Research study site was located in the school site forest reservation of Aurora State College of Technology in Baler, Aurora province (Figure 1), known as Dibudalan Mountain Forest Reserve (DMFR). DMFR was declared School Site Civil Reservation of ASCOT through Proclamation No. 559 on April 7, 1995.

Dibudalan Mountain Forest was under the geo-political boundary of Barangay Zabali in the municipality of Baler. Baler is the smallest municipality of Aurora province yet the capital town and is considered as the economic and tourism hub

of the province. Dibudalan forest is adjacent to Sierra Madre Mountain Range that nestles at the eastern coastline of Central Luzon. The formation of Dibudalan Mountain Forest Reserve is undulating to rolling with level to gently sloping plateau at the northeastern portion.

Birds were practically identified through the use of a high-end Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) Camera, installed with high-end adjustable lens known as Celestron Ultima with 65 mm 18 - 55× Straight spotting scopes (Figure 2), and a digital audio recorder for recording bird calls. The unidentified captured images onsite were identified by comparison with the database’s photos online, such as Internet Bird Collection (https://www.macaulaylibrary.org/the-internet-bird-collection-the-macaulay-library/), Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (http://www.birdwatch.ph/), and through consultation with someone expert in Bird’s identification.

The survey method is simply counting of species seen in the four Modified Circular Plots (MCP) having a radius of 125 meters or 250 meters diameters each (Figure 3). Traversed the trail with the data sheet samples to record the species seen or heard within the MCP [6] .

Walk continuously towards the next site until the end of the transect line. Brief stops are necessary to ensure appropriate counts and to estimate the flushing distance and angle of the subject. A walk on transect line is a systematic walk along the transect line across the study area [7] .

Monitoring Plot 2 has the highest elevation of about 150 - 200 above sea level (ASL), Plot 1 of around 50 - 100 ASL, Plot 3 is about 100 - 150 ASL, and Plot 4 has an elevation of about 30 - 100 ASL. To minimize the bias on counting, birds in constant flight during the observation period are not recorded due to lack of fixed flushing distance.

More observation time was applied to mixed feeding flocks to ascertain the identities of individuals, estimating counts in getting the diversity of many flock’s flights was applied. Visitation of the monitoring sites was conducted early in the morning and late afternoon, usually coinciding with the foraging activity of birds.

From a total of 9702 avifauna species globally [13] , 1327 birds identified in southeast Asia [14] , and more than 700 known species of birds in the Philippines [15] ; a total of 151 bird species are frequently sighted in the forest reservation of ASCOT. Out of the 151 total Avians observed are 21 families, 23 individuals and 23 distinct genera of which the most dominant and frequently observed avian was Luzon hornbill (Penelopides manillae) with a total of 26 head counts (Table 1).

The probability of Penelopides manillae dominance was due to the massive Information Education Campaign (IEC) on wildlife protection and conservation by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in collaboration of Aurora State College of Technology (ASCOT) that increases people’s level of awareness on wildlife conservation.

Likewise, the vendors inside reservation area are also helping in the protection and conservation by feeding these species that keep them coming back which eventually becoming tame. In return, vendors are benefiting from these birds because more tourists are visiting the area hoping to see more distinct birds that increases customers. In effect, the vendors earnings are increasing too. Therefore, avians were not just a contributor in the re-engineering of our ecosystem but rather a survival resource that human beings had leaned on.

Moreover, the predominance of Penelopides manillae and abundance of avians are good indicator to determine which parts of the reservation area should be considered hotspots, area needs full protection, areas suitable for commercial, ecotourism, and construction of project development.

Above all, the abundance of avians in DMFR may also be used as a baseline in developing a policy to convert ASCOT reservation area into wildlife sanctuary to ensure the continuous biodiversity conservation and protection as environmental policy implementation in the sanctuary was strictly executed [16] .

Using the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Wildlife Sanctuary database of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the scientific classification and comprehensive facts regarding conservation and endemism status of avifauna observed inside DMFR were discovered as Least-Concerned (LC), 18 were endemic, and 5 are fully migrants (Table 2).

