<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJPS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>American Journal of Plant Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2158-2742</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ajps.2023.148061</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJPS-127175</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biomedical&amp;Life Sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Co-Occurring Plant Species of the West African Critically Endangered &lt;i&gt;Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis&lt;/i&gt; Heine, in C&amp;#244;te d’Ivoire
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Doudjo</surname><given-names>Noufou Ouattara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hermann</surname><given-names>Hippolyte Tro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dofoungo</surname><given-names>Koné</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Akoua</surname><given-names>Emilia Afanvi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Doh</surname><given-names>Amed Coulibaly</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Adama</surname><given-names>Bakayoko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C&amp;amp;#244;te d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, C&amp;amp;#244;te d’Ivoire</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Botanique et Valorisation de la Diversité Végétale, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, C&amp;amp;#244;te d’Ivoire</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>UFR Sciences Biologiques, Université Pelefero Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo, C&amp;amp;#244;te d’Ivoire</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>08</issue><fpage>915</fpage><lpage>928</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>17,</day>	<month>June</month>	<year>2023</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20,</day>	<month>August</month>	<year>2023</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23,</day>	<month>August</month>	<year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  The Upper Guinea Forest is subject to heavy deforestation. In this context, many endemic and/or rare plant species are threatened with extinction. This is the case of 
  Aubregrinia ta&amp;#239;ensis (Aubr&#233;v. &amp; Pellegr.) Heine, a critically endangered Sapotaceae species, endemic to C&amp;#244;te d’Ivoire and Ghana. After 3 years of investigation in and around the Tai National Park (TNP) in the West of C&amp;#244;te d’Ivoire, only one individual of this species was located and no sexual reproductive organs (fruits, seeds) were observed. Woody plant species around 
  this individual were inventoried in order to know the species that can co-occur with 
  Aubregrinia ta&amp;#239;ensis. For that a plot of 30 m of diameter was established around the individual and all of the woody species of this circle were inventoried. Then, the taxonomic diversity, the chorology of the species, 
  the conservation status and their life-form were recorded. A total of 130 woody plant species belonging to 51 families were collected in the site. The most represented families are Euphorbiaceae (12 spp.), Rubiaceae (10 spp.), Annonaceae (7 spp.), Fabaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae (6 spp. each) while the most represented genera are 
  Diospyros L. (4 spp
  .
  ), Cola Schott &amp; Endl. and Vitex L. (3 spp
  .
  ). Species from the Guineo-Congolese Region (GC) are the most abundant (72%). They are followed by West African endemic species (GCW, 19%). Microphanerophytes (mp) are the most abundant and represent more than 40% of the species. Three vulnerable species were found in this plot: Campylospermum amplectens, Placodiscus boya and Trichoscypha cavalliensis. Thus, the preservation of this forest is more than necessary.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Co-Occurring Species</kwd><kwd> &lt;i&gt;Aubregrinia ta&amp;#239;ensis&lt;/i&gt;</kwd><kwd> Forest</kwd><kwd> Threatened Species</kwd><kwd> C&amp;#244;te d’Ivoire</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Recent studies show that a third of the flora of tropical Africa is potentially threatened with extinction [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref1">1</xref>] . Overexploitation, loss of natural habitats, deforestation, and shifting agriculture, driven by human development, are all factors that explain the decline of species. The West African Upper Guinean Forest, which extends from eastern Senegal to western Togo (with a gap called the Dahomey gap between Ghana and Togo), is one of the world hotspots of biodiversity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref2">2</xref>] . It therefore contains a rich biodiversity and a high rate of endemism. But this forest is subject to heavy deforestation. Despite their biological richness, a number of ongoing threats to biodiversity in the Upper Guinean forests have resulted in the loss of more than 85% of native vegetation cover [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref3">3</xref>] . For example, in C&#244;te d’Ivoire, the forest which was estimated at 16 million hectares has been reduced to 2.7 million hectares at the end of the 20th century [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref4">4</xref>] . This has the corollary of the disappearance of ecosystems but also of certain plant species. On the scale of C&#244;te d’Ivoire, more than 30 years ago, 77 plant species in the process of extinction of the flora of the country were listed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref5">5</xref>] . In another publication which appeared a few years later, the author adds other species and emphasizes the need to take conservation measures in situ and ex situ, for species of Sapotaceae (including the one that makes the object of this study, Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis), in order to avoid their total disappearance from the flora [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref6">6</xref>] . The Sapotaceae constitute one of the botanical families comprising a high number of threatened trees in Africa and particularly in C&#244;te d’Ivoire [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref7">7</xref>] . The situation of this family is explained, at least in part, and in addition to the aforementioned factors, by the high endemicity of African species [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref6">6</xref>] and the “natural” rarity of many species of the family [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref7">7</xref>] . Moreover, among