The behavior of the quantum correlations, information scrambling and the non-Markovianity of three entangling qubits systems via Rashba is discussed. The results showed that, the three physical quantities oscillate between their upper and lower bounds, where the number of oscillations increases as the Rashba interaction strength increases. The exchanging rate of these three quantities depends on the Rashba strength, and whether the entangled state is generated via direct/indirect interaction. Moreover, the coherence parameter can be used as a control parameter to maximize or minimize the three physical quantities.
Entanglement plays an essential role in some branches of quantum technology like quantum information [1] , quantum communication [2] , and quantum coding [3] [4] . Entanglement is very sensitive to the environments in which its applications may be achieved. Keeping the long lived entanglement between interacting qubits is one of the challenges that face the development of some important applications. In reality, it is difficult to isolate quantum systems from their ambient environments, and consequently, the decoherence of some properties of these quantum systems is expected [5] [6] [7] . There are some efforts have been introduced to discuss the entanglement’s behavior for different open quantum systems. It is shown that this property may decay, death [8] [9] sudden change [10] , frozen [11] , and thawed [12] .
Due to the decoherence, quantum systems may lose their memory and information, but some of them can restore their lost information [13] . It has been shown that, the non-Markovian process affects the system’s coherence [14] . Therefore, the non-Markovianity has become very important and has been studied for both continuous and discrete quantum systems [15] . Based on the non-Markovianity of the system, there will be an exchange of the quantum correlations and the information between the interacting systems [16] .
There are some known interactions that have been used to generate entanglement between different qubit systems. Among of theses interaction is Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) [17] [18] [19] , Dipolar interaction [20] [21] . Moreover, Rashba interaction [7] [22] is used in many applications of quantum information. In this manuscript, we are motivated to examine the effect of Rashba interaction on the exchanging process of the quantum correlations and the information between a three qubits system.
The outline of this paper is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, we introduce the model of the qubits-system and its time evolution analytically. The dynamic of the quantum correlations is discussed in Sec. 3, where we used the negativity as a quantifier of the quantum correlations. Sec. 4 is devoted to investigating the non-Markovianity of each two-qubit system. The behavior of the encoded information in each partition is considered in Sec. 5. Finally, the obtained results are summarized in Sec. 6.
2. Suggested Model
The suggested system consists of two qubits A, and B, which have been prepared in a partial entangled state, ρ A B . The dynamic of system is governed by a Heisenberg XX spin model. It is assumed that, one terminal of the system ρ A B , say the subsystem A, interacts locally with a third qubit C, via Rashba interaction [7] [22] . The total Hamiltonian which describes this system is given by,
H ^ s y s = H ^ H e i s + H ^ R a s h , (1)