The least-concern species is one that has been classified by the IUCN as not being a priority for conservation since still abundant in a given area. Whereas, endemism of birds means stability of fair climate or temperature conditions due to abundance of trees and other biodiversity. The stable climatic temperature in DMFR, although slightly disturbed due to project development in some parts, is one of the main drivers to have abundant endemic species that end up to permanent migration of Apus unicolor, Hirundo rustica, Motacilla cinerea, Agropsar philippensis, and Pericrocotus divaricatus (Table 2).

The diversity index of avifauna was calculated using the formula developed by Shannon (H') “a.k.a. Shannon-Wiener diversity index”. The 151 Avians assessed has a corresponding Shannon diversity index of 2.81 (Table 3) which shows that

DMFR has a moderate avifaunal diversity in general, based on the modified scale model (p. 8) of the study. The index results further revealed that the most dominant birds seen in the area is Luzon hornbill, locally known as “Tarictic”, which obtained the highest diversity index of 0.3029. This finding confirms the theory that Luzon hornbill is endemic in the forests of Luzon and nearby islands in the northern Philippines [11] .

Unfortunately, the gradual dwindling population of these species cannot be denied due to unceasing illegal hunting and slaughtering by predators. These incidents pursued this research as the results could be utilized to see what preventive measures are applicable to ensure the long-term protection and sustainable conservation since abundancy of biodiversity is essential in maintaining better ecosystem. As the late ecologist Dr. Thomas Lovejoy emphasized during his speech in the United Nations Foundation in 2018 as quoted by Altman (2023) “Without biological diversity, there is no other life on Earth—including our own. Even though we are often oblivious to it, this diversity of life is what provides clean water, oxygen, and all other things that end up being part of our diet, as well as clothing and shelter. It provides a lot of psychological benefits too, which are not much appreciated” [17] . Considering the findings of this study, the problems on wildlife protection and conservation in DMFR may address and resolve.

Species richness refers to the number of species in a community [17] [18] , it does not matter how abundant they are. The differences in species richness of avifauna per plot was revealed in Table 4, wherein Plot 1 (P1) and P4 have the richest avifauna observed with 20 populations each (86.96%), followed by P3 with 15 avian (65.22%), and then P2 with the lowest accumulated population of 3 (13.04%).

With regards to the measurement of abundancy or frequency of individuals that answers questions regarding the increasing or decreasing number of individuals as defined by Booth et al. (2003) and cited by Travlos (2018) [19] [20] ; study revealed that Modified Circular Plot 1 obtained the highest population with an abundance of 61 and diversity index (H') of 2.76; followed by P4 with an abundance of 59 and H' of 2.76), P3 with 27 abundancy and H' of 2.59, and lastly is P2 with abundancy of 4 and H' of 1.04 (Table 5).

The probability of maintaining the highest diversity index of Avifauna in P1 and P4, particularly Penelopides manillae, was due to several factors such as; elevation, spacious disturbed forest, abundance of fruiting trees, and closer distance to the bodies of water. This probability of observations was proven in the study of Ana Katrina Mamangun and Juan Carlos Tecson Gonzalez (2024) in their research on “Density and Feeding Preference of the Polillo Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides manillae subnigra) in Fragmented Forests of Polillo Island” [21] demonstrated that there is a higher density of avians in the areas of abundant fruiting trees and spacious disturbed forest compared to the densely residual forest site. Anni Charis T. Salinas (2010) also stated in her research on “Biodiversity Assessment of Avifauna in the Pine Forests of Camp John Hay Forest Reservation, Baguio City, Philippines” demonstrated that there is a significant number and diversity of bird species in the disturbed habitat despite of various development activities [18] .

*1 = Presence of birds in plot. x = Absence of birds in plot.

Table 5. The abundancy and diversity of avifauna per plot.

Further, the empirical relationship between diversity index, species richness and evenness distribution of the avifauna was calculated using Pielou’s evenness (J) formula. The species diversity index is a measure of the number of species present (richness) and their relative abundances (evenness) in the area [19] . The study’s findings illustrate that avifauna’s evenness distribution was less even in P2 and P3 (Table 6). This may be owing to the fact that these plots were totally disturbed in various ways such as; land conversion, kaingin and traditional charcoal making, illegal cutting, and poaching of animals that caused dwindling of wildlife habitat, particularly those portions closer to the road. According to Gamalo and Baril (2018) as cited by Ordonio et al. (2020), the species richness and abundance of avifauna were lesser in the area near to the road [2] [22] . Ford et al. (2000) also stated that absence of suitable habitat could actually contribute to the low species diversity of birds in the area [23] .

