Contamination of the aquatic environment by Metallic Trace Elements (MTE) is a major problem encountered in our environment today. In C ôte d’Ivoire, in some municipals, residential and industrial areas in the city of Abidjan, waste water of worrying quantity is discharged into the rainwater drainage channels which flow directly into the Ebrié lagoon. In order to identify the origin of the pollution by metallic trace elements (MTE) transported by this water, samples of wastewater were collected and then analyzed. ICP-MS was used for MTE (Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, Pb, Cd) analyses and results were statistically processed in multivariate form using PCA and Excel. The results showed high concentrations of metals, with the exception of Cd. The typological structure represents 85.74% of the total information for the MTE. Plan F1 represents 63.90% of the variance and describes water pollution by copper (0.95), zinc (0.90), iron (0.84) and aluminum (0.84). Plan F2 represents 21.84% and describes the enrichment of water with lead (0.84). It seems more than necessary to make manufacturers aware of the need to install wastewater treatment systems in order to avoid their discharge into the environment.
Environmental pollution caused by wastewater discharges becomes a serious threat to the health of living beings [
The municipals of Marcory, Koumassi and Yopougon, the study zones of this work, housed many industrial estates, especially that of Yopougon. These municipals have several networks of large open collectors of runoff water which flow into the Ebrié lagoon without prior treatment. The observation made today is that the drainage channel made for the evacuation of rainwater now serves as a reservoir for industrial and domestic wastewater. Indeed, textile, stationery, cosmetics and even soap industries have access to these underground channels or in the open. This study on the environmental pollution by MTE concerns above all the wastewater from the drainage canals communicating directly to the Ebrié lagoon. It aims to monitor the level of metal contamination (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Al) in urban and industrial discharge sites in other to better understand their origin and their potential risk to the human and aquatic environment.
The sites and sampling points were chosen according to the human activities that take place around these drainage canals and their natural outlet, the Ebrié lagoon.
The study sites are:
- Yopougon municipal, which extends over 153.06 km2, is located in the north of the district of Abidjan and is bounded to the north by the municipals of Abobo and Anyama; to the south by the Ébrié lagoon; to the east by Attécoubé and to the west by Songon. Four points were chosen in this town according to their proximity to the textile, stationery, soap, oil and cosmetics industries.
- The Marcory and Koumassi mubicipals, which extends over 31.68 km2, have sampling points dominated by anthropogenic activities (vehicle garage, hospital, fishing, etc.) and factories such as the electricity company and cocoa processing factory. Three points were chosen on these two sites.
These areas received wastewater discharges from industries and domestic discharges. The different sampling sites are shown in Figures 1-3.
The different sampling stations were located using an MLR SP 12X GPS. The geographical coordinates are presented in
For five months from March to July 2022, wastewater samples were collected using a 5 L capacity scoop, two samplings per month were performed between 8 a.m. and 2 p.m.
- Sterile 1.5 L polyethylene bottles were used for storing water samples.
| Collection stations | GPS Coordinates |
|---|---|
| CIE | N05˚28.268' W003˚96.742' |
| SACO | N05˚28.430' W003˚98.381' |
| BORD DE LAGUNE (BL) | N05˚28.313' W003˚98.458' |
| SIPOREX (SP) | N05˚35.805' W004˚07.429' |
| ZONE | N05˚35.578' W004˚08.475' |
| PHOENIX | N05˚34.454' W004˚07.948' |
| AZITO | N05˚30.429' W004˚07.707' |
- A clean bucket, fitted with a rope, was used to collect samples from often very deep rain channels.
- Nitric acid (1 mL) was added to the samples for their preservation before any analysis.
- A cooler with ice packs was used to transport and maintain the samples at a temperature of around 4˚C [
The preparation of the samples was carried out according to the ISO 11885 (2006) standard. The samples were first digested in a carbon oven with 40 ml in 20 ml of nitric acid (7 mol/litre) at 120˚C for 2 hours. The mixture was then filtered through pleated filter paper onto a 100 ml volumetric flask and topped up with distilled water to the mark of the flask. The final mixture was shaken well before being subjected to ICP-OES (optical emission spectroscopy/inductively coupled plasma) for reading by introducing the aspiration manifold into the flask.
As part of this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to make a typology of wastewater samples collected in three municipals of the city of Abidjan.
PCA is a technique for sorting variables and creating quantities that reduces the number of parameters needed to describe observations, while minimizing the loss of information. Although it is often used for descriptive purposes, it is paradoxically the probabilistic approach that is used and although it is a variable sorting technique, it is discriminating enough (with the usual precautions) to allow a sorting of observations [
The concentrations of MTE (Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Al and Pb) in the different study areas are presented in
The iron concentrations in the wastewater from the various study sites except for the SACO site are 1.5 to 3 times higher than those of the US EPA (1000 µg/L). They are also 1 to 5 times higher than the New York standard (600 µg/L).
The concentration of Cu is 5 times higher than the effluents of US EPA and New York and 2 to 20 times higher than the value of some African countries (Nigeria and Tanzania).
The Cd concentrations observed on the BL and SACO sites are approximately 2 to 10 times higher than the New York standard values (0.6 µg/L) and are lower than the values for the US EPA, Tanzania and Benin City effluents in Nigeria. For Pb concentrations, they exceed the limits of the US EPA and New York but are lower than the limits of certain African countries. As for the Zn content, all the sampling points of the Yopougon site and that of SACO have concentrations above the limit values.