the 43 native Sapotaceae species of C&#244;te d’Ivoire, 9 are endemic only to the Upper Guinean Forest. Among these species, there is A. ta&#239;ensis which, in addition to being threatened, is endemic to two countries: C&#244;te d’Ivoire and Ghana. It is a unique species in the genus Aubregrinia Heine and is classified as critically endangered by IUCN. Indeed, the species is threatened by logging and wood harvesting. As mentioned by Aubr&#233;ville [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref7">7</xref>] , in the evergreen forest of West Africa, the notion of distribution ranges is difficult to be applied with some species because of the small number of known or reported individuals. A. ta&#239;ensis is one of these rare species. Therefore, ex situ and in situ conservation strategies must be dedicated to this species once an individual is found. In the frame of an intensive search for A. ta&#239;ensis conducted in and around the Tai National Park in C&#244;te d’Ivoire, one individual was observed in a small fragment of private forest, therefore located outside the park. This individual did not bear flowers or fruits. The preservation of the individual and species needs not only the conservation of the biotope (the forest) but also the production of seedlings for introduction into botanical gardens or habitats favorable to its development. In such a context, the knowledge of the species associated (co-occurring species) with this individual is extremely important because it is the first level of evaluation of the ecology of the species. Indeed, highlighting co-occurrence patterns is important for understanding the factors that shape plant associations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref9">9</xref>] . This requires clear identification of the species present. The current study has been carried out in order to inventory woody plant species associated to the individual of A. ta&#239;ensis.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Material and Methods</title><sec id="s2_1"><title>2.1. Study Area</title><p>A. ta&#239;ensis is a Guineo-congolese species that can grow in evergreen moist or wet evergreen forests or in moister semideciduous forest zone especially on or near hills. The study was carried out in the village of Gahably located in the department of Ta&#239; not far from the Ta&#239; National Park (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>). Indeed, to date, the investigations aimed at locating the individuals of Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis, in C&#244;te d’Ivoire, have only made it possible to locate a single individual of the species, in this village, in a forest of about 3 hectares, belonging to a peasant. The area is located in the South-West of C&#244;te d’Ivoire. The climate of this region is of the subequatorial type, characterized by heat and humidity during all the year. The average annual rainfall varies between 1400 and 2100 mm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref10">10</xref>] . The average annual temperature remains close to 26˚C. There are 4 seasons. The long rainy season (March/April to July) is followed by the short dry season in August. The rain starts again with the small rainy season (September and October). The great dry season which lasts from November until February/March ends the year.</p></sec><sec id="s2_2"><title>2.2. Studied Species</title><p>A. ta&#239;enis is a tall tree up to 50 m high and 95 cm in diameter. The bark is pale brown, exuding a white latex. The leaves are alternate, oblong, entire and leathery measuring 13 - 25 cm in length and 5 - 10 cm in width. They are narrowly to broadly obovate, glabrous with base mostly asymmetric, decurrent and arranged at the end of the branches. The venations are very fine and very tight. The fruits are berries containing about 8 seeds. The seeds have a hard, yellow to dark brown, shiny seed coat.</p></sec><sec id="s2_3"><title>2.3. Inventory and Identification of Co-Occurring Plants</title><p>BA surface inventory has been applied and the dimensions used by Tom-Dery et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref11">11</xref>] were adopted. Thus, with a measuring tape and wooden post, a circular plot of 30 m of diameter (i.e., 706.5 m<sup>2</sup>) was established around the individual of Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>) which was the center of the circle. All the species present in this circle were recorded. Three circular sub-plots of 5 m radius were</p><p>placed inside the plot to facilitate the inventory. Recognition of regeneration individuals (seedlings) was carried out with a specialist botanist (Mr. T&#233;r&#233; Henri) from the region who has a great knowledge of the flora. The search for possible individuals of A. ta&#239;ensis within this stage of development was carried out by focusing on plants that had latex (Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Sapotaceae, Clusiaceae, etc.). Herbarium samples were collected especially for plants that could not be identified in the field. All the plants were identified at the species level. The samples collected in the field were sent to the herbarium of the “Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C&#244;te d’Ivoire”. All the specimens are deposited in this herbarium (CSRS). The names of the inventoried species were checked in the online database (https://tnrs.biendata.org/). The nomenclature adopted is that of the phylogenetic classification [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref12">12</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2_4"><title>2.4. Floristic Analysis</title><p>A qualitative analysis of the diversity was carried out in this study. First, the taxonomic diversity was assessed through the number of species, genera and families Then the conservation status, of each species was checked on the IUCN website (https://www.iucnredlist.org/). The chorology of the specimens was determined at the national and regional (West Africa) levels according to the classification proposed by Ak&#233; Assi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref12">12</xref>] . These are:</p><p>-GC: Guinean-Congolese species (represented in the forest areas located in the South of the country);</p><p>-SZ: Sudano-Zambesian species (represented in the Center and North of the country;</p><p>-GC-SZ: Common species for the Guinean-Congo&#173;lese and Sudano-Zambesian phytogeographical regions;</p><p>-GCW: Endemic species of the forest area situated at the west of Togo, including Ghana, C&#244;te d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia and Senegal. The life-form of each species has been determined according to Ak&#233; Assi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref12">12</xref>] . Thus, the megaphanerophytes (MP) are trees over 30 m in height, mesophanerophytes (mP) are trees with heights between 8 and 30 m, microphanerophytes (me) are shrubs with heights between 2 and 8 m, nanophanerophytes (np) are shrubs with heights between 2.25 m and 2 m high. Woody lianas (L) have also been classified on the same model. All these parameters made it possible to acquire an overall idea of the richness and floristic composition of the studied forest. Threatened species and GCW were considered as special status species in this study due to their value for conservation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref13">13</xref>] .