The aim of the study was to take stock of poultry breeding practices, knowledge and use of synthetic lysine and methionine in intensive poultry breeding in the cities of Koudougou and Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso. To achieve this, a cross-sectional and retrospective survey targeting all intensive poultry breeding in the 2 localities was administered to breeding. A Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) was used to confirm a k-means classification of the data collected, and resulted in the selection of 52 breeding divided into three breeding classes designated A, B and C. The results show that poultry breeding was practiced by young men (93.3% of respondents) and women (6.7%). Average flock sizes were 1271 ± 424 head, 2980 ± 1273 head and 13,250 ± 2013 head for Classes A, B and C respectively. Breeders produced broilers, eggs or broiler + eggs for Class A, and eggs exclusively for Classes B and C. Synthetic lysine and methionine were known to Class A (13.3%) and C (100%) breeders, and unknown to Class B breeders. Only Class A breeders used lysine and methionine in their formulas, in proportions of 0.22% and 0.25% respectively. All breeding classes practiced intensive breeding with stratification evolving from Class A to Class C. Knowledge and use of lysine and methionine, two essentials but limiting amino acids for monogastric pigs and poultry, were low in the study area. Concentrates used by Class A and B breeders appear to be palliatives to the non-use of synthetic lysine and methionine. The development and use of lysineand methioninerich concentrates based on local ingredients is necessary to meet the needs of poultry and breeders for these limiting amino acids. Further work will be devoted to this perspective.
In Burkina Faso, poultry breeding represents a major economic challenge, contributing an estimated 6% to GDP [
The study was carried out in Burkina Faso in the urban and peri-urban areas of the cities of Bobo-Dioulasso and Koudougou. The town of Bobo-Dioulasso, capital of the Houet province and Hauts-Bassins region, is located between 11˚ 10’ N latitude and 4˚ 16’ W longitude. Its population was 860,426 in 2019, made up mainly of Dioulas, Mossi and Bobos [
The aim of the study was to assess feeding practices on poultry breeding, and specifically the state of knowledge and use of lysine and methionine on intensified poultry breeding in the cities of Bobo-Dioulasso and Koudougou. To achieve this, a cross-sectional, retrospective, single-pass survey was conducted among poultry breeders in the two areas. An estimate of the potential number of breeding to be surveyed was first established through preliminary interviews with the heads of the Regional and Provincial Directorates of Animal Resources in the two localities. These interviews enabled us to draw up a list and obtain telephone contacts for the poultry breeders to be surveyed. The breeders were then contacted individually to administer a questionnaire. A survey form was drawn up for actual data collection in the field. The data collected covered breeders’ socio-demographic data, the value of the building, infrastructure and equipment, poultry numbers, types of production and breeds reared, hen feeding practices, knowledge and use of the lysine and methionine in hen rations, breeding’s performance parameters and constraints encountered on the breeding surveyed.
The data collected was entered into an Excel spreadsheet. After processing, they were analyzed using XLSTAT software Version 2016.02.2845. XLSTAT is based on Microsoft Excel for data entry and publication of results. However, calculations are performed entirely in stand-alone programs. The results of the descriptive analyses of the quantitative variables collected led to the need for a classification analysis in order to obtain homogeneous groupings of the poultry breeding surveyed, considering the levels of intensification of the breeding surveyed. For the classification, variables were first selected by means of a principal component analysis. It is accepted that a cumulative variance of 75% achieved considering the first three factorial axes is sufficient to validate the selected variables. The variables with the least or no correlation between them were selected. A correlation analysis was then performed to select the classification variables. The selected variables were then used to perform a dynamic cluster analysis (K-means). The breeding classes obtained from this analysis were then confirmed by a discriminant factorial analysis. This approach has been used by several authors [
In total, out of 122 poultry breeding visited, 67 breeders were surveyed, representing a completion rate of 54.9%. Of the 55 breeding that could not be surveyed, twenty-nine (29) (23.8%) were non-functional and twenty-six (26) (21.3%) refused to be surveyed. Data processing enabled 52/67 records (77.6%) to be retained for analysis.
Breeding classification considered 7 variables whose descriptive statistics are presented in
Correlation analysis enabled us to retain 3 variables as k-means classification variables for poultry breeding’s. These were total number of birds (EFFECT_TOT), producer income (REV_PROD) and number of birds dying per year (NMORT_AN). The k-means analysis was used to select 03 poultry breeding classes named A, B and C, which were then confirmed at 100% for each class by Discriminant Factor Analysis (DFA). The one-way test for equality of class means (
Variables
N
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Standard deviation
EFFECT_TOT
52
40
20,300
1893
3649
GAM_ALIM
52
0
18
4
4
HBT_FAM
52
1
19
5
3
REV_PROD
52
300,000
185,760,000
25,688,792
38,437,048
NMORT_AN
52
2
28,400
708
3,923
AGE
52
17
65
34
10
NINST
52
0
4
2
1
EFFECT_TOT = Total headcount, GAM_ALIM = Food range, HBT_FAM = Number of inhabitants in family, REV_PROD = Producer income, NMORT_AN = Number of subjects dying per year, AGE = age; NINST = level of education.
