Past researches (Cheng, 2021; He, 2018; Qi et al., 2021; Wang, 2021; Wu et al., 2019; Yao, 2021) and nine elderly participants claimed the overly small font was the primary barrier to identifying product information. Seven interviewees could not determine the product information, as the packaging images failed to correspond to the physical product. The low colour contrast of fonts and images with packaging backgrounds deterred five of them from determining the product details presented via fonts and images (see Table 1).

Participants F2, F3, and M5 cited typesetting issues (information not printed on the regular side of the package and information typesetting errors) as barriers to identifying product information. Although Ward et al. (2010) concurred with this statement, the information typesetting issue in their study involved elderly consumers who failed to read product information printed on different packaging sides (see Table 1).

The ageing population could struggle to identify product information on over-designed packaging. Perceivably, packaging designers incorporated numerous visual elements (pictures, fonts, and bright colours) that cover the whole packaging. This leads to packaging design over-emphasising its marketing role and neglecting its role in conveying product information. Based on Participant F5, reflective product surfaces hindered elderly users from reading the package information, specifically under sunlight. A layer of bright film covers the package surface to protect its text information. Notably, all age groups encounter this situation (see Table 1).

When confronted with unfamiliar packaging, the older person’s response was to not seek product information through the packaging but claim that they did not know what was inside, as they had never seen the packaging before (M4). Regardless, the interviewees’ definition of unfamiliar packaging was inaccurate. The elderly participants had not seen such packaging for that particular product.

As such, the unfamiliar packaging hindering them from gauging product information did not involve new package types (see Table 1).

Vision plays a pivotal role in seeking information. Eight of the interviewees and past publications highlighted that ageing-induced visual deterioration prevented elderly people from reading product information on the package (Cheng, 2021; He, 2018; Sudbury-Riley, 2014; Qi et al., 2021; Wang, 2015; Wang, 2021; Wu et al., 2019; Yao, 2021; Zavlanou & Lanitis, 2019; Zhao, 2016) . Three of the these articles (Cheng, 2021; Wu et al., 2019; Zavlanou & Lanitis, 2019) claimed that critical ailments, such as presbyopia further hampered the elderly’s identification of product information (see Table 2).

Participants F5 and M3 asserted the failure of some packaging images to intuitively convey the product information, which requires imagination or understanding. Elderly people struggled to identify product information following poor cognition, specifically visually-impaired ones who could not directly obtain information from the text. Nonetheless, past research on product information recognition barriers caused by low cognitive ability referred to the elderly inability to perceive the description text for products on packaging (Notenboom et al., 2014) . Therefore, elderly consumers with low cognition may misconceive both the packaging text and images (see Table 2).

Elderly participants who encountered unfamiliar packaging types first highlighted the novelty of the packaging and ignorance of its content rather than actively determining the product information via the packaging text and pictures. One participant (M4) attributed this response to elderly individuals’ inability to accept new things (see Table 2).

There is an inextricable link between the reasons underpinning product information recognition barriers owing to 1) the elderly physical characteristics and 2) packaging design (see Table 3). Low colour contrast and overly small packaging fonts might only slightly inconvenience young and middle-aged consumers. Regardless, the combination of both factors with visual impairment renders the identification of product information challenging for elderly people.

Designer, product brand image, and design purpose significantly influence the packaging design style. The elderly interviewees understood that packaging is

elaborately designed to commercialise and sell products. Notwithstanding, such extravagance could confuse the elderly and hinder them from recognising product information following visual impairments. The bright surface film of the packaging irritates the eyes and hinders the ability to read. Elderly individuals should take a longer time to regain their vision when meet this situation (see Table 3).

Information layout issues arise when specific information is not printed on the common packaging side. Notably, this issue is associated with the elderly’s ability to embrace novel entities and their confusion when encountering unfamiliar packaging. The elderly inability to recognise familiar products due to unfamiliar packaging may be also related to their reluctance to accept new things. The unfamiliar packaging does not mean the interviewees had never seen this packaging type, but they had not seen this packaging type used for this product. Elderly people with low cognition struggle to identify product information following the mismatch between image and physical product or the need for some degree of visualisation to perform the matching (see Table 3).

Similar to what is seen in product information recognition disorder, when encountering unfamiliar packaging, the interviewee’s first reaction was to express a complete lack of knowledge of how it was opened (Chavalkul, 2023) . The participants derived the unfamiliar packaging and opening prompt settings from different expressions for the same issue concerning soft drink bottles. A facilitative opening setting, commonly seen in toothpaste and medicine bottles, was placed on the top of the packaging sample’s bottle cap for users to cut the film on the bottle mouth. Notwithstanding, this packaging type and prompt opening setting remained unfamiliar to the elderly, who had not perceived it in soft drink bottles. Following past works involving pharmacy technicians, even professionals could not immediately internalise the means to open new drug packages (Philbert, et al., 2014b) , let alone elderly users (see Table 4).

