This study seeks to evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies in patients who report to the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital dental clinics.

Ÿ To ascertain the prevalence of dental anomalies in the study cohort.

Ÿ To ascertain the role of gender in the prevalence of dental anomalies.

Ÿ To determine the arch distribution of dental anomalies.

Ÿ To determine regional distribution of dental anomalies.

Developmental dental anomalies encompass abnormalities in tooth size, shape, position, and structure that arise during tooth development. These anomalies can affect arch length, arch width, and arch perimeter, leading to malocclusions and necessitating orthodontic interventions. Early identification, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of these anomalies are crucial. Dental practitioners can benefit from understanding the prevalence of these defects to formulate effective treatment plans and address functional issues within the orofacial complex.

In a cross-sectional study conducted by Olatosi et al. at the Paediatric Dental Clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, dental records of 6175 children aged 0 to 16 years were reviewed [8] . The study found that 17.52% of the participants exhibited dental malformations, with hypoplasia being the most common anomaly (9.06%). Retained primary teeth accounted for 8.84% of the anomalies, while hypodontia accounted for 1.36%. The least common anomalies were dentinogenesis imperfecta and transposition. Irish reported that hyperdontia affected 3.08% of modern Sub-Saharan Africans and 0.82% of premodern individuals, with negligible regional variations [9] . Drenski conducted a study on Croatian orthodontic patients and found that 24.1% had at least one dental aberration, with hypodontia being the most common anomaly (7.5%), followed by teeth impaction (6.3%) [10] . A retrospective study by Jain et al. assessed the frequency and magnitude of developmental dental anomalies in a diverse population of 4000 individuals aged 10 to 40 years. Hypodontia, hyperdontia, and supernumerary teeth were the most common anomalies, with microdontia being the most common size abnormality [11] . Nzomiwu et al. reviewed dental records of orofacial cleft patients and found that 80.7% of the anomalies were on the left side of the face, with hypodontia accounting for 62.9% of the cases [12] .

The prevalence of hypodontia, hyperdontia, and concomitant hypo-hyperdontia (CHH) were sorted among patients who visited the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) School of Dental Medicine clinics [13] . A retrospective search was performed on the clinical notes of patients with keywords including “hypodontia,” “hyperdontia,” “supernumerary teeth,” and “congenitally absent teeth.” Panoramic radiographs from 2010 to 2018 were utilized to confirm hyperdontia, hypodontia, or CHH in patients. Out of 1101 patients identified using relevant keywords, 192 had dental anomalies. Hyperdontia was observed in 186 patients, hypodontia in 23 patients, and CHH in 3 patients. Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, Caucasians, and patients of unknown ethnicity accounted for 43.39%, 14.25%, 3.30%, 8.02%, and 31.13% of those with a dental anomaly, respectively [13] . In a study to determine the prevalence of radiographically detectable developmental dental anomalies (DDA) in a university-based pediatric dentistry clinic and see if there were any links between DDA and health, two trained and calibrated examiners reviewed retrospective data extracted from computerized dental records of a three-year pediatric patient sample [14] . A total of 1478 people were included in the study, with 69% of them being in good health. Hyperdontia, hypodontia, and microdontia were seen in 25% of the patients, with hyperdontia being the most prevalent dental anomaly [14] .

A retrospective radiographic analysis was conducted in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province to determine the prevalence of dental deformities. The study included 1,104 participants, aged 7 to 65 years, whose panoramic radiographs (OPGs) were evaluated. Developmental abnormalities such as congenitally absent teeth, impactions, ectopic eruption, supernumerary teeth, odontomas, dilacerations, taurodontism, dens in dente, gemination, and fusion were examined. The study found that 36.3% of participants had developmental abnormalities, with dilacerations (30.2%) and congenitally absent teeth (23.3%) being the most common anomalies [15] . In a study conducted in the East Indian population, 2385 patients were evaluated for developmental dental abnormalities. The most common anomaly observed was microdontia, followed by peg laterals, amelogenesis imperfecta, and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Incidences of dens, fusion, hyperdontia, hypodontia, and macrodontia were low [16] . Another study in Saudi Arabia assessed 2481 individuals seeking dental treatment at Taif University Dental Hospital. The prevalence of developmental dental abnormalities affecting shape, size, and location was found to be 15.56%, with 8.54% having multiple anomalies [17] . A study at Najran University’s dental college clinic and hospital included 572 patients. The most common dental anomalies identified were transposition, impaction, hypodontia, peg-shaped laterals, and hypercementosis [18]

Several studies have investigated the prevalence of dental abnormalities and their association with gender. In these studies, various dental anomalies were examined, including retained primary teeth, natal/neonatal teeth, fusion/germination, hypodontia, peg-shaped lateral incisors, and others. The findings indicate that the impact of gender on the prevalence of dental abnormalities is not consistent across studies. A study done by Olatosi et al. found that males had a significantly higher prevalence of retained primary teeth and the cusp of Carabelli, while females had a higher prevalence of natal/neonatal teeth, fusion/germination, hypodontia, and peg-shaped lateral incisors [8] . However, Drenski reported that gender did not have a major impact on the frequency of various dental anomalies in Croatian orthodontic patients [10] . Similarly, Bukhurji and friends found no statistically significant differences in the distribution of dental malformations by gender in their retrospective study [19] . Other studies, reported varying prevalence rates of dental abnormalities among males and females but did not observe significant gender differences [15] [16] [18] . Therefore, it appears that the occurrence of dental anomalies varies among different populations, and individual variations and genetic factors may play a significant role in their development.

