Insufficient financial investment leads to an inability to purchase necessary teaching materials and support high-level training programs, thus affecting the quality of teachers’ professional development. The scarcity of professional training resources, including a lack of specialized training courses and experienced trainers, limits teachers’ opportunities to learn from international advanced educational concepts. The limitations of information channels also hinder teachers’ ability to access international educational resources, and insufficient application of educational technology restricts teachers’ use of online learning and distance education resources.

The uneven distribution of training resources across different regions and schools results in teachers in resource-poor areas finding it difficult to obtain necessary training (Yi & Zhang, 2022) . Existing training content may be disconnected from the actual needs of teachers, with schedules conflicting with their busy work routines. Additionally, financial constraints make it difficult for teachers to participate in training. Moreover, the lack of a campus culture that encourages continuous professional development for teachers, along with the scarcity of international exchange opportunities, further limits the expansion of teachers’ international horizons.

In the process of cultivating teachers’ international understanding literacy, the balance between cultural confidence and openness is a key factor (Li, Teng, & Liu et al., 2023) . Overemphasizing national culture while neglecting the value of other cultures may lead to a limitation in teachers’ international perspectives. At the same time, the challenges of cross-cultural communication make it difficult for teachers to integrate cross-cultural elements while maintaining their own culture. Educational policies may support international understanding education in principle but lack specific guidance in implementation. Teacher training may also focus on the transmission of knowledge and skills, neglecting in-depth discussion of cultural balance.

The current educational evaluation system may not fully encourage teachers to explore international understanding education. The evaluation system is singular, focusing on the mastery of national cultural knowledge and neglecting the cultivation of international understanding and cultural adaptability.

Reform curriculum and teaching methods to include international issues and multicultural content in the curriculum standards and implement interdisciplinary teaching (Zheng, 2017) . Provide international education training and opportunities for teachers to participate in international exchanges to enhance their global perspective and cross-cultural teaching skills. Establish international exchange programs, such as student and teacher exchanges and international cooperative courses, to provide learners with practical cross-cultural experiences. Emphasize foreign language teaching, especially English, as an important tool for international communication. Celebrate different cultural festivals in school culture to promote respect and understanding of diversity.

Design specialized training courses covering cultural differences, communication skills, international etiquette, and conflict resolution. Establish a professional team of lecturers composed of cross-cultural communication experts and experienced trainers. Through case analysis and role-playing, allow teachers to practice communication strategies in simulated scenarios. Organize cultural experience activities, such as international festival celebrations, for teachers to personally experience different cultures. Provide language learning resources, especially those widely used in international communication. Create opportunities for teachers to engage in international exchanges, such as studying abroad and attending international conferences.

Design courses that include global issues and cross-cultural understanding to ensure that teaching content has an international perspective (Yu & Deng, 2023) . Select and use textbooks that reflect multiculturalism and international cases to provide students with global learning resources. Train teachers professionally to enhance their ability to integrate international educational resources. Encourage students to engage in interactive learning and discussions to deeply analyze educational practices from different cultures and countries. Establish cooperation with overseas schools to jointly develop international courses and promote international exchanges between teachers and students.

Provide a variety of training formats, including online courses, seminars, and workshops, to meet the needs of different teachers. Establish a platform for teacher professional development, such as online communities and discussion platforms, to facilitate knowledge sharing and peer exchange. Encourage teachers to engage in self-driven learning while providing international exchange opportunities, such as overseas training and academic conferences, to broaden teachers’ international horizons. Ensure that teachers have access to the necessary learning resources and financial support, and provide them with clear career development paths.

Develop supportive policies to provide teachers with time and financial support, reduce administrative burdens, and ensure they can focus on teaching and personal growth. Create online and offline professional development platforms for teachers to exchange experiences, share resources, and participate in professional discussions. Collaborate with teachers to develop personalized professional development plans to meet their individual interests and career goals. Establish incentive mechanisms, such as professional development rewards and certifications, to increase teachers’ motivation to participate.

Implement a diversified evaluation method that combines self-evaluation, peer evaluation, student feedback, and expert evaluation to comprehensively assess teachers’ teaching effectiveness. Emphasize process-oriented evaluation, focusing on teachers’ teaching strategies, student engagement, and classroom interaction, rather than just the teaching outcomes. Establish a developmental evaluation system that provides specific and timely feedback to help teachers identify their strengths and areas for improvement. Refer to international standards to ensure that the evaluation system is consistent with global educational trends and improve the efficiency and accuracy of evaluation through educational technology.