We know that physical entities follow the fundamentals of biological entities, but do not follow biological science. Similarly, cosmological entities are the fundamentals of physical entities but do not follow physical science [ 12 ]. Some of the important differences are presented here:

a) A living physical particle “feeds on” (receives and absorbs) a cosmological substance being pure energy (thermal and electric energy) [ 13 , 14 ]. In contrast, cosmological substances cannot “feed on” physical particles.

b) Energy (unlike a physical substance) is shapeless [ 15 ] and has no physical parameters comparable to a physical body [ 16 ].

c) An “inertial frame of reference” can be defined only for a physical entity, whereas a photon can simultaneously occupy different places [ 17 ].

d) No matter how small the physical particle is, it will be a physical particle only. A boson [ 18 ], which is the smallest available physical particle, can receive/store/emit heat and can be cooled down to −273.15˚C, as it is a physical particle.

e) Flip Tanedo stated, “It’s sufficient for a particle to have the energy to have a meaningful sense of existence” [ 13 ]; the opposite is not true.

f) Electromagnetic waves and gravitational pulls are both executed by physical entities, using cosmological entities (energy fields) as their executants. It is just like biological entities execute physical substances, psychological entities execute bio-chemicals, and intellectual entities execute psychological emotional symbols.

g) A plant has biological life, whereas molecules do not; instead, they have physical life. In the same way, physical matter has physical life, whereas cosmological energies do not; instead, they have cosmological life.

h) We can photograph physical particles, but not cosmological particles such as light, thrust, and gravity. A photon (light particle) performs a photographic act itself.

i) A physical mass can increase by acquiring energy, as described by the mass-energy conversion equation [ 19 ]. However, a photon cannot gain mass by acquiring another photon.

j) Cain says, “But for the photon, there’s zero time elapsed between when it’s emitted and when it’s absorbed again. It doesn’t experience distance either” [ 17 , 20 ]. In other words, cosmological substances do not experience physical parameters like distance and time. This phenomenon is also observed in quantum entanglement [ 21 ].

The above views are provided by different philosophers based on different experiments, indicating the difference between the cosmological and physical levels of the universe. “Our knowledge of cosmology is very limited” [ 22 ], because we are taking physical and cosmological worlds within the same paradigm.

To understand the cosmological world, we must first introduce its basic elements. We have four imaginable cosmological substances named according to their attributes: visibility, forcibility, fullness, and hollowness. These cosmological substances are physically imperceptible and responsible for the creation of energy fields as well as the space fabric. First of all, we will discuss the energy fields; thereafter, we will discuss the space fabric and the structure of a physical entity, referring to Figure 1 .

Cosmological substances have no direct relationship with the physical world, they create cosmological fields, which can be used as executants of physical entities. All cosmological fields are created with different combinations and placements of cosmological substances. The four cosmological fields are listed as follows:

a) Visibility field: made of quantum (fullness-hollowness) and visible sensing (positive visibility-negative visibility), acts as the executant for the electromagnetic wave.

b) Forcibility field: made of a quantum of (fullness-hollowness) and forcible sensing (positive forcibility-negative forcibility), acts as the executant for the electromagnetic force.

c) Fullness field: made of sensing (visibility-forcibility) and fullness quantum (positive fullness-negative fullness), acts as the executant for the sensorial exertive push (repulsion).

d) Hollowness field: made of sensing (visibility-forcibility) and hollowness quantum (positive hollowness-negative hollowness), acts as the executant for sensorial exertive pull (attraction).

a) For all practical purposes, visibility (heat) represents diversity, while forcibility represents intensity, which is opposite attributes but complements each other, creating “sense.” Keeping “sense” constant and increasing diversity will reduce the intensity. In 2017, the HSI Sensing Team stated: “A magnet subjected to heat experiences a reduction in its magnetic field; when the same magnet is exposed to low temperatures, its magnetic property is enhanced, and the strength increases” [ 23 ].

b) For all practical purposes, fullness and hollowness are opposite attributes, but complement each other, creating “quantum.” The double-slit experiment demonstrates their opposition. It is stated: “We first note the pattern of light on the screen with just one slit open, then we open the second slit, admitting more light through the slits; however, some places on the screen, where there was visible light, go dark” [ 24 ]. Herein, the authors argue that the light of the second slit has a component of “hollowness,” which cancels the fullness of the first slit. This proves that “hollowness” has an attribute that is opposite to “fullness.” After introducing the “negative fullness” wave, no difference remains between the water and electromagnetic waves ( Figure 2 ).

