JBMJournal of Biosciences and Medicines2327-5081Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/jbm.2023.1111001JBM-128835ArticlesBiomedical&Life Sciences Different Species of <i>Salmonella spp</i> and <i>Shigella spp</i> and Their Risk of Infection in N’Djamena Chad MahamatTahir N’garé Hassan1*AhmatIdriss Ahmat1YacoubMahamat Allamine1AbakarLawane Idriss2AllagueryaneDjimadinan1AbderrazzackAdoum Foudda3AliMahamat Moussa4Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine (FSSH), Université de N’Djamena, N’Djamena, TchadLaboratoire de Recherche Diagnostics et d’Expertises Scientifiques, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Prevention, N’Djamena, TchadServices Gastro-Entero-Hépatique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Référence Nationale N’Djaména Tchad, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, N’Djaména, TchadProgramme Sectoriel de Lutte Contre le Sida, Université Touma&amp;iuml;, N’Djamena, Tchad01112023111111229, September 202330, October 2023 2, November 2023© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Introduction: Salmonella and Shigella are gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to most antibiotics and play an important role in an etiology of diarrhea disease. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp and Shigella spp isolated from stool and blood samples in the city of N’Djamena. Materials and Method: This was a prospective study conducted in the four district hospitals of N’Djamena from 14 July 2022 to 31 December 2022. A questionnaire form was drawn up to collect the information sent to the study patients. The samples were analyzed at the CHU de la Mère et de l’Enfant, Labo-Redes laboratory according to their protocols and the standard of the antibiogram committee of the French microbiology society. Results: Of the 803 biological samples analyzed, 39 were positive for Salmonella spp and Shigella spp, including 15 for Salmonella and 24 for Shigella, giving an overall prevalence rate of 4.85%. Borehole water, uncooked food and lack of access to a latrine constitute a risk of being infected by Salmonella spp and Shigella spp species. Of the 8 antibiotics tested, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp strains showed good sensitivity to nalidixic acid (100% for Salmonella and 90 for Shigella) and to ciprofloxacin (90.9% for Salmonella and 75% for Shigella). Resistance to ampicillin was found in 81.81% of Salmonella species and 78.57% of Shigella species, as was resistance to chloramphenicol (81.81% of Salmonella species and 67.85% of Shigella species). Similarly, cleanliness of the service and equipment is an essential factor in preventing Salmonella and Shigella infections.

<i>Salmonella</i> <i>Shigella</i> Species Prevalence Antibiotics Resistance ChadReferencesSamie, A., Guerrant, R.L., Barrett, L., et al. (2009) Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic and Bacterial Pathogens in Diarrhoeal and Non-Diarrhoeal Human Stools from Vhembe District, South Africa. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 27, 739-745. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i6.4325Thapar, N. and Sanderson, I.R. (2004) Diarrhoea in Children: An Interface between Developing and Developed Countries. The Lancet, 363, 641-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15599-2WHO Futura (2006) Environmental Factors Are the Cause of 24% of Diseases. https://www.futura-sciences.com/sante/actualites/vie-facteurs-environnementaux-sont-cause-24-maladies-9187Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International (2012) Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Central Statistical Agency and ICF International, Addis Ababa and Calverton. https://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=1809121Zaaboub, N., Ounis, A., Helali, M.A., Béjaoui, B., Lillebo, A.I., Silva, E.F., et al. (2014) Phosphorus Speciation in Sediments and Assessment of Nutrient Exchange at the Water-Sediment Interface in a Mediterranean Lagoon: Implications for Management and Restoration. Ecological Engineering, 73, 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.017Hassan, M.A., Zongo, C., Hissein, A.H., Hien, Y.E., Erbi, D., Djonabaye, D., et al. (2020) Survey of the Germ Antibiorésistance Implied in Infections of the Surgical Site Infection (SSI) to the General Hospital of National Reference (HGNR) of N’Djamena (CHAD). International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention, 7, 5086-5094. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v7i11.05Bessimbaye, N., Djimadoum, M., Issakou, B.-V., Claude, O., Nicolas, B., Abdelsalam, T. and Choua, O. (2021) Biochemical Profile and Resistance Phenotype of Bacteria Isolated from the Operating Site Departments of the National Reference University Hospital of N’Djamena. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 10, 381-396. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0189Ouchar, M.O., Lounnas, M., Hide, M., Dumont, Y., Tidjani, A. and Kamougam, K. (2019) High Prevalence and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Chadian Hospitals. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19, Article No. 