where H H e i s represents the Hamiltonian of the spin XX Heisenberg interaction between the two qubits A, B, and H R a s h represents the Hamiltonian of the Rashba interaction between qubits A and C. Mathematically, these Hamiltonians are described by,
H H e i s = 1 2 ω ( σ A x σ B x + σ A y σ B y ) ,
H R a s h = ε 2 ( I ⊗ σ z C ) + β ( τ x A ⊗ I ) − ζ ( τ y A ⊗ σ x C ) , (2)
where σ i , τ j , i , j = x , y , z represent Pauli operators, ω is the coupling parameter between the qubits A and B, ε is the Zeeman splitting generated by an external constant magnetic field along the z-axis, β is the strength of the tunneling coupling between the two qubits A and C, and ζ is the interaction strength, and the spin-flip tunnel coupling [18] . Let us assume that the initial state of the whole system at time t = 0 is given by,
ρ s ( 0 ) = ρ A B ( 0 ) ⊗ ρ C ( 0 ) , (3)
where,
ρ A B ( 0 ) = κ | φ a b 〉 〈 φ a b | − 1 4 ( 1 − κ ) I 4 × 4 , ρ c ( 0 ) = | φ c 〉 〈 φ c | , (4)
with | φ A B 〉 = cos ( α ) | e g 〉 + sin ( α ) | g e 〉 , and | φ c 〉 = cos ( γ ) | e 〉 + sin ( γ ) | g 〉 , I 4 × 4 is the identity matrix. The time evaluation of the system at any arbitrary time t is given by,
ρ s ( t ) = U ( t ) ρ s ( 0 ) U ( t ) † , U ( t ) = exp [ − i H s y s t ] . (5)
Then by using the unitary operator U ( t ) and the initial state ρ s ( 0 ) , one gets the final state ρ s ( t ) at any t > 0 . Now, we can obtain the state between each two subsystems by tracing the third system, namely ρ i j = T r k { ρ i j k } . For example ρ A C = T r B { ρ A B C } . However, the mathematical expressions of these states are too long to be written in the manuscript. The unitary operator of the system may be written explicitly as,
U ( t ) = ( u 00 u 01 u 02 u 03 u 04 u 05 u 06 u 07 u 10 u 11 u 12 u 13 u 14 u 15 u 16 u 17 u 20 u 21 u 22 u 23 u 24 u 25 u 26 u 27 u 30 u 31 u 32 u 33 u 34 u 35 u 36 u 37 u 40 u 41 u 42 u 43 u 44 u 45 u 46 u 47 u 50 u 51 u 52 u 53 u 54 u 55 u 56 u 57 u 60 u 61 u 62 u 63 u 64 u 65 u 66 u 67 u 70 u 71 u 72 u 73 u 74 u 75 u 76 u 77 ) , (6)
where the elements u i j are given by,
u 00 = μ − C β C ζ , u 01 = i μ − S β S ζ , u 04 = − i μ − C ζ S β , u 05 = μ − C β S ζ , u 10 = i μ + S β S ζ , u 11 = i μ + C β C ζ , u 14 = i μ + C β S ζ u 15 = − i μ + C ζ S β , u 20 = − μ − C ζ S ω S β , u 21 = i μ − C β S ω S ζ , u 22 = i μ − C β C ω C ζ , u 23 = i μ − C ω S β S ζ , u 24 = − i μ − C β C ζ S ω , u 25 = − μ − S ω S β S ζ , u 26 = − i μ − C ω C ζ S β , u 27 = μ − C ω C β S ζ , u 30 = i μ + C β S ω S ζ , u 31 = − μ + C ζ S ω S β , u 32 = i μ + C ω S β S ζ , u 33 = μ + C β C ω C ζ , u 34 = − μ + S ω S β S ζ , u 35 = − i μ + C β C ζ S ω , u 36 = μ + C ω C β S ζ , u 37 = − i μ + C ω c ζ S β , (7)
where, C β = cos ( β t ) , S β = sin ( β t ) , C ω = cos ( ω t ) , S ω = sin ( ω t ) , C ζ = cos ( ζ t ) , S ζ = sin ( ζ t ) , and μ ± = cos ( t ε 2 ) ± i sin ( t ε 2 ) . The remaining elements of the unitary operator are given by U t ,
u 40 = u 26 , u 41 = − u 27 , u 42 = u 24 , u 43 = − u 25 , u 44 = u 22 , u 45 = − u 23 , u 46 = u 20 , u 47 = − u 21 , u 50 = − u 36 , u 51 = u 37 , u 52 = − u 34 , u 53 = − u 25 , u 54 = − u 32 , u 55 = u 33 , u 56 = − u 30 , u 57 = u 31 , u 60 = u 00 , u 62 = u 04 , u 63 = − u 05 , u 67 = − u 01 , u 72 = − u 14 , u 73 = u 15 , u 76 = − u 10 , u 77 = u 11 . (8)
Now, we have all the details to quantify the amount of the quantum correlations QCs, that may be generated between the qubits A, C and between B, C via Rashba interaction, as well as, the amount of the quantum correlation that may be gained or lost from the initial system ρ A B .