Furthermore, the noise from automobiles and various human activities in the surrounding was additional contributing factor for species evenness. According to Kociolek et al. (2015) and Jack et al. (2015), birds exposed to loud noise exhibited raised stress levels, such as increased heart rate, which may translate into an increased risk of acquiring physiological stress over time [24] [25] .

In contrast, the distribution of avian species was more even in P1 and P4 as both of them have recorded an evenness value of 0.756 (Table 6). These results might be attributed to the following observation: 1) vegetation in these plots is not so much densely populated that gives spacious range for avifauna to move freely, 2) there are presence of fruit bearing trees around that birds can eat, and 3) there are bodies of waters in the surroundings where avians can consume and drink. Although P1 and P2 are slightly disrupted as a result of the infrastructures and buildings constructed, these developments helped a lot as they serve as a shelter and protection for birds. According to Calimpong and Nuñeza (2015) as cited by Ordinario et al. (2020), minor disturbances due to structural diversity can provide different niches and micro-habitats for a variety of birds, resulting in a large number of individuals and species richness [2] [26] . In short, the ASCOT forest reservation, despite of slight disturbances, is a potential safe dwelling place and shelter for animal reproduction.

There were natural and anthropogenic threats identified after a series of interviews with respondents. The two most devastating natural threats identified are typhoon and El-Niño (Figure 4).

The majority (81%) of the respondents perceived typhoon as the most dangerous natural threat as typhoons inflicted damages on people’s property, environment, and natural resources found inside DMFR. November of 2020 when the havoc wreaked by typhoon Ulysses hits the province of aurora that causes devastation of crops, damages of buildings, uprooting and cutting of trees in the DMFR. On the El-Niño phenomenon, respondents bluntly manifested how the mountain was once burnt due to a long phase of warm. The strikes of a long drought phenomenon also hits the farmer’s crops and nothing remains due to high heat index.

On the other hand, the 3 most nasty anthropogenic threats experienced by the respondents are illegal logging, traditional charcoal making, and land conversion (Figure 5). Most of the respondents (47%) perceived that illegal logging/cutting of trees is the most serious human threat. One respondent emotionally narrated that there are unlawful loggers that were caught in the act by the authorities but freed immediately after a short dialogue and intervention by unknown officers. In effect, the intruders continued to engage in the illegal activities that destroys Dibudalan forest and oppressed people who are relying on the natural and intrinsic benefits provided by nature.

The traditional charcoal-making production was also viewed as serious human threats, 32% of the respondents stated unequivocally that some residents inside and outside Dibudalan forest were engaged in that way of living. Such kind of activities pushes other people to illegally tilled the land, extracted natural resources, and occupied portion of the mountain; all these things happened due to the lack of rigorous law enforcement.

Land conversion (9%) is also considered as major human threat that threatens the population of avifauna in the reservation area of ASCOT. As I have personally witnessed recently, the lower portions of the ASCOT reservation area were converted into private farms by few people that causes deforestation in the eastern part of the reservation which is indeed alarming as forests is the safe haven place of biodiversity. The Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB), as the National Focal Point of the Philippine Clearing House Mechanism, stated further that due to massive deforestation, about 50 to 100 species of animals are being lost each day [6] . This leads to the eradication of plant and animals on a massive scale. The animals were not only losing territorial habitats and shelters but pushes them into extinction as well [27] .

The same is true with poaching/hunting (3%), the usual target of poachers are Red Junglefowl, Luzon hornbill (tarictic) and Eagles that causes their population waning. What saddened much is that some of these animals are being used as decorations after being tied up or detained in a small cage inside their backyard. These species were being punished that way without knowing the fact that conservation, preservation, and protection of these wildlife helps human beings rebuild the environment that provides food to eat, water to drink, and even the clean air we breathe.