The thyroid gland is the largest of all endocrine organs which plays wide and vital physiological roles in the body and can be affected by a broad variety of diseases ranging from functional, immunologically mediated enlargements to neoplastic conditions [1] [2] . The diseases of the thyroid gland are among the common endocrine disorders worldwide secondary only to diabetes mellitus and Tanzania is no exception [3] . The spectrum of thyroid diseases includes simple goitre, toxic goitre, thyroiditis, adenoma and cancers and may present clinically either as an alteration of hormone secretion (i.e. hyper, hypo or euthyroidism) or as an enlargement (mass lesion) of the thyroid gland [4] . They vary from non-neoplastic to neoplastic lesions [5] .

Thyroid disease is being increasingly diagnosed with greater awareness and is one of the chronic non-communicable diseases affecting women more, though males are not spared of the ailment [4] [6] . The prevalence and pattern of the diseases depend on various factors including sex, age, ethnic and geographical patterns [4] . Thyroid disorders are endemic in mountain regions, where the soil, water and food contain little iodine [7] . Although surgically treated thyroid swellings vary widely from one geographical area to another, thyroid disorders are common in Africa [4] [5] [6] . The prevalence areas of thyroid swellings mainly from iodine deficiency are common highlands. Currently, most African countries, including Tanzania, are implementing universal salt iodization programs to tackle the condition [3] .

In clinical practice, most of the thyroid disorders are benign in nature and thyroid enlargements are seen more common in females than in males [4] [6] . Globally, approximately 4% to 7% of general population presents clinically as externally visible thyroid nodules [8] [9] . Majority of thyroid nodules are benign in nature and around only 5% may be malignant [4] . Therefore, a distinction of benign from malignant is of paramount importance for patient and proper management [6] [9] . Lesions affecting the thyroid can be accurately diagnosed by a careful histopathological examination of thyroidectomy specimen which is a very helpful tool in differentiating the benign nodule from the malignant [4] . Histological classification of thyroid lesions especially neoplastic conditions is essential for further therapy and prognosis [9] . The histopathological pattern of surgically treated diseases is changing in most developing countries with increased awareness among the patients and improved health facilities. This makes it essential that studies are made periodically in every region to define the local data base of its histopathological profile with the idea to establish the diagnosis and prompt treatment at an early stage of the disease [9] .

Thyroid surgery has been reported to be the mainstay of the treatment of surgical and is considered as a safe procedure in well equipped settings with suitable experience to anticipate and avoid the occurrence of possible surgical complications [10] [11] . Thyroid operations are the most common endocrine surgeries performed all over the world, and the procedure has undergone tremendous evolution to enhance patient safety. Despite the fact that thyroid surgery is one of the most commonly performed operative procedures in surgical practice, it may be associated with complications if not performed by experienced surgeons [11] . Complications associated with thyroid surgery are mostly avoidable if the procedure is carefully performed and the postoperative management strictly and conscientiously adhered to [12] [13] [14] [15] . There are limited data in Tanzania regarding surgically treated thyroid diseases in respect to histopathological pattern and postoperative complications. These data are predominantly from the western countries and given the differences in demography, lifestyle and possibly genetics, they may not be representative of the pattern in our setting. Furthermore, given the increased availability of iodized salt, flour and food supplements in Tanzania due to government adoption of the universal salt iodination strategy for reduction of iodine deficiency disorders and the new information in international literature of change in the pattern of thyroid lesions as communities transit from iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency status, there is need to document the histopathological pattern of thyroid lesions in this region. This study aimed to determine the histopathological patterns and highlight early postoperative complications among patients with surgically treated thyroid diseases at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC).

In this study, the age distribution of patients shows that the majority of patients were in their third and fourth decades of life. This age distribution is in agreement with other studies done elsewhere [18] [19] [20] as well as in a study which was done more than a decade ago at our centre [3] . Thyroid lesions have been reported in several studies to affect both the sexes with female preponderance [21] [22] which was also seen in all the lesions in our study. The female to male ratio found in this study was 11:1, which compares with 11.7:1 that was reported previously by Chalya et al. [3] at the same centre, but it is higher than 7:1, 6.2:1, 6:1 and 5.7:1 from studies conducted by Nzegwu et al. [23] , Nggada et al. [18] and Abdulkareem et al. [24] respectively. These female to male ratios in these studies vary significantly in these studies reflecting different study populations. This preponderance of thyroid lesions in females may be attributed to the higher demand of iodine for physiologic needs in this age group especially during puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and possibly the dietary iodine deficiency which is the case in many low and middle income countries [25] .