3. Quantum Correlation (QCs)
In this section, we investigate the quantum correlations behavior by means of the negativity, N [23] . It is well known that, the negativity is an accepted measure of entanglement between two-qubit system. However, for any two-qubit system ρ 12 , the negativity, N e g is defined as,
N e g = 2 ∑ i = 1 4 max ( 0 , − μ i ) , (9)
where μ i are the negative eigenvalue of the partial transpose of the state ρ 12 [23] [24] [25] . For the maximal entangled state (MES), the negativity N e g = 1 , while it is zero for the separable states and 0 < N e g ≤ 1 for partial entangled states(PES).
3.1. Quantum Correlation of ρ A B ( t )
The behavior of the QCs, between the qubits A and B is described in Figure 1(a), where it is assumed that, the two-qubit system ρ A B ( 0 ) is initially prepared in a maximum entangled state (MES), while the qubit C, is prepared in a product state such that ρ c = | 0 〉 〈 0 | and different values of the coherence parameter κ are considered. It is clear that, at t = 0 , the negativity N oscillates between its upper and lower bounds, where the upper bounds are displayed at large κ , namely at large degree of coherence. Moreover, the phenomenon of the entanglement deth/birth are displayed periodically, where the predicted time interval of its disappearance at small κ is large, while it disappears temporary as one increases the coherence of the initial state. Figure 1(b) describes the behavior of the negativity at different initial state settings, where it is assumed that, the two-qubit system ρ A B is prepared in a maximum entangled state (MES), while the qubit C is prepared in a supper position pure state. The negativity behavior is similar to that displayed in Figure 1(a), but the possibility of vanishing the QCs decreases at small values of the coherence parameter κ , while at large κ it doesn’t vanish. Moreover, the number of oscillations decreases and the minimum values of the non-vanishing entanglement are better than those displayed in Figure 1(a).
To investigate the effect of Rashba interaction strength, Figure 2 is plotted at small vale of this strength, where we set ζ = 0.2 . It is shown that, the amount of QCs are more robust than those displayed in Figure 1(a), where the number of oscillations is small. However, at small values of κ , namely the state ρ A B has a small degree of coherence, the possibility that the state turns into a product state increases, where as it is observed from Figure 2, the vanishing interval time of the QCs increases as one increases κ .
In Figure 3, the impact of the Rashba interaction’s strength on the generated entanglement between the two qubits A and B is discussed. Different values of ζ are considered, where it is assumed that the two-qubit systems are initially prepared in a product state. Due to the spin interaction between the two-qubit system, there will be an entangled state will be generated. Moreover, at the same time Rashba interaction is switched on between the qubits A and C. The amount of QCs that may be contained in the state ρ A B depends on strength ζ , where at small values of ζ , the possibility of generating an entangled state ρ A C with large degree of QCs, decreases, and accordingly the possibility that ρ A B has a large QCs increases. This phenomenon has displayed clearly by comparing Figure 3(a), and Figure 3(b), where we set ζ = 0.2 , 0.5 , respectively. Moreover, the degree of coherence that is characterized by the parameter κ , plays an essential role on the behavior of the QCs, where the long-lived quantum correlations are displayed at large values of κ .
In Figure 4, we investigate the impact of the spin interaction parameter between the two qubits A and B in the presence of Rashba interaction. It is clear that, at small values of the Rashba interaction ζ , the entanglement between the two qubits are generated as soon as the interaction is switched on. However, at large values of ζ , the QCs between the two qubits will be generated at large interaction time. These results can be observed by comparing Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b). Moreover, the disappearance interval of the QCs that depicted at large value of Rashba strength are larger than those displayed at small values of this strength. Furthermore, the maximum bounds of the QCs that displayed in Figure 4(b) are smaller than those shown in Figure 4(a).
From Figure 4, one may conclude that, due to the interaction between the two qubits A and C via Rashba interaction, the entanglement that i has generated between the qubits A and B not only depends on the spin interaction, but also on Rashba strength. However, it has an essential role as a control parameter to increase/decrease the entanglement between the two qubits A and B. Moreover, from Figure 3 and Figure 4, it is clear that, the possibility of generating quantum correlations between the two qubits A and B increases as one increases the spin interaction strength ω .
