<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2380-4327</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jhepgc.2023.94071</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC-127800</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Big Bang?
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Evgeny</surname><given-names>A. Novikov</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, USA</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>09</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>964</fpage><lpage>967</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24,</day>	<month>May</month>	<year>2023</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17,</day>	<month>September</month>	<year>2023</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20,</day>	<month>September</month>	<year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  Based on quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger) and on recent observations of early galaxies, it is argued that the universe was created not by a singular Big Bang, but by a continuous dynamical process of production of matter/energy from the quantum vacuum. This theory is in quantitative agreement with cosmic data (without fitting parameters) and has broad spectrum of important applications.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Big Bang</kwd><kwd> Quantum Modification of General Relativity</kwd><kwd> Early Galaxies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The 100-year-old dominating theory tells that our universe was created about 13.8 billion years ago by a singular Big Bang (BB) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref1">1</xref>] . But, the BB theory has many problems [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref1">1</xref>] . Additionally, recent observations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref2">2</xref>] discovered several well developed galaxies with ages too close to the time of conjectural BB [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref2">2</xref>] . One possibility to resolve this conundrum is to develop a new theory of quick formation and development of galaxies. In this letter we consider another possibility that the BB assumption is wrong.</p><p>From the classical Einstein equation of general relativity (GR) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref3">3</xref>] follows strict conservation of energy. So, according to this equation, the universe can not be created, it can only exist forever, which was initial opinion of Einstein. But, Freedman obtained dynamical solution of this equation with initial singularity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref1">1</xref>] . In response to this, Einstein introduced cosmological constant (CC) to make stationary solution, but later declared CC as his greatest blunder, when observations indicated expansion of the universe. Nevertheless, later CC was used in combination with the assumption of singular BB miracle, which seems to save the situation with GR and observations. Note, that BB was initially coined by Hoyle as a joke, but later it was considered seriously.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Quantum Modification of General Relativity (Qmoger)</title><p>Physically spiking, singularity of solution indicates, that theory needs some correction. Also, quantum vacuum is hardly consistent with strict conservation of energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref4">4</xref>] . Additionally, CC in the BB theory is ridiculously small. To correct all that, the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger) was initiated [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref5">5</xref>] . The development and applications of this theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref10">10</xref>] are in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, including the accelerated expansion, without fitting parameters [see, particularly, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref> and equation (11) in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] ].</p><p>The essence of Qmoger is that the space-time is not only curved (Einstein), but also compressible with corresponding new dynamics of production/absorption of matter/energy by the quantum vacuum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref5">5</xref>] [equations (3)-(6) in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] ]. In Qmoger there is no singular BB, no CC and our universe is much older than in the BB theory. Mathematically, in Qmoger the universe was born infinite time ago [equations (10) and (14) in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] ]. But physically, the age of the universe is about 327 billion years [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref8">8</xref>] , when its size reached the Plank length l P = ℏ 1 / 2 G 1 / 2 c − 3 / 2 ≈ 1.6 &#215; 10 − 33   cm , where ℏ is the reduced Plank constant, G is the gravitational constant and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. The feeding of the universe by the quantum vacuum is very delicate and local energy conservation is emerging when locally there is sufficient energy, so that additional feeding can be neglected. But, in cosmic time-scales the feeding creates the universe.</p><p>Because of the feeding, the universe is the open (non-Hamiltonian) system. All laws are approximate and emerging along with the evolution of universe, with some sort of natural selection in a struggle with various instabilities. Initially, the (3 + 1)-dimensional space-time and ultralight gravitating (dark) matter was selected, as a stable system for the beginning, taking into account that the</p><disp-formula id="scirp.127800-formula5"><graphic  xlink:href="//html.scirp.org/file/4-2180938x4.png?20230920090546408"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Comparison of exact analytical solution [equation (2.10) in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] ] with results of two observational projects and with some parametrical models (details in Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref7">7</xref>] ). Here z = a/a<sub>0</sub> − 1 is the Redshift, m and M are apparent and absolute magnitudes of the source correspondingly. The observations are model-independent.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>. Accelerated expansion.</p><p>[1 (or 2) + 1]-dimensional universes are collapsing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref11">11</xref>] . Then came quantum interaction (entangled condensate) for additional stability. When the quantum condensate becomes gravitationally unstable [t<sub>cr</sub> ~ 187.5 billion years ago, see equation (20) and below in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] ], the ordinary matter (photons, neutrinos and more heavy particles) where selected as an energy relieve from hot spots. In a sense, ordinary matter and we, the people, are a side effect of evolution of the dark universe in a struggle with gravitational instability. The quantum interaction of ordinary matter, apparently, was inherited from the background condensate. From the human point of view, the greatest achievement of the universe (so far) is the subjectivity (qualia), as an interface between quantum (dark) background and ordinary matter in our brain [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref12">12</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Conclusions</title><p>According to Qmoger [Appendix [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] ], indicated above t<sub>cr</sub> marks start of forming embryonic stars and galaxies. So, galaxies had plenty of time to fully develop in agreement with observations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref2">2</xref>] . We can expect observation of even more earlier galaxies.</p><p>The described paradigm has broad spectrum of applications from obvious (cosmology, quantum field theory, energy resources) to less obvious (health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127800-ref12">12</xref>] , new forms of communications, weapons). Some developed civilizations in the universe may already master this paradigm (with various applications) and so should we.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Conflicts of Interest</title><p>The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Novikov, E.A. (2023) Big Bang? 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