Variables
Lambda
F
DDL1
DDL2
p-value
EFFECT_TOT
0.585
17.351
2
49
<0.0001
GAM_ALIM
2
49
HBT_FAM
2
49
REV_PROD
0.465
28.157
2
49
<0.0001
NMORT_AN
0.998
0.058
2
49
0.944
AGE
2
49
NINST
2
49
EFFECT_TOT = Total headcount, GAM_ALIM = Food range, HBT_FAM = Number of inhabitants in family, REV_PROD = Producer income, NMORT_AN = Number of subjects dying per year, AGE = age; NINST = level of education.
Two factorial axes with a cumulative variance of 100% were validated. The contribution per axis was 99.77% and 0.23% for axes F1 and F2 respectively: (i) The F1 factorial axis was determined by the main variables EFFECT_TOT and REV_PROD, whose correlation indices were 0.661 and 0.753 respectively (
Breeders were all male in Classes B and C, and male (93.3%) and female (6.7%) in Class A. The average age of the breeders was 34 ± 10; 31 ± 13 and 43 ± 4 years for Classes A, B and C respectively.
The value of the habitat was very low in all classes. No information was provided by Class C breeders.
Variables
Correlation Indices
between variables and factorial axes
Canonical fonctions indices
discrimination
F1
F2
F1
F2
EFFECT_TOT
0.661
−0.256
3.506
−2.464
GAM_ALIM
0.073
0.103
0.000
0.000
HBT_FAM
0.158
0.155
0.000
0.000
REV_PROD
0.753
0.105
0.971
1.936
NMORT_AN
−0.016
−0.239
−4.275
0.439
AGE
0.204
0.144
0.000
0.000
NINST
−0.294
−0.117
0.000
0.000
Parameters
Variables
Breeding classes
A (n = 45)
B (n = 5)
C (n = 2)
Main activity (%)
Farmers
35.5
0
50
Breeders
44.5
100
50
Employee
4.5
0
0
Other functions
15.5
0
0
Uninstructed
35.5
60
100
Level of education (%)
Literate
4.5
0
0
Primary
11.1
0
0
Secondary
31.1
20
0
Superior
11.1
20
0
Franco-arab
6.7
0
0
Member of association (%)
15.6
0
0
Number of family members (n)
5.13
2.6
8.5
Employing a workforce (%)
82.2
80
100
Number of workers (n)
0.75
1.4
8.5
Habitat, infrastructure, equipment and production materials
Breeding classes
A (n = 45)
B (n = 5)
C (n = 2)
Habitat features
Habitat Value (FCFA)
1,073,859
20,000; 000
-
Habitat in sustainable materials (%)
91.11
100
100
Raw earth habitat (%)
8.89
0
0
East-west habitat orientation (%)
42.2
80
100
Infrastructure, equipment and production materials (%)
Drilling
44.4
100
100
Cart
11.1
40
0
Tricycle
15.6
40
0
ONEA* water supply
11.1
0
0
Fountain water supply
8.9
20
0
Vehicle
4.4
20
100
Automatic drinkers
6.2
25
100
Siphoid drinkers
93.8
75
0
Automatic feeders
2.4
0
0
Siphoid feeders
92.8
100
100
Linear feeders
4.8
0
0
*National office for water and sanitation.
Average numbers of poultry reared, production types and breeds of poultry reared by breeding Class are shown in
All breeders in all classes feed in permanent confinement. They prepared feed using their own formulas in Classes A (68.9% of them), B (60%) and C (100%). In the first case, they used the ingredients shown in
Characteristic parameters
Breeding classes
A (n = 45)
B (n = 5)
C (n = 2)
Average number
1271 ± 424
2980 ± 1273
13,250 ± 2013
Types of production (%)
Broilers
42.2
0
0
chicks
2.2
0
0
Eggs
37.8
100
100
Broilers + eggs
6.7
0
0
Broilers + chicks
11.1
0
0
Poultry breeds (%)
Kuroiler
2.2
0
Leghorn
11.1
20
50
Isa Brown
46.7
80
50
Improved local breed
11.1
0
0
Local breed
15.6
0
0
Poultry breeds (%)
Dutch blue
8.9
0
0
Sasso
2.2
0
0
Cob 500
2.2
0
0
The results in
The results presented in
The results show that Class C breeding expressed no constraints. The results in
Variables
Breeding classes
A (n = 45)
B (n = 5)
C (n = 2)
Breeders with knowledge of Lysine and Methionine (%)
13.3
0
100
Lysine incorporation rate (%)
0.22
0
-
Methionine incorporation rate (%)
0.25
0
-
Cost per kg of Lysine (FCFA)
2,500
-
-
Cost per kg Methionine (FCFA)
5,000
-
High cost (%)
50
-
Good appreciation (%)
100
-
Parameters
Breeding classes
Pr > F
Sig.
