUSTA, including social criticism activities. However, besides the results achieved, S&T organizations still encounter many difficulties and limitations, especially related to ensuring the maintenance and development of resources, social criticism capacity as well as legitimacy when the this organization participates in social criticism activities.