c) The positivity and negativity in attributes are derived from the space fabric, where each attribute has an average space density.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the four activations: the electromagnetic wave and force, and the sensorial exertive push and pull. Each activation has two ends: one at the emitter and the other at the receiver. In the case of electromagnetic waves, the receiving entity receives the magnetic field from the emitter, converts it to the electric field, propagates it, and absorbs it [ 25 ]. To well stated that “electricity and

magnetism are two sides of the same phenomenon” [ 26 ]. NASA specified that “a changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa—the two are linked” [ 27 ]. Both fields have the same constituents. When the constituents of the magnetic field are displaced at the right angle, the field converts into an electric field. The same phenomenon applies to other activations, too.

The details of the four activations are as follows:

a) Electromagnetic wave: It has a magnetic (heat) field at the emitter, described as the “quantum of available visibility,” and an electric (light) field at the receiver, described as the “available visibility of quantum.”

b) Electromagnetic force: It has a magnetic field at the emitter, described as “quantum of available forcibility,” and an electric field at the receiver, described as “available forcibility of quantum.”

c) Sensorial exertive push: It has an exertive (thrust) field at the emitter, described as “sensing of available fullness,” and a sensorial push field at the receiver, described as “available fullness of sensing.”

d) Sensorial exertive pull: It has an exertive (drawing thrust) field at the emitter, described as “sensing of available hollowness,” and a sensorial push field at the receiver, described as “available hollowness of sensing.”

All emitting fields are dipolar and, hence, cannot move in a linear direction. They expand spherically in all directions with a waveform. The wave has a crest and trough of positive and negative density of the concerned attribute, respectively. The receiver receives them in the form of electric and sensorial fields. These fields are monopolar and can propagate linearly in space, without influence of the distance. In the case of repulsion and attraction, only the sense is flowing (no quantum is flowing); hence, they are called stationary waves. In the case of electromagnetic waves and forces, the quantum is flowing; hence, they are referred to as moving waves. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that all activations play the same role.

Life is comprised of three essential elements: space, time, and consciousness. These three components work in unison to define the existence of a living entity ( Figure 6 ). 1) The capability of space is dictated by coded information stored in the four chests of EPP, which also determines the characteristics of the entity. 2) Time is divided into three parts. The future is indicated by data flowing into the interaction chamber. The past is represented by data flowing out of the interaction chamber. The physical image of the entity represents the present. 3) Consciousness triggers the EPP to oscillate and activate all field areas, one by one, 90 degrees apart from each other along the wavelength. This composition of space, time, and consciousness resides in a square-shaped structure. We call it the living entity of the elementary physical particle [ 30 ]. And life goes through the future to the present and to the past [ 31 ].

We opted for a square-shaped structure based on strong logical foundations. This structure serves as a prototype for space fabric, which is likewise square-shaped [ 32 ]. We have four chests parallel to the four bases of biological DNA. We also have four types of activation: electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic force, attraction, and repulsion. All of these activations have four fields: visibility, forcibility, fullness, and hollowness. We believe that nature is unitary and that everything starts with one, which converts into two opposite attributes. When these two multiply by two, we get four, and all four are opposites. An entity has two parts: quantum and sense. Quantum creates fullness and hollowness, while sense creates visibility and forcibility, and we arrive at four. Depending on entropy, this pattern continues with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. Therefore, it is logical to assume a four-dimensional model of EPP.

The chests provide physical codes to cosmological fields to convert them into physically perceptible fields. After the interaction, the chests withdraw the codes, reconverting to cosmological fields ( Figure 6 ).

a) The chest of fullness-visibility dyes (FV) imparts/acquires the physical codes to/from the data related to fullness and visibility.

b) The chest of hollowness-visibility dyes (HV) imparts/acquires the physical codes to/from the data related to hollowness and visibility.

c) The chest of fullness-forcibility dyes (FF) imparts/acquires the physical codes to/from the data related to fullness and forcibility.

d) The chest of hollowness-forcibility dyes (HF) imparts/acquires the physical codes to/from the data related to hollowness and forcibility.

The four field areas are four junctions that receive different cosmological fields from the outside, from the memory chamber, obtain physical codes from chests, and deliver the coded data to the interaction chamber. Data are also received from the interaction chamber, yielding the physical codes, and sending the cosmological fields to memory chambers and the outside for emission. These field areas are 1) the visibility field area, 2) the forcibility field area, 3) the fullness field area, and 4) the hollowness field area.