3.2. Quantum Correlation of ρ A C ( t )
In this subsection, we investigate the impact of the Rashba strength on the generated quantum correlations between the qubits A and C via direct interaction. Figure 5, displays the behavior of the negativity as a quantifier of the QCs, at different values of ζ , where it is assumed that, the three qubits are separable. There is an entangled state is generated between the two qubits A and C, as the interaction is switched on. Similarly, the upper bounds depend on the values of the coherence parameter κ , where the largest values of the QCs are displayed at large κ . Moreover, the periodic behavior, sudden birh/death are displayed regularly.
The impact of the strength ζ on the amount of the quantum correlations that is contained in the state ρ A C can be seen by comparing Figure 5(a) and Figure 5(b), where we set ζ = 0.2 , 0.5 , respectively. It is shown that, at large value of ζ , an entangled state between the qubits A and C is generated in a short interaction time compared with that displayed at small values of ζ . Also, at small values of ζ , the predicted quantum correlation oscillates faster than those displayed at large ζ . This means that, the predicted exchanged correlations increase at small value of the Rashba strength.
From Figure 3 and Figure 5, one may deduced that, due to the phenomena of exchanging the quantum correlation between the three qubits, if the predict QCs are large for ρ A B , it will be small for ρ A C . Moreover, if it vanishes completely in one state, it appears for the other state. The exchanging rate depends on the spin strength ω and Rashba strength ζ .
The entangling power of Rashba interaction in the presences of the spin interaction at a small strength is displayed in Figure 6, where we set ω = 0.1 . Figure 6(a), shows that, due to the small strength values of the spin interaction, the quantum correlations between A and C are generated suddenly as soon as the
interaction is switched on, while as it is displayed from Figure 5(a), the QCs are generated at longer interaction time, where we set ω = 0.2 . The numbers of oscillations are very small, namely a long-lived entanglement is generated between the two qubits A and C. Figure 6(b), depicts the amount of quantum correlations that has contained in the state ρ A C at large value of Rashba strength, where we set ζ = 0.5 . The displayed behavior shows that, the upper bounds are larger than those displayed in Figure 6(a). Moreover, the oscillations’ numbers are larger, namely the quantum correlations are exchanged faster.
3.3. Quantum Correlation of ρ B C ( t )
Similarly, in this subsection the behavior of the QCs, that may be generated between the qubits B and C indirectly via Rashba interaction is discussed, where we consider the same initial state settings and the same values of the interaction parameters.
In Figure 7, the Qcs that are contained in the state ρ B C are investigated at different values of Rashba interaction’s strength. The behavior is similar to that displayed for ρ A B and ρ A C , where the phenomena of the sudden changes (death/birth) are displayed. The maximum bounds of the QCs that shown in Figure 7(a) are larger than those displayed in Figure 7(b). This means that, large values of Rashba force reduce the amount of entanglement present in the case ρ B C .
The effect of the Rashba interaction in the presences of smaller values of the spin interaction on the amount of QCs of the state ρ B C is displayed in Figure 8, where we set ω = 0.1 . As it is observed from Figure 7(b) and Figure 8(b), at the small values of ω and large values of ζ , the predict quantum correlations are much better than those shown at large values of ω .
4. The Non-Markovianity of the Three Partitions
In this section the effect of the Rashba and spin interactions strengths on the non-Markovianity of the three quantum states is investigated. It is well know
that, it is difficult to isolate a quantum system from its environment, which leads to the non-Markovian behavior and eventually a back-flow of information from the environment into the system can be observed. The non-Markovianity of the system can be described by [26] [27] [28] ,
N ( ρ ) = max ρ i , j ( 0 ) ∫ σ > 0 d d t D ( ρ i ( t ) , ρ j ( t ) ) d t , (10)
where D ( ρ i ( t ) , ρ j ( t ) ) = 1 2 t r | ρ i ( t ) , ρ j ( t ) | , i , j = A , B and C .