</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Results and Discussion</title><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. Taxonomic Diversity of Co-Occurring Plants of A. ta&#239;ensis</title><p>A total of 130 woody plant species were inventoried in the site (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>). These species belong to 109 genera and 51 families. The most represented genera are Diospyros (4 species), Cola and Vitex (3 species each). The most representative families in number of species are those of the Euphorbiaceae (12 species, 9%), Rubiaceae (10 species, 8%), Annonaceae (7 species, 5%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>). These families are among the dominant ones identified by Bakayoko et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref14">14</xref>] in forest fragments from the same area, in 2011.</p><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Co-occurring species of Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis in a forest fragment of Gahably near Ta&#239;</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Species</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Family</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Chorology</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Life-form</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Acridocarpus longifolius (G. Don) Hook. f.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malpighiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Aganope leucobotrya (Dunn) Polhill</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Albertisia scandens (Mangenot &amp; Mi&#232;ge) Forman</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Menispermaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lnp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W. Wight</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Albizia zygia (DC) J. F. Macbr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. &amp; Tonn.) M&#252;ll. Arg.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Alchornea floribunda M&#252;ll. Arg.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annickia polycarpa (DC.) Setten &amp; Maas</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Anthonotha fragrans (Baker f.) Excell</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. var. africana (Engl.) C. C. Berg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Baphia polygalacea (Hook. F.) Baker</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Baphia pubescens Hook. f.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Blighia welwitschii (Hiern) Radlk.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sapindaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Campylospermum amplectens (Stapf) Farron</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ochnaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Campylospermum subcordatum (Stapf) Farron</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ochnaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Burseraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Carpolobia lutea G. Don</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Polygalaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Casearia prismatocarpa Mast.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Flacourtiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cercestis afzelii Schott</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Araceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Chrysophyllum taiense Aubr&#233;v. &amp; Pellegr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sapotaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cleistanthus polystachyus Hook. f. ex Planch.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. &amp; Diels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cnestis ferruginea DC.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Connaraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cola caricaefolia (G. Don) K. Schum.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cola heterophylla (P. Beauv.) Schott &amp; Endl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cola lateritia K. Schum. Var. maclaudi (A. Chev.) Brenan &amp; Keay</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Corynanthe pachyceras K. Schum.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Costus afer Ker Gawl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Zingiberaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Crossostemma laurifolium Planch. Ex Benth.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Passifloraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cuviera acutiflora DC.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dacryodes klaineana (Pierre) H. J. Lam</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Burseraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Decorsella paradoxa A. Chev.