The elderly participants could not obtain a suitable opening method given the absence of opening prompt settings in some packages. Even in cases where the packages included a package opening prompt, the interviewees could not recognise these overly small (Li, 2014) and negligible (Chen, 2014; Tang & Yuan, 2016) prompt settings description text or icon and low colour contrast between the opening prompt description text and the background. These reasons led the participants to deem these settings unusual and confusing (see Table 4).

Low cognition (Carli Lorenzini & Olsson, 2015) , poor observation, and lack of attention caused the elderly participants (n = 9) inability to understand the purpose of the package opening prompt settings and ignorance of package opening clues. The interviewees’ inability to correctly open the package resulted from their lack of observation and focus when seeking the package opening clues. Not unlike the situation in product information identification barriers, participants F3 and M1 explain the reluctance of older people to consider opening unfamiliar packages due to the lack of ability to accept new things. Based on relevant research, visually impaired elderly adults struggled to see the opening prompt setting clues of the package (Li, 2014) . Participants F2 and F3 concurred that deteriorating vision hindered the identification of packaging opening prompts. Three participants (F1, F3, and M1), who forgot the package opening methods, could not open the packaging (see Table 5).

Unreasonable Package opening prompt settings mainly prevented the elderly participants from obtaining packaging opening methods, specifically when interacting with elderly physical attributes. Table 6 presents the relationship between the two cause categories for this package barrier. The interviewees could not comprehend the opening prompt intention without any introduction following the decline in cognition. When visual impairment with ageing interacts with packaging opening setting text, over-small icons, or low contrast with the background colour, older people have difficulty recognising them.

Poor vision, observation, and attention resulted in elderly consumers disregarding the opening prompts if the shape was not visible. Typically, these individuals were unaware of having neglected opening cues and assumed that the packaging design did not include this information until someone reminded them of the prompt setting. Older people unfamiliar with the open settings and types of packaging regarded them as novel. They only recalled seeing the packaging type and opening settings in other products upon being reminded by the researcher. This situation resulted from poor memory, understanding, and ability to embrace novel entities (see Table 6).

Seven interviewees struggled to open packages when their package seals proved too tight. Similarly, past studies (Lorenzini & Olsson, 2015; Van Geffen et al., 2010) highlighted the difficulties arising from prioritising the packaging’s protective function (tight sealing), which deterred elderly users from opening the package. The multitude of packaging functions resulted in contradictions that confused elderly users. A dominant protective function limits the opening requirements in the facilitating handling function. In addition, the oversized package requires more grips when opening. As big packages require a stronger grip, nine of the interviewees encountered challenges in opening a jar, which was too large to hold while opening it. Such package sizes instigated opening barriers for elderly adults (Van Geffen et al., 2010) (see Table 7).

From the perspective of six elderly participants, it was deemed impossible to open certain package samples. The opening requirement necessitated strength. Four past works underscored the complexities experienced by elderly individuals when the package’s opening requirements proved intricate. Nevertheless, the packaging requirements presented in past works were biased towards the opening actions (coordination and dexterity) of elderly hand function (Chavalkul et al., 2011; Ward et al. 2010) rather than hand strength. Summarily, Packaging opening barriers inevitably occur when the associated prerequisites require users’ hand functions beyond their mobility (see Table 7).

Package material and shape could also deter elderly users from opening a package. Seven of the interviewees struggled to fix and open glass bottles with

metal caps owing to their slippery surface. Another packaging material, which was too soft, hindered participants (F2 and M1) from opening the package following their failure to exert the required strength. Excessive force caused the liquid within to overflow when opening the packaging, while insufficient force failed to unpack the item. Specifically, a round-shaped package rendered it inconvenient for participant (M2) to forcefully grasp and open the packaging sample. Consequently, the participants found it challenging to open smooth and round glass jars (see Table 7).

The numerous packaging opening settings significantly affected the elderly’s ability to open a package. Packaging with intricate steps is more cumbersome for the elderly than those with fewer opening steps (Cheng, 2021) . Five of the participants conceded to this point. The first step of the opening procedure entails identifying the opening position. Notwithstanding, the aforementioned individuals could not identify the opening position following low visibility (Chen, 2014; Tang & Yuan, 2016) . The overly small opening area hampered elderly people from enacting the opening operation (Stone et al., 2019) . It is easy for older participants to damage the opening location but still leave the packaging unopened when the opening areas are thin or covered with hard and fragile materials. The interviewees attributed this failure to the unreasonable package opening settings (see Table 7).