The interaction chamber is where the physically perceptible fields arrive from two different field areas, interact, and conduct an analysis for appropriate pairing. After pairing, an image is created, which remains alive for a minimum possible time (called the present). Subsequently, the image disintegrates, and the disintegrated perceptible fields move to the corresponding field areas. With regards to time, data moving inside is referred to as the future, data moving outside is the past, and the smallest available time when the image is created in between the future and the past is called the present.

We have physical images to memorize, but they are in cosmological format. These are disintegrated into four parts, each residing in its assigned memory chamber. As one image resides in four parts, it remains dormant. The “memory chamber” is the place where all the images are received, stored, and delivered to field areas. Whatever we receive from the outside is mixed with the data coming from the memory chambers. Hence, the resultant image is not pure, but highly deflected toward the data of memory chambers. Which image data will be delivered depends on the incoming fields and the entity’s desire. Hence, David and Emily stated that wishful seeing affects visual perception [ 33 ]. Marianna stated that “perception is often biased, selective, and malleable” [ 34 ]. Aristotle argued, “…how perception leads to desire…” [ 35 ]. The above examples are related to the intellectual entity. In the case of the physical world, we obtain a modulated (with information) magnetized electric field from the outside. After the interaction, the entity stores the information as magnetic imprints on the magnetic tape.

Figure 7 shows that when an observer activates the hollowness, fullness, and visibility fields but does not activate the forcibility field, an electromagnetic wave is generated [ 36 ]. If the forcibility field is absent, the empty forcibility field area is filled with a form of visibility that is opposite in aptitude and lower in space density. This is known as “negative visibility.” The “positive visibility” and “negative visibility”

create “available visibility.” Similarly, “hollowness” and “fullness” create “quantum.” In the case of electromagnetic waves, the magnetic field is called the heat field or thermal radiation [ 37 ].

The wave is created under the following conditions:

a) The fullness field area receives data from two sources: 1) the crest of the electric field from the outside and 2) preoccupied memories from FV and FF. The composition is called “cosmological available visibility of fullness.” After obtaining codes from the chests FV and FF, the data is converted into “Physically perceptible available visibility of fullness” and sent to the interaction chamber.

b) Analogously, the hollowness field area receives data from two sources: 1) trough of the electric field from the outside and 2) preoccupied memories from HV and HF. The composition is referred to as “cosmological available visibility of hollowness.” After obtaining codes from the chests HV and HF, the data is converted into “physically perceptible available visibility of hollowness,” which is sent to the interaction chamber.

c) The interaction chamber considers a logical pairing of “fullness” and “hollowness” and creates the future of the image called “physically available visibility of quantum (fullness-hollowness).”

d) The future converts into the past, creating a “Physical quantum of available visibility” ( Figure 4 ).

e) A physical image is created between the future and the past, which lies in the present.

f) The “Physical quantum of available visibility” disintegrates and is converted into the “physically perceptible quantum of positive visibility” and “physically perceptible quantum of negative visibility.” Here, the “available visibility” disintegrates into “positive visibility” and “negative visibility.”

g) The “physically perceptible quantum of positive visibility” goes to the visibility field area, where it surrenders its physical codes to the chests HV and FV, leaving with the “cosmological quantum of positive visibility.” The area sends these cosmological data to the memory chambers HV and FV, and a copy of these data is offered outside of the activating entity for emission as the crest of the magnetic field.

h) Similarly, the “physically perceptible quantum of negative visibility” moves to the forcibility field area, where it surrenders its physical codes to the chests FF and HF, leaving with the “cosmological quantum of negative visibility.” The area sends these cosmological data to the memory chambers FF and HF, and a copy is offered outside of the entity for emission as the trough of the magnetic field.

i) The emitted crest and trough create the magnetic field, offering an image to another observer.

Figure 8 shows that when an observer activates the hollowness, fullness, and forcibility fields but does not activate the visibility field, an electromagnetic force is generated. If the visibility field is absent, the empty visibility field area is filled with a form of forcibility that is opposite in aptitude and lower in space density. We refer to it as “negative forcibility.” The “positive forcibility” and “negative forcibility” create “available forcibility.” Similarly, “hollowness” and “fullness” create “quantum.” Considering the creation of electromagnetic force, according to the unitary logic, the process is parallel to the process of electromagnetic waves, where the words “visibility” and “forcibility” are inter-replaced.

We have two stationary sense waves, known as the sensorial exertive push (repulsion) and sensorial exertive pull (attraction).