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Violaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Desplatsia chrysochlamys (Mildbr. &amp; Burret) Mildbr. &amp; Burret</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dichapetalum angolense Chodat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dichapetalaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LmP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dichapetalum pallidum (Oliv.) Engl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dichapetalaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LmP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dicranolepis persei H. A. Cummins</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Thymelaeaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Didymosalpinx abbeokutae (Hiern) Keay</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Diospyros mannii Hiern</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ebenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Diospyros sanza-minika A. Chev</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ebenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Diospyros soubreana F. White</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ebenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Diospyros vignei F. White</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ebenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dorstenia kameruniana Engl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex E. Morren</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dracaenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dracaena ovata Ker Gawl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dracaenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Drypetes ivorensis Hutch. &amp; Dalziel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Drypetes klainei Pierre ex Pax</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C. DC.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Meliaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Eribroma oblongum (Mast.) Pierre ex A. Chev.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Erythrocacca anomala (Juss. Ex Poir.) Prain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Erythroxylum mannii Oliv.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Erythroxylaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ficus kamerunensis Mildbr. &amp; Burret</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ficus sur Forssk.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Apocynaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Glyphaea brevis (Spreng.) Monach.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Griffonia simplicifolia (Vahl ex DC.) Baill.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Taylor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Hoplestigma klaineanum Pierre</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Hoplestigmataceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Hugonia planchonii Hook. f.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Linaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Hymenostegia afzelii (Oliv.) Harms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Landolphia dulcis (R.Br. Ex Sabine) Pichon var barteri (Stapf) Pichon</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Apocynaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Landolphia membranacea (Stapf) Pichon</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Apocynaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lannea welwitschii (Hiern) Engl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Anacardiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lasiodiscus mannii Hook. f.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rhamnaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Leptactina densiflora Hook. f. var. densiflora</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lovoa trichilioides Harms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Meliaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Maesobotrya barteri (Baill.) Hutch. var. sparsiflora (Scott-Elliot) Keay</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Manniophyton fulvum M&#252;ll. Arg.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Manotes longiflora Baker</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Connaraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Chrysobalanaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Marantochloa filipes (Benth.) Hutch.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Marantaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Mareya micrantha (Benth.) M&#252;ll. Arg.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyle</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Microdesmis puberula auct., non Hutch. &amp; Dalziel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pandaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Morinda longiflora G. Don</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Myrianthus libericus Rendle</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moraceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Napoleonaea vogelii Hook. &amp; Planch.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lecythidaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Neuropeltis acuminata</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Convolvulaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LMP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Olax gambecola Baill. (P. Beauv.) Benth.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Olacaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Olyra latifolia L.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Poaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Omphalocarpum ahia A. Chev.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sapotaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ongokea gore (Hua) Pierre</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Olacaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Oxyanthus formosus Hook. f. ex Planch.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Phyllocosmus africanus (Hook. f.) Klotzsch</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ixonanthaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook. f.) Brenan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Placodiscus boya Aubr&#233;v. &amp; Pellegr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sapindaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Platysepalum hirsutum (Dunn) Hepper</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LmP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pleicarpa mutica Benth.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Apocynaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Plesiatropha paniculate (Pax) Breteler</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Polyalthia oliveri Engl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pterygota bequaertii De Wild.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ptychopetalum anceps Oliv.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Olacaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Myristicaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Raphia hookeri G. Mann &amp; H. Wendl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Arecaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Apocynaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Hook. f. ex Planch.) Planch. Ex Benth.