A (n = 45)
B (n = 5)
C (n = 2)
Layer
Age at laying (months)
4.8a
4.0b
4.5ab
0.101
Non
Laying rate (%)
69.6a
48.6ab
26.2b
0.083
Non
Age at culling (months)
18.8a
18.7a
19a
0.992
Non
Broiler
Age at sale (days)
35a
50a
45a
0.767
Non
Layer + Broilers
Income from sales* (%)
13,161,600c
51,312,000b
157,680,000a
0.000
Oui
Mortality rate(%)
3.7a
4.6a
5.4a
0.785
Non
*Poultry and egg sales.
The descriptive statistics for the quantitative classification variables show a wide dispersion of breeding in terms of the deviations of the calculated means. In fact, of the seven (07) variables considered, only one has a standard deviation strictly below its mean. This shows the dispersion or, in other words, the different levels of breeding within the sample considered as grouping together the intensive poultry breeding of the two zones. The separation of breeding into 3 significantly distinct classes A, B and C justifies the need to have homogeneous groups, with characteristics that are distinct in places, which can be compared with each other. With regard to these indices and the characteristic features of the breeding classes, the following distinctive elements can be noted: (i) Large numbers of poultry in each class, (ii) The use of salaried labor crossing from class A to C, (iii) The massive use of feed inputs, (iv) The specialization of breeding from class A (four types of production) to classes B and C (egg production only) and (v) The use of specialized breeds Leghorn and Isa Brown for laying and several other breeds specialized in meat production in class A. The presence of all these factors in addition to the permanent confinement of the poultry proves that we are in the presence of intensive breeding at different gradients represented by the three classes. Our results corroborate the characterization of intensive breeding in reference to these elements reported by other authors [
Our results show that, overall, women are very much in the minority in charge of poultry breeding in Class A alone. However, their presence in the intensive poultry breeding system, albeit small, is recognized [
For all classes of poultry breeding, feed is mainly based on rations prepared from the breeder's own formulas or, failing that, with commercial feed purchased from feed suppliers. This is evidence of intensification. We can draw a correlation between the number of poultry per Class and the daily feed requirement to feed them, as the weight of the feed cost differs according to Class. If, for example, we base our calculation on an average consumption of 80g/day for the Leghorn, the Isa Brown hen, the annual quantitative requirement for balanced feed would be 37.1 tons for Class A, 87 tons for Class B and 386.9 tons for Class C. In financial terms, at the current price of a 50kg bag of layer feed sold at 17,500 FCFA at feed mills in Bobo-Dioulasso, this would mean an annual financial burden per breeding of 12,2896,620 FCFA (or 98.7% of poultry and egg sales revenues), 30,455,600 FCFA (59.4%) and 135,415,000 FCFA (85.9%) for Classes A, B and C respectively. These values confirm the weight of feed in poultry production reported by other authors [
The study of feeding practices on poultry breeding in Bobo-Dioulasso and Koudougou enabled us to classify breeding into 3 distinct classes, based on average number of birds, producer income and number of birds dying per year. It also revealed discrepancies in the protein-rich ingredients and essential amino acids used in feed formulation between the different classes of breeding. These are mainly lysine, methionine, KBC and KLC concentrates. This situation is linked to the types of production that predominate in each breeding class. As for the knowledge and use of lysine and methionine, they were little known or unknown in the classes, and very little used in the preparation of feed by breeders, thus impacting on breeding performance. Constraints related to feed, health, financial unavailability and land were, in descending order, cited as constraints encountered by poultry breeders. The high use of imported concentrates such as KLC and KBC and the high cost of synthetic lysine and methionine are thought to be the reasons why poultry breeders do not use lysine and methionine. The development of technologies to improve the nutritional values of local ingredients potentially rich in lysine and methionine can help reduce lysine and methionine deficiencies in rations and poultry feed costs.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ouedraogo, I.Z., Kiendrebeogo, T., Kondombo, S.R., Ngom, S., Sombié, P.A.E.D., Ouattara, L., Mopate, L.Y., Toguyeni, A. and Kabore-Zoungrana, C.Y. (2024) Feeding Practices and Use of Lysine and Methionine in the Rationing of Poultry on Intensive Breeding in the West-Center and Hauts-Bassins Regions of Burkina Faso. Open Access Library Journal, 11: e11227. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1111227