Aims: Infertility is a major problem in our current societies and the Fertilia medical clinic in Bamako is a center for medical assistance in procreation (MAP) where there is an increasingly growing demand for ultrasound. The objective of our study was to investigate the ultrasound causes likely to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy in a group of infertile and subfertile women.
Subjects and Methods: This was a 5-year cross-sectional and prospective study, between January 2017 and January 2022, which involved 250 women wishing to become pregnant (infertile or subfertile), who came for pelvic ultrasound or follicular monitoring and who agreed to participate in our study. The parameters used were ultrasound reports including uterine, ovarian and tubal pathologies. It should be noted that in some cases no ultrasound cause of infertility was found. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS.
Results: 250 women were recruited into our. The average age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 51 years. 179 patients or 71.6% were between 17 and 35 years old. 139 patients or 55.6% had secondary infertility against 44.4% primary infertility. 202 patients or 80.8% had at least one ultrasound lesion and 48 patients or 19.2% had no significant ultrasound abnormality. The most represented ultrasound lesions were of uterine origin with 72.20%, 23.7% ovarian lesions and 04% tubal lesions. Uterine lesions were dominated by myomas, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, uterine malformations and synechiae. As for ovarian lesions we noted cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian endometriosis, non-follicular ovaries and tubal ultrasound lesions showed unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx.
Conclusion: In our study, ultrasound was an invaluable contribution to the diagnosis of the causes likely to explain subfertility and infertility in our respondents. She highlighted uterine, ovarian and tubal lesions, some of which could be corrected and pregnancies ensued.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility is defined as the absence of conception after at least 12 months of normal, regular, complete and unprotected sexual intercourse [1] . It affects around 180 million people worldwide and around one in six couples face primary or secondary infertility [1] [2] . The rate of infertility varies from one country to another, ranging from 5% to 8% in developed countries and from 5.8% to 44.2% in developing countries [3] .
The woman is still considered the main culprit of marital infertility. Many women remain marginalized, even repudiated because of this confusion linked to ignorance of the etio-pathogenic data of marital infertility. It is a social drama experienced mainly by women in the African environment who are the first to be questioned [4] . The most effective imaging techniques in female infertility are endoscopy (hysteroscopy and laparoscopy) and MRI. Conventional imaging methods such as hysterosalpingography (HSG), and transvaginal ultrasound (ETV) are classified as screening examinations [5] . But in black Africa, MRI is not widely available and expensive. ETV and HSG remain the only feasible means of imaging during the exploration of female infertility. [6] . The aim of our study was to show the role of this accessible and available imaging tool in the assessment of female infertility in a low-income country like Mali. Few studies have been carried out in our country on this subject, so our study will serve to shed light on many people on female infertility given the interest of the subject. Internationally many studies have been done on female infertility but they are full of some shortcomings that we have tried to fill in our study.
2. Materials and Method
This was a 5-year cross-sectional and prospective study, between January 2017 and January 2022, which involved 250 women wishing to become pregnant (infertile or subfertile), who came for pelvic ultrasound or follicular monitoring and who agreed to participate in our study. We gave ourselves a study duration of 5 years and all the patients who presented for ultrasound in a context of primary or secondary infertility at the time of our study and who agreed to participate in our study constituted the size of our sample, i.e. 250 patients. The parameters used were ultrasound reports including uterine, ovarian and tubal pathologies. It should be noted that in some cases no ultrasound cause of infertility was found. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS.
2.1. Exploration Techniques
We used different types of ultrasound machines such as Voluson E8, Logic9 and Vivid3. The pelvic ultrasound was done in 95% of cases by the endovaginal route and generally on the second day of menstruation for cases of medically assisted procreation and randomly for other cases.
2.2. Data Processing and Analysis
The data collected on the technical sheets were entered and analyzed using SPSS software. Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation tests were used to determine the degree of significance during comparisons at the 5% level.
3. Results
250 women were recruited into our study. The average age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 51 years. 179 patients or 71.6% were between 17 and 35 years old. 139 patients or 55.6% had secondary infertility against 44.4% primary infertility. 202 patients or 80.8% had at least one ultrasound lesion and 48 patients or 19.2% had no significant ultrasound abnormality. (Table 1) The most represented ultrasound lesions were of uterine origin with 72.20%, 23.7% ovarian lesions and 04% tubal lesions. (Table 2) Uterine lesions were dominated by myomas, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, uterine malformations and synechiae. (Table 3) As for ovarian lesions we noted cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian endometriosis, non-follicular ovaries and tubal ultrasound lesions showed unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx. (Table 4)
202 patients or 80.8% had at least one ultrasound lesion and 48 patients or 19.2% had no significant ultrasound abnormality.