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Icacinaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel subsp. Africanum (M&#252;ll. Arg.) J. L&#233;onard</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Violaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Violaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rothmannia longifora Salisb.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rubiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Scottelia klaineana Pierre var. klaineana</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Flacourtiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >MP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sterculia tragacantha Lindl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Malvaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC-SZ</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Strombosia pustulata Oliv.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Olacaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Strychnos usambarensis Gilg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Loganiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LmP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Synsepalum afzelii (Engl.) T. D. Penn.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sapotaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Tarrietia utilis (Sprague) Sprague</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Fabaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Tiliacora leonensis (Scott-Elliot) Diels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Menispermaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Trichilia martineaui Aubr&#233;v. &amp; Pellegr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Meliaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J. J. de Wilde</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Meliaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Trichoscypha cavalliensis Aubr&#233;v. &amp; Pellegr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Anacardiaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. &amp; Dalziel) Airy Shaw</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dioncophyllaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LMP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Uapaca guineensis M&#252;ll. Arg.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Phyllanthaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Uvaria afzelii Scott-Elliot</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Uvaria anonoides Baker f.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Lmp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Annonaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Vepris soyauxii Mziray</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rutaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Vitex grandifolia G&#252;rke</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Verbenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Vitex micrantha G&#252;rke</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Verbenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Vitex phaeotricha Mildbr. Ex W. Piep.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Verbenaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Warneckea guineensis (Keay) Jacq. -F&#233;lix</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Melastomataceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mp</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Whitfieldia colorata C. B. Clarke ex Stapf</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Acanthaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >np</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P. G. Waterman</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Rutaceae</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >mP</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>GC: Guinean-Congolese species; GC-SZ: Common species for the Guinean-Congolese and Sudano-Zambesian phytogeographical regions; GCW: Endemic species of the forest area situated at the west of Togo, including Ghana, C&#244;te d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia and Senegal; mp: Microphanerophyte; np: Nanophanerophyte; mP: Mesophanerophyte; MP: Megaphanerophyte; Lmp: Liana microphanerophyte; LmP: Liana mesophanerophyte; LMP: Liana megaphanerophyte; Lnp: Liana nanophanerophyte.</p></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. Chorology and Life-Form of the Species</title><p>Regarding chorology, species from the Guineo-Congolese Region (GC) are the most abundant (72%). Also 19% of the species are endemic of the West African forest (GCW). Only 8% of the species are from the savannah-forest transition zone (GC-SZ). The different proportions are shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>. The species belong to eight life-forms but all phanerophytes. The dominant life-form is that of microphanerophytes (mp). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref>, more than 40 % of species</p><p>belong to this life-form. It appears that 20% of the inventoried species are lianas. This relatively high proportion of lianas and the dominance of microphanerophytes show that the forest studied would have undergone degradation. Indeed, the studies of Bakayoko et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref14">14</xref>] on forest fragments in western C&#244;te d’Ivoire have shown that these forests are heavily disturbed by human activities, resulting in an increase of pioneers and lianas. Furthermore, Bongers et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref15">15</xref>] indicated that the main reason for the abundance of lianas would be related to the disturbance. This suggests that Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis could thrive on anthropized sites if individuals are spared. Also, it appears that the research of the plant should not be oriented only in the National Park of Tai. Community forests, forest fragments, secondary forests and even old fallows should also be visited.