Multiple studies have investigated the frequency of dental abnormalities in different populations. Olatosi conducted a cross-sectional study with 1090 individuals aged 0 to 16 years. The study revealed a prevalence of dental malformations at 17.52%, with the maxilla exhibiting the highest proportion of anomalies [8] . Tunis et colleagues conducted a study on 2897 individuals and found dental abnormalities in 36% of the participants. They observed that the upper jaw had a higher occurrence of abnormalities compared to the lower jaw [20] . Bello et colleagues examined panoramic radiographs obtained from dental clinics in Nigeria and found a prevalence rate of 1.09% for maxillary hyperdontia [21] . In their study, Gurbur et colleagues found that 68.9% of the 2203 patients examined had dental anomalies, such as rotation, dilaceration, ectopia, talon cusp, microdontia, and hyperdontia [22] . Ifesanya et al. discovered a notable disparity in the occurrence of tooth agenesis between the maxilla and mandible [23] . In their study, Yemitan et colleagues documented the presence of agenesis, peg-shaped, and tiny maxillary lateral incisors in orthodontic patients [24] . Hagiwara et al. detected the occurrence of hypodontia in Japanese high school pupils, observing a higher prevalence in specific teeth [25] . Campoy et al. conducted a study on supernumerary teeth and impacted canines, and observed a greater occurrence of absent third molars in the group with impacted canines [26] . These studies offer significant perspectives on the frequency and dispersion of dental anomalies among various populations.

Dental anomalies can greatly affect both the appearance and functionality of the teeth. In a study conducted by Fekonja et al., individuals with dental anomalies were treated using orthodontic appliances, which led to a significant improvement in patient satisfaction with their look [27] . Jahanimoghadam et al. conducted a comprehensive analysis of existing research on dental anomalies and identified several abnormalities in tooth structure caused by developmental issues. They highlighted the importance of conducting a full evaluation and implementing interdisciplinary treatment approaches [28] . Malformations in dental structure can also result in the mistreatment and adverse psychological outcomes for young individuals. Scheffel emphasized the need of offering cosmetic dentistry procedures to enhance self-image, assurance, and overall well-being for those impacted by dental imperfections [29] . These studies emphasize the need of treating dental problems for both physical and psychological well-being.

The study was conducted at the Dental Clinics at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana. KATH is a 1200-bed hospital located in Kumasi, which serves as a major healthcare hub accessible to individuals from various regions in Ghana and neighboring countries. The hospital’s oral health directorate comprises four departments and receives patients nationwide, making it a suitable choice for the study due to its representative population.

A descriptive study with a cross-sectional design was employed.

Clinical examination was carried out using a data collection form and radiographic examination of OPGs taken from patients.

The sampling technique used was convenience sampling. The study population comprised the patients that reported to KATH dental clinic. The sample size used for this study was 92. The sample was made up of all patients aged 18 or older. The Sample size (n) was calculated using the Cochran formula.

n = Z 2 p q e 2

Z = Z value for level of confidence 95% is 1.96;

p = population proportion which is 6% or 0.06;

q = 1 − q;

e = margin of error is 5% or 0.05.

n = 1.96 2 × 0.06 × ( 1 − 0.06 ) 0.05 2

n = 87

The sample size used was 92 obtained by adding 5 to the calculated sample size to account for the margin of errors.

1) Participants must be a patient who visits the orthodontic clinic at KATH.

2) Participants must be aged 18 and above.

3) Participants must not have previously undergone orthodontic treatment to correct any dental anomaly.

4) Participants must consent to the study.

1) Participants with difficulty in opening their mouth.

2) Participants with severe dental pain.

Clinical examination of selected participants was carried out within the premises of the orthodontic clinic of the Oral Health Department at KATH during working hours by the researcher with assistance from his colleagues under the supervision of the Head of Department. A radiographic examination was carried out on the requested radiographs taken by the patient based on the presenting complaint. A case report form was employed in this process to document data. The study was conducted from March 2022 to June 2022.

The statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 26.0 was used for the processing, analysis and management of data. Data analysis involved frequency generation and percentages and results will be presented in the forms of tables, figures and quantitative statistical values.