Figure 9 displays the behavior of N ρ i , i = A B , A C and B C at small value of the spin interaction, where we set ω = 0.1 . The general behavior shows that, N ρ i increases as soon as the interaction is switched on to reach its maximum value. The smallest maximum bound is depicted for ρ A B , while the largest bound of the N ρ i is observed for ρ A C . Moreover the maximum peaks of the non-Markovianity of the state ρ A B appear simultaneity as the minimum packs of N ρ A C and N ρ B C are displayed. The non-Markovianity vanishes for all the three partitions at the same interaction time, namely the exchanging process is frozen. There is no a remarkable fast oscillation behavior, namely the rate of changing
systems non-Markovianity is small. The increasing rate the non-Markovianity of state that generated by direct interaction with Rashba interaction is larger than that displayed by indirect interaction.
To investigate the impact of Rashba interaction on the Markovianity, we set a large value of the strength ζ as it is shown in Figure 10, where we set ζ = 0.5 . The displayed behavior of is similar to that shown in Figure 9. However, the upper bounds that have been displayed in Figure 10 are larger than those shown in Figure 9. Moreover, the number of oscillations and their amplitudes are large compared with their corresponding ones in Figure 9. As an observation, the vanishing interaction time of the non-Markovianity doesn’t depend on the strength of Rashba interaction, where it vanishes at the same time.
From Figure 9 and Figure 10, one may induced that, the large values of Rashba strength increase the number of oscillations and their amplitudes. This means that, the memories of all the three partitions are unstable, where there will be a fast exchange of the physical properties between the three systems. Moreover, the memory of two qubit system, ρ A B is more robust than that shown for ρ A C and ρ B C , which has generated via direct and indirect interaction. Also, when the minimum peaks are displayed on the behavior of N ρ A B , the maximum peaks are appeared in N ρ A C , N ρ B C .
To clarify the effect of the spin interaction parameter on the non-Markovianity of the three partition, we set ω = 2 in Figure 11, namely we increase the strength of the spin interaction between the qubits A and B. In general, N ρ i oscillates faster than that has shown at all values of ω , i.e., the exchanging process of QCs and information are faster. However, as it is displayed from Figure 11(a) and Figure 11(b), the non-Markovianity of ρ A C and ρ B C are more stable than that shown for ρ A B , where the period of changing N ρ A B is smaller than that depicted for N ρ A C and N ρ B C . The non-Markovianity of ρ A B vanishes at a shorter interaction time compared with that displayed for the other partitions. The coherence parameter has a clear effect on N ρ A B and N ρ B C , where it displays a faster oscillations than that depicted for N ρ A C .
5. Information Dynamics
In this section, we investigate the behavior of the information that encoded on
each partition, where it is assumed that the two-qubit system, ρ A B and the blank qubits are initially prepared in a product state. The amount of information is defined by [29] [30] [31] ,
I ρ i = log 2 D i − S ( ρ i ) , i = A B , A C , B C , (11)
where S ( ρ i ) = ∑ j λ j log λ j is the von-Neumnann entropy, and λ i are the eigenvalues of ρ i . Figure 12 displays the effect of the spin and Rashba strengths on the behavior of I ρ i . The general behavior shows that, the coherence parameter κ plays an essential role on increasing/decreasing the upper and lower bounds of I ρ i , where the small values of κ decrease the oscillations amplitudes, while it increases as one increases κ . This coherence parameter has a different effect on the three partitions.
The effect of the Rashba interaction in the presence of different values of the spin strength can be deduced from Figure 13. The dynamics of the information that encoded in the three partitions at ω = 0.1 and ζ = 0.2 are displayed in Figure 13(a). It is shown that, for all the three states, I ρ i decreases as soon as the interaction is switched on. At further interaction time, I ρ i increases and decreases simultaneously. As the minimum bounds of I ρ A B and I ρ A C are depicted, the encoded information in I ρ B C reaches its maximum bound. Similarly, the maximum bounds are displayed for I ρ A C , when the I ρ A B and I ρ B C are minimum. The regular oscillations are predicted on the behavior of the information the encoded in ρ A B .