In the present study, more than half of patients were diagnosed as having non-neoplastic lesions. This observation is consistent with findings from Chung et al. [26] , Sreedevi & Sheela [27] and Hill et al. [28] which was 62.5%, 84.1% and 60.5% respectively. Colloid goitre is the prevailing lesions among the non neoplastic thyroid lesions with recorded incidence ranging from 56.9% to 76% [4] [6] [27] . Colloid goiter occurs as a result of prolonged period of iodine deficiency resulting in the accumulation of colloid material in the gland and lead to colloid goiter. The puberty goiter, pregnancy goiter, and colloid goiter if left untreated will change to multinodular goiter [4] [27] . In keeping with other studies done elsewhere [4] [26] [27] , the results of this study show that colloid goiter was the most common non-neoplastic lesion. However, this finding is contrary to what was reported earlier at our centre that simple multinodular goitres was the most common type of goitres seen at this centre [3] reflecting change in the histopathological pattern of non-neoplastic lesions of thyroid disease.

As reported in several studies regarding neoplastic diseases of the thyroid [29] , the present study demonstrated that benign neoplastic lesions were more common than malignant lesions. In this study, as in other studies [27] [30] [31] , follicular adenoma was the most common neoplastic lesion, while papillary carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. The histopathological pattern of malignant lesions in this study is at variance with what was reported previously at BMC [3] and elsewhere [13] [14] that follicular carcinoma was the commonest type of malignant neoplastic lesion. It is known that papillary carcinoma is the predominant type in areas without iodine deficiency, and its frequency is said to increase in regions with high iodine uptake, unlike follicular carcinoma which is said to follow long-standing iodine deficiency goitres and its incidence is more common in areas of endemic goiters [12] , suggesting that in some cases, nodular goiter may predispose to the development of the neoplasm.. Further studies are therefore needed to explain the reason for this difference in histopathological pattern of thyroid malignancies in this region.

It is well known that the indication for thyroid surgery is determined by the prevalence of goitre in a certain locality [27] . In this study, pressure symptoms and cosmetic disfigurement were the most common indications for surgery. This finding is similar to studies done at BMC [3] and elsewhere [13] [14] [32] . This is contrary to Acun et al. [33] in Greece who reported toxic symptoms as the most common indication for thyroidectomy.

Thyroidectomy has been reported to be a well established surgical procedure and the main stay of treatment of goiters [10] [11] . However, regardless of the improvements in surgical technique and technical support, complications still occur [11] . The post-operative complication rate in the present study is in agreement with other studies reported elsewhere [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, the overall complication rate of 14.3% in the present study is low compared to 27.9% and 34.64% that were reported by Samwel et al. [10] and Miguel et al. [34] , respectively. The reasons for the low overall complication rate in our study may be attributed to the strict selection criteria, good preoperative screening of patients, good theatre/anesthetic and ward facilities, and competent surgical/medical staff of the hospital.

Hemorrhage/hematoma following thyroidectomy is a life-threatening early complication of thyroid surgery in various series and its incidence rate is reported to be 0.3% - 1.5% [35] . In the present study, hemorrhage sometimes requiring blood transfusion was the most common immediate complication which is comparable with other studies [12] [14] . This is due to the presence of huge goitres with highly vascularized thyroid tissue in most of our patients and the presence of advanced thyroid malignancies. Our result is contrary to Samwel et al. [10] who reported temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy as the most common early complication.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is one of the most feared complications of thyroid surgery. The incidence of RLN injury after thyroidectomy widely varies, ranging from 4% to 7% for temporary paresis and from 1% to 4% for permanent paralysis [36] . Unilateral RLN paralysis commonly manifests clinically as hoarseness, weakness, and breathiness of the voice [37] . In our study, temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was the second most common complication following thyroid surgery accounting for 16.7% of cases and all fully recovered on conservative measures within few months. None of them developed unilateral or bilateral vocal cord paralysis due to transection of recurrent laryngeal nerve. The use of nerve stimulators minimizes the risk of injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after thyroidectomy are rare complications with the incidence reported to be between 0.5% and 3% in most series [38] [39] [40] [41] . Thyroid surgery is considered a clean procedure with a very low incidence of SSIs. The presence of SSIs due to thyroid surgery is a rare complication; however, it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, increased length of hospital stay, higher readmission rates and increased hospital costs [42] . In this study, SSIs also accounted for 16.7% of cases.