</p></sec><sec id="s3_3"><title>3.3. Special Status Species</title><p>The forest is home to 24 species with special status (GCW and/or VU) as indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>. Three of these species are listed as threatened (all vulnerable)</p><table-wrap id="table2" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref></label><caption><title> List of special status species co-occurring with Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Species</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Conservation status</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Chorology</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Campylospermum amplectens</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >VU</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Placodiscus boya</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >VU</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Trichoscypha cavalliensis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >VU</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Albertisia scandens</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Campylospermum subcordatum</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Chrysophyllum taiense</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cleistanthus polystachyus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cola caricaefolia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Crossostemma laurifolium</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Decorsella paradoxa</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dialium aubrevillei</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dicranolepis persei</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Diospyros vignei</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Dracaena aubryana</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Drypetes ivorensis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Drypetes klainei</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Landolphia membranacea</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Maesobotrya barteri</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Platysepalum hirsutum</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Tarrietia utilis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >LC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Tiliacora leonensi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Triphyophyllum peltatum</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Vitex micrantha</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Whitfieldia colorata</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >NE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >GCW</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>EN: Endangered species; CR: Critical endangered species; LC: Least Concern species; NE: Not evaluated species; GC: Guinean-Congolese species; GCW: Endemic species of the forest area situated at the west of Togo, including Ghana, C&#244;te d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia and Senegal.</p><p>according to the IUCN categories. These are: Campylospermum amplectens, Placodiscus boya and Trichoscypha cavalliensis. Ake Assi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref15">15</xref>] consider Chrysophyllum ta&#239;ensis as an endemic species of C&#244;te d’Ivoire while other authors believe that it is a West African endemic species [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref16">16</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref17">17</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref18">18</xref>] . We adopted this opinion in the present study. However, for Hawthorne and Jongkind [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref19">19</xref>] Chrysophyllum ta&#239;ensis could be a synonymous of Chrysophyllum subnudum with the level of variety. These authors suggested a detailed review study of the plant and related species across Africa. In C&#244;te d’Ivoire the distribution of this species is limited to the west of the Sassandra River. Such species are called Sassandrian [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref16">16</xref>] . Among the 24 species, 16 (i.e., 66.66%) have not been assessed according to the IUCN threat categories. This lack of status is a risk of disappearance of these species. Indeed, without conservation status, species are often not among the priority ones in the frame of in situ or ex situ conservation projects such as in botanical gardens or agroforestry. Yet these species could be in severe threat status. Indeed, all these species are endemic to the Upper Guinea forest, one of the world’s hotspots of biodiversity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref2">2</xref>] . But this area, is subject to a high rate of deforestation, habitats loss and degradation. The presence of 26 special status species around Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis (CR species) shows that this forest is important for the conservation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref13">13</xref>] . Thus, the forest should be preserved. In addition, no fruit or flower has yet been observed on the individual Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis observed. Vegetation multiplication trials (cuttings, layering) should be carried out in order to obtain seedlings quickly. Studies of cuttings of Tieghemella heckelii (A. Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard, another tree species of the Sapotaceae growing in the same area with Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis, have given satisfactory results [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.127175-ref20">20</xref>] .</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusion</title><p>This study made it possible to know the companion flora of an individual of Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis. Although the site is secondary forest, it is home to priority species for conservation due to their endemicity or conservation status. The floristic composition of the forest shows that Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis can grow in secondary and/or degraded forests. This fragment of forest, although belonging to a person, and therefore constituting private property, should be preserved. The possibility of accompanying the owner for its erection into a Voluntary Nature Reserve (RNV) is one of the options to be considered for its conservation. The lack of conservation status for the majority of species could favor the disappearance of many plants because they could not be taken into account in species safeguard projects.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This study was carried out during field missions financed by Botanical Garden Conservation International (BGCI) through the project “in situ conservation of Aubregrinia in C&#244;te d’Ivoire”.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Conflicts of Interest</title><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Ouattara, D.N., Tro, H.H., Kon&#233;, D., Afanvi, A.E., Coulibaly, D.A. and Bakayoko, A. (2023) Co-Occurring Plant Species of the West African Critically Endangered Aubregrinia ta&#239;ensis Heine, in C&#244;te d’Ivoire. 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