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3838-1Annuaire statistque sanitaire tome A 34eme edition 2020 Ministere de la Sznté Pubmique et de la Solidarité Nationale Aout 2022.Bessimbaye, N., Tidjani, A., Gamougame, K., Boy Otchom, B., Guelmbaye, N., Sangare, L., Barro, N. and Traore, A. (2013) Gastroenteritis in Refugee Settings in Chad. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7, 468-478. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v7i2.5Tural Kara, T., Ozdemir, H., Kurt, F., Güriz, H., Ciftci, E., Aysev, A.D., et al. (2015) Prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella spp. and Antibiotic Resistance Status in Acute Childhood Gastroenteritis. Journal of Pediatric Infection, 9, 102-107. https://doi.org/10.5152/ced.2015.2076Balew, M. and Kibret, M. (2023) Prevalence of Enteric Bacterial Pathogens in Diarrheic Under-Five Children and Their Association with the Nutritional Status in Bahir Dar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Nutrition, 9, Article No. 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-023-00678-0Morpeth, S.C., Ramadhani, H.O. and Crump, J.A. (2009) Invasive Non-Typhi Salmonella Disease in Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49, 606-611. https://doi.org/10.1086/603553Mann, K., Gordon, J. and MacLeod, A. (2009) Reflection and Reflective Practice in Health Professions Education: A Systematic Review. Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice, 14, 595-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-007-9090-2Yesigat, T., Jemal, M. and Birhan, W. (2020) Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Salmonella, Shigella, and Intestinal Parasites among Food Handlers in Motta Town, North West Ethiopia. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2020, Article ID: 6425946. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6425946Abera, K., Anticho, T.L. and Ali, M.M. (2021) Salmonella and Shigella and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles among Adult Patients with Complaints of Diarrhea at Hawassa Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Medicine, 9, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211000911Diriba, K., Awulachew, E. and Ashuro, Z. (2020) Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella, Shigella and Intestinal Parasites and Associated Factor among Food Handlers at Dilla University Student Cafeteria, Dilla, Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020, Article ID: 3150539. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3150539Catherine, D. (1997) Acute Bacterial Diarrhoea: Causes and Mechanisms.Alloui, N., Guergueb, N. and Ayachi, A. (2013) Relationship between Slaughter Hygiene Practices and Bacterial Contamination of Chicken Carcasses in the Biskra Region (Algeria). Conference: Recherche Avicole et Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, La Rochelle, 26-28 mars 2013, 1-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237010462Afzal, M., Ali, M.I., Munir, M.A., Ahmad, M., Mahmood, Z., Sharif, M.N. and Aslam, M. (2016) Genetic Association among Morphological Traits of Lepidium draba. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research Section Plant Sciences, 1, Article No. 1. https://doi.org/10.54112/bbasr.v2016i1.1Gueye, M. and Noba, K. (2015) Pedological and Phytosociological Study of Two Ponds in the Niokolo Koba National Park in a Context of Biological Invasion by Mimosa pigra. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9, 2871-2888. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v9i6.27Girma, A. and Aemiro, A. (2022) Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasites and Enteric Bacterial Infections among Selected Region Food Handlers of Ethiopia during 2014-2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Scientific World Journal, 2022, Article ID: 7786036. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7786036Khan, A.L., Al-Harrasi, A., Wang, J.P., Asaf, S., Riethoven, J.M., Shehzad, T., et al. (2022) Genome Structure and Evolutionary History of Frankincense Producing Boswellia sacra. iScience, 25, Article ID: 104574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104574Qureishi, M.I., Borji, A., Bokaein, M., et al. (2008) Antimicrobial Resistance of Shigella Species Isolated from Diarrheal Patients in Zahedan. Acta Medica Iranica, 46, 413-416.Arora, D.R. (2008) Text Book of Microbiology. 3rd Edition, CBC Publisher and Distributer, New Delhi.Tosisa, W., Mihret, A., Ararsa, A., Eguale, T. and Abebe, T. (2020) Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella and Shigella Species Isolated from Diarrheic Children in Ambo Town. BMC Pediatrics, 20, Article No. 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-1970-0Rehman, A., Patrick, W.M. and Lamont, I.L. (2019) Mechanisms of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: New Approaches to an Old Problem. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 68, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000873Iwalokun, B.A., Gbenle, G.O., Smith, S.I., et al. (2001) Epidemiology of Shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 19, 183-190.Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (2020) CASFM/EUCAST: Société Francaise de Microbiologie V1.2, Ed.World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Diarrhoeal Diseases: Fact Sheet.