Ÿ Human subjects were involved in this study and as such ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publications and Ethics (CHRPE) of the School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.

Ÿ Written informed consent or assent was sought from study participants or their parents/legal guardians. All information gathered for the purpose of the study was kept strictly confidential.

The percentage distribution of dental anomalies by gender showed a higher prevalence in females (55.3%) compared to males (44.7%) in this study (Table 2). This finding was consistent with previous studies by Al Humaid et al. [15] , Cunha et al. [30] , Saberi et al. [31] and Aren et al. [32] . However, Jain et al. [11] reported male dominance. Diastema was more prevalent in males in the current study, contrasting with the study done by Gurbuz et al. [22] . Dilaceration had a higher prevalence in females, unlike studies done by Drenski et al. [10] and Cunha [30] . Peg-shaped lateral teeth were evenly distributed by gender, in line with research by Alassiry [18] and Drenski [10] , but differed from other studies. Supernumerary teeth were more prevalent in males, consistent with several studies. Congenitally missing teeth were found only in females, which aligns with other studies.

The current study, along with studies by Olatosi [8] , Sella Tunis [20] and Bello [21] , found a higher prevalence of dental anomalies in the maxilla (Figure 1). Diastema was predominantly observed in the maxilla and more anteriorly, consistent with the findings of Gurbuz [22] in the Turkish population. Impaction was primarily observed in third molars, similar to previous studies. Peg-shaped lateral teeth were exclusively found in the maxilla, in agreement with other studies. Mesiodens was the most common supernumerary tooth, followed by extra molars, aligning with Zhu’s study [33] . Rotation was commonly associated with canines and premolars, consistent with the study done by Gupta [34] .

The prevalence of developmental anomalies in the present study (51.1%) was comparable to the findings of Afify [7] with 45.1%, Goncalves [35] with 56.9%, and Gurbuz [22] with 68.9%. However, other studies, including those by Drenski [10] , Fekonja [27] , Olatosi [8] and Al Humaid [15] , reported lower prevalence rates. Differences in diagnostic criteria, sampling techniques, and study design could explain the inconsistency.

Diastema

Diastema was the most common dental anomaly in the present study with a prevalence of 48.3%. This finding aligns with the study by Gurbuz [22] where diastema was the second most common anomaly. Diastema between anterior teeth is often a reason for dissatisfaction with one’s smile, as reported by Fekonja [27] .

Impacted Teeth

Impacted teeth were the second most common anomaly in the current study, with a prevalence of 22.0%. This finding is consistent with studies by Patil [36] , Alassiry [18] , Shokri [37] , Afify [7] , and Dalili et al. (2013) that reported similar or higher prevalence rates of tooth impaction. In contrast, studies by Cunha [30] , Saberi [31] and Gupta [34] reported lower prevalence rates.

Dilaceration

Dilacerations were observed in 11.9% of the participants in this study, which is consistent with the prevalence reported by Afify [7] , Gurbuz [22] , Cunha [30] , Saberi [31] . However, the prevalence of root dilacerations in this study was lower compared to studies by Al Humaid [15] , Goutham [38] , and Shokri [37] where it was the most common anomaly. Differences in study settings, methods, and diagnostic criteria may account for the variation.

Peg-Shaped Lateral Teeth

Peg-shaped lateral teeth had a low prevalence of 6.8% in this study, which aligns with the findings reported in studies by Al Humaid [15] , Goutham [38] , Drenski [10] , Bakhurji [19] , Hagiwara [25] and Saberi [31] with similar low prevalence.

Supernumerary Teeth

The prevance of supernumerary teeth in this study was found to be 4.2%, which aligns with the relatively low incidence reported in previous studies conducted by Al Humaid [15] , Gurbuz [22] , Campoy [26] , Cunha [30] , Gupta [34] , Patil [36] , Basalamah [39] , Afify [7] , and Shokri [37] , where the incidence ranged from 0.3% to 6.8%. Nevertheless, Drenksi [10] documented a greater prevalence rate of 21%. Supernumerary teeth can be linked to a range of circumstances, including genetic and developmental abnormalities.

Rotation

The prevalence rate of rotation in this study was determined to be 4.2%, which is significantly lower than the rates reported in previous studies conducted by Bakhurji [19] , Al Humaid [15] , Gurbuz [22] , and Gupta [34] , where the rates ranged from 10.3% to 58.4%. The disparity observed in this current study may be attributed to the reduced sample size and variations in the study conditions.

Congenitally Missing Teeth

The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth in this study was found to be 2.6%, which aligns with previous research conducted by Bakhurji [19] , Saberi [31] , and Goutham [38] . These studies similarly revealed low prevalence rates ranging from 1.1% to 5.4%. Nevertheless, alternative research conducted by Afify [7] , Al Humaid [15] , and Patil [36] have documented greater occurrence rates of congenitally absent teeth, ranging from 16.3% to 25.7%.