Notably, a lot of articles revealed poor hand strength as the factor inducing the elderly’s failure to open packages “ (French Packaging Council, 2016; Li, 2015; Li, 2014; Sudbury-Riley, 2014; Butlewski, 2015; Notenboom et al., 2014; Philbert et al., 2014a; Rowson et al., 2014; Ma & Dong, 2016) . Contrarily, only participants F1, F2, and F5 attributed this decline as the reason underlying the interviewees’ package opening barriers (see Table 8).

In line with past researches, poor finger flexibility affected elderly people’s package opening ability (Canty et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2021; Philbert et al., 2014a; Rowson et al., 2014) . Only participant F4 conceded to this statement. Meanwhile, several empirical works disclosed that age-related physiological dysfunction

prevented older people from opening packages (French Packaging Council, 2016; Philbert et al., et al., 2014a; Qi et al., 2021; Rowson et al., 2014; Ma & Dong, 2016) . Only participant F2 shared that ageing contributed to package opening barriers (see Table 8).

Past publications revealed that chronic illnesses exacerbated elderly individuals’ physiological deterioration and package-opening challenges (Li, 2014; Notenboom et al., 2014; Philbert et al., 2014a; Qi et al., 2021; Rowson et al., 2014) . Chronic illnesses adversely affect physiological functions involving hand strength, finger flexibility, and visual clarity when opening packages. Only participant F1 concurred with the aforementioned viewpoint (see Table 8).

Impaired vision and poor hand coordination ability were the two remaining physiological degradation characteristics. Only participants F3 and F5 emphasised the attributes. The elderly resorted to using scissors or knives when the package opening structure was not visible, thus damaging the structure and rendering it impossible to close the package again. In line with the already published articles, poor eyesight hindered the elderly from opening packages (Philbert et al., 2014a) . Their uncoordinated hands could pose challenges when opening packages. Packaging that requires the elderly to do different movements with both hands at the same time proves challenging (Rahman et al., 2002) (see Table 8).

As opposed to the aforementioned reasons derived from elderly attributes, participants F1, M3, M4, and M5 observed that lack of observation and attention deterred them from opening packaging. No past research revealed this finding (see Table 8).

Notably, the variances between the interview outcomes and those derived from relevant works denoted the Hawthorne effect, in which participants improve their performance following their consciousness of being involved in the research process (Sedgwick, 2011) . This effect was evident in the performance of participants who strived to open the sample packages. This finding was also attributed to the research sample requirement, which involved people between 60 and 70 years old without chronic ailments that seriously impact their ability to perform daily tasks. All 10 interviewees’ health status was good, which coincided with fewer reasons from elderly consumers’ views on physical degradation.

Elderly individuals encountered packaging opening obstacles when physiological characteristics deterred them from meeting the requirements for opening specific packaging features. Based on the interview data, other reasons from the package features (excluding invisible package opening position) were associated with the participants’ hand functions. Table 9 depicts the relationship of elderly packaging opening barriers from two cause categories.

Age, chronic illness, and physiological degeneration could be interconnected. Hand strength and coordination, finger dexterity, and vision gradually occur

with ageing. As chronic ailments deteriorate these physiological functions with age, this research associated critical illnesses and age with degrading physical activities.

Packages that require a certain amount of force to open and are well sealed can be inconvenient for older individuals, which highlights a contradiction between the core package functions of protection and facilitating handling. Prioritising the packaging’s protective function necessitates elderly consumers to possess adequate hand dexterity to fulfil the physiological requirements to open the packaging (see Table 9).

Likewise, deteriorating hand functions rendered the elderly helpless when the package size was too big, the packaging material too soft and slippery, the (round) packaging shape too difficult to grip, and the package opening settings used hard or fragile materials. These features, which need a pair of hands’ strength, coordination, and dexterity, require the elderly to hold the packaging with one hand while opening it with another (see Table 9).

Declining hand function, impaired vision, poor observation, and lack of concentration contribute to older adults’ inability to perform the delicate task of unpacking. They failed to completely enact opening actions and processes with intricate opening steps. Due to reduced hand function and eyesight, these individuals selected the most direct but dangerous way to open the packages. The use of such hazardous tools (scissors and knives) could also jeopardise elderly users’ safety, but also destroy the packaging so that it can no longer protect the product. Regarding the overly small opening position, visual impairment, poor observation, and short attention span deterred the elderly from identifying the opening position in step one. Furthermore, the individuals’ deteriorating hand functions rendered it challenging to open packages, even if they found small opening areas. This decline has also made some delicate manual handling impossible, but an operational packaging opening with a thin area happens to be such. Due to poor vision, observation and attention, older people may overlook or have difficulty recognising opening positions. If the shape and position of the opening setting were not palpable, the elderly experienced package opening barriers (see Table 9).