Figure 9 shows that when an observer activates its own fullness, forcibility, and visibility fields, but does not activate the hollowness field, a “sensorial exertive push” or repulsion wave is generated. Without the hollowness field, the empty hollowness field area is filled with a form of fullness that is opposite in aptitude and less dense in space. We refer to it as “negative fullness.” The “positive fullness” and “negative fullness” create “available fullness.” In the same way, “visibility” and “forcibility” create “sensing.” The entity plays the game of repulsion is described under:

a) The visibility field area receives data from two sources: 1) the crest of the sensorial field from outside and 2) preoccupied memories from HV and FV. The composition is referred to as “cosmological

available fullness of visibility.” After obtaining codes from the chests HV and FV, the data converts into “physically perceptible available fullness of visibility,” which is sent to the interaction chamber.

b) Analogously, the forcibility field area receives data from two sources: 1) the trough of the sensorial field outside, and 2) preconceived memories from HF and FF. The composition is called “cosmological fullness quantum of forcibility.” After obtaining codes from the chests HF and FF, the data converts into “physical fullness quantum of forcibility,” which is sent to the interaction chamber.

c) The interaction chamber considers a logical pairing of “visibility” and “forcibility” and creates the future of the thrust, namely the “physically available fullness of sense.”

d) The future converts into the past, creating a “physical sense of available fullness” ( Figure 4 ).

e) A physical thrust is created between the future and the past, which lies in the present. This thrust is called REPULSION.

f) The “physical sense of available fullness” disintegrates and converts into a “physically perceptible sense of positive fullness” and a “physically perceptible sense of negative fullness.” Here, the “available fullness” disintegrates into “positive fullness” and “negative fullness.”

g) The “physical sense of positive fullness” moves to the fullness field area, where it surrenders its physical codes to the chests FV and FF, leaving with a “cosmological sense of positive fullness.” The area sends these cosmological data to the memory chambers FV and FF, and a copy is offered for emission as the crest of the exertion field.

h) Analogously, the “physically perceptible sense of negative fullness” goes to the hollowness field area, where it surrenders its physical codes to the chests HV and HF, leaving with a “cosmological sense of negative fullness.” The area sends these cosmological data to the memory chambers HV and HF and is offered for emission as the trough of the exertion field.

i) The crest and the trough of the emission create an exertion field available outside to another entity.

Figure 10 shows that when an observer activates its hollowness, forcibility, and visibility fields, but does not activate the fullness field, a “sensorial exertive pull (attraction)” is generated. If the fullness field is absent, the empty fullness field area is filled with a form of hollowness that is opposite in aptitude and lower in space density. We will refer to it as “negative hollowness.” The “positive hollowness” and “negative hollowness” create “available hollowness.” Meanwhile, “visibility” and “forcibility” create “sensing.” Concerning the creation of sensorial exertive pull (attraction), according to the unitary logic, the process is parallel to that of sensorial exertive push (repulsion), where the words “fullness” and “hollowness” are inter-replaced.

Nature keeps things in balance, creating two types of activations: the flowing and the stationary wave. Flowing waves are electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic force, transporting quantum of light, and magnetic flux; both are opposite in aptitude. Stationary waves are sensorial exertive push and sensorial exertive pull, transferring a sense of repulsion and attraction; both are opposite in aptitude. Even though all activations are opposite to one another, they follow the same rules while evolving, as previously explained. The “fullness” is quantum with no desire, whereas “hollowness” is desire with no quantum. “Visibility” provides diversity with no intensity, whereas “forcibility” provides intensity with no diversity. All compensate each other, and we obtain a unit at last. All create an intensified diversity of the desired quantum; creating a unit image.

Figure 4 indicates that all waves have two ends: emission and reception. Emission is made of magnetic

and exertion fields, which may be referred to as “outgoing fields,” dipolar and spherically expanding fields. Meanwhile, the reception is made of electric and sensorial fields, which may be called “incoming fields,” monopolar and linear expanding fields. These facts propound that 1) the spherical and the linear field cannot run simultaneously and 2) the receiver collects the liner field from emitter who is offering spherical field. Therefore, both the electric field and magnetic field cannot run simultaneously. A physical object receives the magnetic fields by converting them to an electric field, absorbing them, and re-emitting them in the form of magnetic field fields. The same rule applies to stationary waves (repulsion and attraction). Dr. Baird stated: “Every time you change a magnetic field, you create an electric field. This is called Faraday’s Law of Induction” [ 38 ]. Maxwell stated: “Electric and magnetic fields are two manifestations of the same phenomenon” [ 39 ]. Hence, this proves that both phenomena cannot exist simultaneously.