Several factors have been reported in the literature to be associated with early complications following thyroid surgery [43] [44] [45] . It has been reported in several studies that thyroid surgery performed for malignant neoplastic lesion of the thyroid is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications [45] . In this study as well as other studies [42] [45] , thyroid surgery performed for malignant neoplastic lesion was found to be is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications. Malignant pathology is associated with increased vascularity, immunosuppression, and poor wound healing predisposing this to increased risk of postoperative complications [45] . The result of this study would highlight malignant pathology as a critical consideration for surgeons and support the establishment of guidelines to only perform total thyroidectomy for malignant disease in the inpatient setting.

The surgical technique is one of the important factors affect operative complication [43] . As reported in other studies [43] [44] , total thyroidectomy as compared to subtotal thyroidectomy was associated with high risk of postoperative complications. This can be explained by the fact that total thyroidectomy is associated with prolonged duration of operation and theoretically this increases the susceptibility of the wound to SSIs by increasing bacterial exposure and the extent of tissue trauma (more extensive surgical procedure) and decreasing the tissue level of the prophylactic antibiotic.

Previous studies have shown a strong association between ASA status and early post-thyroidectomy complications [43] [46] . Increased ASA scores have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of early postoperative complications in the recovery room [46] . In this study, we found no strong association between ASA III and early post-thyroidectomy complications. Lack of statistical significance between ASA III and early post-thyroidectomy complications in this study may be due to a small number of patients with ASA III.

A recent meta-analysis has shown that the use of drain in thyroid surgery is associated with high rate of SSI, prolonged hospital stay and a high pain score [47] . Drains neither prevented post-operative bleeding nor did they facilitate early diagnosis of bleeding [3] [48] [49] . In this study, the use of drain in thyroid surgery was associated with early postoperative complications. This is in line with other studies which have suggested that routine use of drains after thyroid surgery is unnecessary and contributes to the discomfort of the patients, increase the rate of surgical wound infections, prolong the length of the hospital stay and thereby increase the cost, and deteriorate the cosmetic result [50] [51] .

The duration of surgery has been reported to affect the incidence of postoperative complications, with more frequent complications being reported after longer operations. With increasing duration of surgery and anesthesia, the risk of postoperative complications increases [46] . In this study, we observed a strong association between the duration of operation and the incidence of post-operative complications such as SSIs. This finding is in keeping with previous reports in the literature [41] . The exact mechanism by which SSI incidence is increased because of prolonged operative time is not fully understood, however, several studies postulate logical reasons such as increased operative time, patients’ open incisions to the environment longer. These increase the risk of bacterial contamination with associated decrease in tissue concentrations of antibiotics as the procedure continues [52] . It is therefore likely that the duration of operation is a dependent risk factor due to the time required for thyroidectomy.

The potential limitations of this study were small sample size and that it was carried out in a single tertiary care hospital in the northwestern part of Tanzania; hence this may not represent the entire population of this region.

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the histological pattern of thyroid diseases at BMC is similar to that seen around the world with colloid goiter the most common non-neoplastic lesion, and on the neoplastic category, follicular adenoma was the most common benign lesion, while papillary carcinoma was the most frequent malignant lesion. Thyroidectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures done at BMC and has been performed with low post-operative complication rate. It is therefore recommended that similar studies with a larger sample size should be conducted in multiple centers which would provide a clearer picture of the thyroid lesions in Tanzania.

The authors would like to thank all those who participated in the preparation of this manuscript, and those who were involved in the care of our study patients. Special thanks go to members of Pathology department for their assistance in the review of histopathological examination.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Sijaona, A., Kimario, O.M., Kichiba, S.E., Buname, G., Mbunda, F., Kabangira, R.H. and Protas, C. (2024) Histopathological Patterns and Early Postoperative Complications among Patients with Surgically Treated Thyroid Diseases at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 13, 103-119. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijohns.2024.132010