Uterine ultrasound lesions dominated with 72.20% of cases.
Distribution of patients according to the presence of echographic anomaly
Ultrasound Lesions
Number
Percentage (%)
YES
202
80.80
NO
48
19.20
TOTAL
250
100%
Distribution of patients according to the origin of the ultrasound lesion
ULTRASOUND LESION LOCALISATION
NUMBER
PERCENTAGE (%)
UTERINE
146
72.20
OVARIAN
48
23.70
TUBAL
8
4
TOTAL
202
100%
Distribution of patients by type of uterine abnormality
Ultrasound Abdbnormality
Number
Percentage (%)
SINGLE MYOMA
28
19.17
MULTIPLE MYOMAS
85
58.21
ADENOMYOSIS
26
17.80
ENDOMETRIAL POLYP
5
3.42
UTERINE MALFORMATION
1
0.68
SYNECHIA
1
0.68
TOTAL
146
100%
Distribution of patients by type of ovarian anomaly
Ultrasound Abnormality
Number
Percentage (%)
SINGLE FUNCTIONAL CYST
8
16.66
BILATERAL FUNTIONAL CYST
5
10.41
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
29
60.41
ORGANIC CYST
1
02.08
OVARIAN ENDOMETRIOSIS
3
06.25
NON-FOLLICULAR OVARIES
2
04.16
TOTAL
48
100%
The polymyomatous uterus was the most represented on the ultrasound, 58.21%, and almost all of these myomas were submucosal. Uterine myomatosis accounted for more than 77% of all uterine lesions observed, followed by adenomyosis.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was the most represented ovarian ultrasound anomaly with just over 60%. In some cases, there were more than twenty follicles per ovary with cycle disorders, hirsutism and a deep voice, witness to a fairly pronounced androgenism.
Tubal abnormalities were hydrosalpinx, 8 patients or 04%. Of the 8 patients, 5 had bilateral hydrosalpinx and 3 had unilateral hydrosalpinx.
4. Discussion
250 women were recruited into our study. The average age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 51 years. 179 patients or 71.6% were between 17 and 35 years old. This result is similar to that of Tiemtore K. et al. [7] who found 63.64% of subfertile women in Ouagadougou in 2016.
139 patients or 55.6% had secondary infertility against 44.4% primary infertility. This score is similar to that of Dembélé N. [8] who in 2021 had found 55.70% secondary infertility versus 44.30% primary infertility.
In our study, ultrasound found abnormalities in 80.8% of respondents. Several authors have reported similar figures [9] [10] [11] . This could be explained by the fact that ultrasound is the first-line examination in the infertility assessment.
72.20% of ultrasound abnormalities were of uterine origin. This score is above that of Shalev J. [12] who found 50.3% uterine causes and different from that of Tiemtore K. et al. [7] who found 67% lesions of rather ovarian origin.
Myomas accounted for more than 77% of all causes of uterine origin. This figure is very close to that found by Gandji et al. [13] who found 76.8% of causes of infertility linked to myomas, especially submucosal.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most represented ovarian ultrasound anomaly with 60.41%. Biao et al. [14] reported similar results in their series in 2008 (61%). Many other authors have reported that the main etiology of infertility is related to an ovulation abnormality such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). [15] [16] [17] [18] . (Figure 1)
Tubal lesions were represented by hydrosalpinxes. They were not very representative in our study (04%). Camus E et al. [19] reported 06% of cases of hydrosalpinx and determined its role in in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures and reduction in the rate of natural and induced pregnancies. (Figure 2 & Figure 3)
Limits of the Study
Since this is a prospective study, the frequency of female infertility would be underestimated in Bamako but also the causal diagnosis as well made difficult because of meager means paraclinical exploration.
5. Conclusion
Ultrasound in the assessment of female infertility in our context has been really contributory because it has made it possible to diagnose uterine pathologies mostly resolved by polymyomectomy, ovarian pathologies marked by dysovulation treated by ovulation inducers and ovarian and finally tubal monitoring.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Dembele, M., Kouma, A., Guindo, I., Berete, Z.C., Sanogo, S., N’diaye, M., Doumbia, B., Diarra, O., Traore, O., Cisse, I., N’Diaye, A.S., Doucoure, B., Yalcouye, Y., Keita, A.D. and Sidibe, S. (2023) Ultrasound Causes of Female Infertility at the Fertilia Medical Clinic in Bamako. Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 13, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmi.2023.133011
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