The theory propounds that it is the receiver who creates all activations alone. If no emitter exists, only the required field is available on the space fabric, and activation will occur [ 16 ]. The space fabric can have extra substances of visibility, forcibility, fullness, and hollowness, which can cause the activation of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic force, repulsion, and attraction. During these activations, the entity perceives CMB [ 40 , 41 ], hidden magnetic field [ 42 ], dark energy [ 42 , 43 ], and dark matter [ 44 ], respectively.

The theory further states that 1) Electromagnetic waves transport visibility (light) from more heated to less heated objects. 2) The electromagnetic force transports forcibility (charge field) from more charged to less charged objects. 3) Sensorial exertive push (repulsion) is created in between charged and heated objects. 4) Sensorial exertive pull (attraction) is created between charge-less and heat-less objects. We predict that there is no place or object possible in a world with zero possible heat or charge. Flip Tanedo stated: “It’s sufficient for a particle to have the energy to have a meaningful sense of existence” [ 13 ]. Therefore, the presence of a minimum energy is a requisite in all cases. Heat and charge represent diversity and intensity, respectively; hence, they must be multiplied while quantifying, and both must have positive values. Thus, the value of repulsion largely depends on charge and temperature. Crookes back in 1874 stated, “Temperature is a primary cause of repulsion” [ 45 ] and Gamini Piyadasa stated, “This repulsion force is proportional to the temperature, which is a parameter of the thermal energy of the particle” [ 3 ]. Therefore, the repulsion can be quantified as follows:

$\text{Repulsion}=K\times \left(a_1{b}_2+a_2{b}_1\right)\times M_1{M}_2/R^3$ (Equation 1)

where K is a constant; M₁ and M₂ are the masses of objects 1 and 2, respectively; a₁ and a₂ are the FV (emitability of diversity; heat) of objects 1 and 2, respectively; b₁ and b₂ are the respective FF (emitability of intensity; charge) of objects 1 and 2, and R is the distance between two objects. This is a proposed formula, which has never been proven experimentally. Regarding 1/R³, we consider two objects placed at opposite sides of the diameter of a closed sphere and apply Boyle’s gas law, which states that pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of a closed system (volume is proportional to the R³).

Instead of R², as in attraction, we have R³ while quantifying repulsion. Thus, repulsion is more effective for micro distances, and gravitation is more effective for macro distances.

There are several examples:

1) The theory propounds that heat (FV) and charge (FF) repeals each other, therefore, the tails of comets where the ionized gas tail points away from the heated sun but not the non-ionized molecules [ 46 ]. Please refer to Figure 6.

2) Plasma can be ejected in the form of an arc from the sun’s surface, despite its strong gravitational force [ 47 ]. The arc of ejectment follows the magnetic wind [ 48 ], possibly due to the repulsion between the ionized gas and the heat of the sun’s surface.

3) While rotating, the planets around the sun can achieve a stable equilibrium between centrifugal force, gravitation pull, and repulsion. The repulsion is attributed to the heat and charge of the sun. Whenever a planet attempts to fall toward the sun, repulsion increases rapidly compared to attraction, prohibiting the planet from going nearer to the sun.

4) Schewe states that gravity at small scale remains a mystery [ 49 ]. The nuclear force is strongly attractive between nucleons at distances of approximately 0.8 femtometers (fm, or 0.8 × 10⁻¹⁵ meters), but it diminishes rapidly to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm. At distances less than 0.7 fm, the nuclear force becomes repulsive. As the repulsion is more significant at lower distances, it does not allow nucleons to be closer after a certain distance, and therefore, it determines the size of nuclei. It shows that the repulsion is more significant at lower distances.

5) Given “vacuum energy,” which is the energy density of the space fabric, Baez asked, “Does this energy really exist? And if so, how much of it is there?” [ 50 ]. When this space fabric is calculated based on the theory of countless virtual particles, it comes out to be 120 orders of magnitude larger than what we find calculating the expansion of the universe due to dark energy [ 51 ]. This is referred to as the mystery of the “cosmological constant,” which is still not resolved [ 32 ]. The present theory suggests that the expansion is based on the effective heat and charge within dark energy only; however, our space fabric is made of a massive amount of dark energy and dark matter balancing each other. This amount is not considered while calculating the vacuum energy.