The presence of the metals studied such as Fe, Cu, Zn could come from anthropogenic activities in the study areas. Moreover, very high concentrations of these metals are observed in Yopougon. Their presence could be explained by the large number of industries present in this area, namely textile, stationery, cosmetics industries, fuel stations [
| Site or Standard | Sample | Fe | Cu | Cd | Pb | Al | Zn | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York | Effluent liquid | 600 | 63 | 0.6 | 5 | - | [ | |
| Dar es Salaam (Tanzanie) | - | 10 | 40 | 270 | - | [ | ||
| Benin City, Nigeria | 194 | 72 | 125 | 174 | [ | |||
| USA Standard | 1000 | 50 | 50 | 50 | - | 100 | [ | |
| SACO | 532.5 | 278.375 | 10.95 | 101.99 | 344.17 | 857.05 | Present study | |
| CIE | 854.5 | 262.075 | 4.81 | 27.75 | 227.72 | 255.9 | ||
| BL | 884.5 | 308.05 | 9.92 | 18.08 | 466.65 | 427 | ||
| SP | 3026 | 2148.5 | 1.08 | 79.92 | 1126.5 | 2146.5 | ||
| ZONE | 2418 | 245.25 | 0.8 | 34.85 | 224.25 | 566.75 | ||
| PHOENIX | 2050 | 1984.5 | 2.03 | 53.75 | 1685.25 | 1282.5 | ||
| AZITO | 1905 | 2157.5 | 2.29 | 61.45 | 1652.5 | 1170 |
The variables, their codes and their correlations with the F1 and F2 axes are presented in
According to the correlation matrix (
On the other hand, we noticed that there is a growing and strong correlation between the couples (Al-Cu) with the correlation coefficient of (0.95), then (Cu-Zn) whose correlation coefficient (0.84), followed by (Fe-Zn) with a correlation coefficient of 0.72. Average correlations are also observed including (Al-Zn), (Cu-Fe), (Pb-Zn) finally (Al-Fe) whose respective correlation coefficients are 0.67, 0.66, 0.62 and 0.49.
We also noticed that there is an increasing but weak correlation between (Pb-Cu (0.35)), (Pb-Al (0.26)), (Pb-Fe (0.1)) and (Pb-Cd (0.1)).
We then see that there is a significant correlation between copper, aluminum, zinc and iron. This explains why these elements could come from the same origin.
The factorial map of the sampling sites (
| F1 | F2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Clean Value | 3.83 | 1.31 |
| Variability (%) | 63.90 | 21.84 |
| Cumulative Percentage (%) | 63.90 | 85.74 |
| MTE | Cd | Zn | Fe | Cu | Al | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | 1 | |||||
| Zn | −0.47 | 1 | ||||
| Fe | −0.88* | 0.72* | 1 | |||
| Cu | −0.60* | 0.84* | 0.66* | 1 | ||
| Al | −0.48 | 0.67* | 0.49 | 0.95* | 1 | |
| Pb | 0.10 | 0.62* | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 1 |
Values in * are different from 0 to a significant level at p < 0.005.
copper, iron and aluminum in the positive part of axis 1. Group II composed of BL and CIE which is characterized by a strong contamination in cadmium. Group III made up of SACO is characterized by a high lead contamination in the positive part of axis 2. To these three groups is opposed a fourth group (IV) made up only of ZONE and characterized by a very low contamination of metals.
The variables, their codes and their correlations with the F1 and F2 axes are presented in
| Components | F1 | F2 |
|---|---|---|
| Cd | −0.74* | 0.59 |
| Zn | 0.90* | 0.31 |
| Fe | 0.84* | −0.38 |
| Cu | 0.95* | 0.08 |
| Al | 0.84* | 0.09 |
| Pb | 0.40 | 0.84* |
Values in * are significant at p < 0.005.
correlations between the metals alone hold 85.74% of the total information. In the correlation circle (
The waters of the Ebrié lagoon continue to be polluted by metals from the urban wastewater effluents that flow into it. Wastewater pollution has become increasingly worrying to the majority of large cities in developing countries, particularly in Abidjan. The Ebrié Lagoon, considered to be the largest area of brackish water in West Africa, remains and still remains under the threat of pollution from the wastewater discharge. Indeed, this work performed on the metal content (Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Al) contained in samples of wastewater, using an ICP OES allowed through the statistical tools PCA to show that the sampling points of the municipal of Yopougon have very high Fe, Cu, Zn and Al contents than the study points of Marcory and Koumassi which have high levels of Pb and Cd.
This study confirms on one hand, the state of pollution of the lagoon waters in MTE as mentioned by other authors and, on the other hand, shows that the zones with strong industrial activities are subjected to high contents of MTE. Awareness campaign to the manufacturers operating in these areas is essential. In the continuation of this study, innovative solutions will be proposed to the manufacturers for the elimination of MTE in wastewater before discharge into the evacuation channels.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Amon, L.N., Diaby, A.S., Kouamé, A.N., Yao, K.E., Sanou, A., Konan, L.K., Coulibaly, K.J. and Dosso, M. (2023) Diagnosis of Wastewater Contamination by Metalic Trace Elements (MTE) in the Areas of Yopougon (South Abidjan) and Marcory, Koumassi (North Abidjan) from March to July 2021. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 11, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2023.1110003