Figure 13(b) displays the behavior of I ρ i at large value of Rashba strength, where we set ζ = 0.5 . It is clear that, the fluctuations of the information between its lower and upper bounds increase, without any changes on the values of these bounds. It only increases the exchanging rate of information of the three qubits system.
6. Conclusions
The power of the Rashba interaction to generate entangled state between a three qubits system in the presence of the spin interaction is investigated. This idea is clarified by considering a two-qubit system ρ A B which is initially prepared in a product, partially entangled, or maximum entangled states. Additionally, the qubit A interacts locally with another qubit C by using Rashba interaction. Due to these interactions, there are three quantum states have been created. Therefore, we investigate the behavior of the exchanged quantum correlations between the three states, their degree of non-Markoviniaty, and the amount of the scrambled information from/into these states.
The obtained results show that, the predicted quantum correlations for all the three states oscillate between their upper and lower bounds. The maximum bounds depend on the initial degree of coherence, where at small value of the coherence parameter, the upper bounds are smaller than those displayed at large values of this coherence parameter. Moreover, the interval time of vanishing these correlations for all the three states, increases at small coherence parameter. The phenomena of the sudden changes (death/birth) have been displayed periodically during the interaction time.
The effect of the Rashba strength on the behavior of the quantum correlations that may be generated between the three partitions is investigated. It is shown that, as one increases Rashba strength, the quantum correlations that have been generated directly between the qubits A and C increase on the expanse of the amount of quantum correlations between the other partitions. However, this behavior will be changed if one increases the spin interaction’s strength. Moreover, the robustness of these quantum correlations increases as one increases the strength of Rashba interaction, where the oscillations decrease, and consequently the long-lived quantum correlations are observed.
It is shown that, the non-Markovianity of the three partitions increases as soon as the interaction is switched on. The results show that, the memory of the initial entangled two qubit system is more robust than the others, where the predicted oscillations are very small, while for the other two partitions the non-Markovianity exchanges fast with a large rate, due to the large amplitudes of these oscillations. The non-Markovianity of the three partitions vanishes at the same interaction time, namely at this time, there is no exchanging process depicted. It is worth to mention that, the large values of the Rashba strength increase the oscillations and their amplitudes, and consequently the exchanging rate of the quantum information between the three qubits increases.
The coherence parameter plays an essential role on minimizing or maximizing the non-Markovianity properties of the evolved three partitions. The maximum bounds of the non-Markovianity that depicted at large coherence parameter are larger than those displayed at small values of this coherence parameter. At small values of the coherence parameter, the non-Markovianity of the entangled state that generated via direct or indirect interaction oscillates fast. This means that, the memories of theses states are unstable, and consequently the possibility of exchanging the quantum correlations and information increases.
It is worth to shed the light on the effect of the spin interaction strength on the behavior of the non-Markovianity of the three partitions. The results show that, at large values of this strength, the non-Markovianity of the three partitions oscillates fast. Moreover, the predicted periodic time of these oscillations depends on whether these partitions are generated by direct or indirect interaction, and consequently the possibility of exchanging the physical properties between the three partitions will be different.
The information scrambling between the three qubit systems is discussed by investigating the effect of Rashba interaction on the rate of exchanging process of information. It is shown that, the Rashba strength increases the oscillations of evolved information during the interaction time, and consequently the rate of exchanging the information between the three qubit increases. However, there is no noticeable effect on the upper and lower bounds of the amount of encoded information in the three partitions.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Metwally, N. and Ebrahiam, F. (2024) Dynamics of Non-Markovianity, Quantum Correlations and Information Scrambling of Three Qubits Systems Interacting via Rashba Interaction. Journal of Quantum Information Science, 14, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2024.142004
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