This study was conducted between January and June 2022 in the Ndé Division in Cameroon (Figure 1). Ndé is located between 10˚21' and 10˚51' East longitude and 4˚52' and 5˚16' North latitude with a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants 19. It covers an area of approximately 1524 km² with a tropical climate of type. The average annual temperature is 20.4˚C and rainfall of about 1950 mm per year [20] . The Municipality of Bangangté concentrates more than half of the population of the Division and extends over an area of approximately 800 km². The Ndé Division has a total of four subdivisions (Bangangté, Bazou, Tonga and Bassamba) [21] .

Data collection was done through a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was mounted in French and was administered in French and/or local language with the help of an interpreter whenever necessary. Topics covered in the questionnaire included relevant information on socio-economic information of respondents, associated farming techniques and constraints.

Respondents were reached through representative following an introductory meeting involving local authorities as divisional delegate and the district delegates of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries of the study area. The identification of breeding areas and access to herder communities were approved by their representative following presentation of research credentials. Seventeen farmers randomly selected within the study division tested the clarity, reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Farmers were briefed on the main objective of the work and their consents obtained before administration of the questionnaire. A total of 110 farmers in four districts of the Division representing 70% of the number of cattle breeders in this locality were surveyed based on the random number generation technique selected from a list of breeders obtained at the Delegations of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (DREPIA) of Ndé division and completed by private field farmers.

Following the survey, each questionnaire was assigned a unique code then entered into a database using the KoboCollect tool. The data base was subjected to descriptive statistics to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the breeders, the technical characteristics of the farms and the constraints of breeding. The Chi-square test was used to test the independence between the qualitative variables at the 5% threshold. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was run to establish the typology of breeders and cattle farms. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program R v. 4.1.3 [22] .

Localities surveyed contributed unequally to the collection of data (Table 1). The highest proportion (92.73%) of breeders came from the locality of Bangangté, followed by the localities of Bazou and Tonga with 2.73% of breeders and finally the locality of Bassamba which contributed 1.82% of breeders (χ² = 269.13; p < 0.001). The high number of breeders present in this district would be due to a large area and the fodder routes favorable to cattle breeding compared to the other districts. Cattle breeding was mainly practiced by men (98.18%; χ² =102.15; p < 0.001), whose ages ranged between 20 and 40 years old. The male gender and the Mbororo ethnic group appeared to be the categories of people most involved in cattle breeding. These results are similar to those of [16] where the majority of breeders surveyed in the Noun division were men (98.1%) and

Note: p < 0.001 = highly significant.

that most (69.8%) of the breeders were Mbororos. Indeed, the dominance of men in cattle herding are mainly because they are breadwinners in these communities and take responsibility for managing the herds to meet the subsistence needs of the family [18] . The 20 to 40-year-old group presented a representative weight, suggesting that breeding is carried out by adults, but the practice is diluted at older ages (60 years and over). The influence of the age pyramid is another element of explanation. A similar observation was made by [23] in North Cameroon where 60% of herders were under 35 years old.

The largest number of herders (68.18%) was the Mbororos followed by Foulbés (24.55%), Haoussa (2.73%), Bamoun (1.82%), Bamilékés (1.82%) and Kapiski (0.91%) (χ² = 290.51; p < 0.001). The breeders were mostly married (91.82%; χ² = 169.33: p < 0.001), reflecting the frequent practice of this activity by adults. Most of the breeders (50.91%) had no educational level, followed by those who had completed vocational studies (29.09%), then by those with a primary and secondary level (8.18%) and finally those with a higher degree (3.64%). This high rate of illiteracy could be explained by the constant movement associated with most livestock herders even during the schooling period of the year. The Koranic literacy rate of 29.09% testifies that a large part of cattle breeders are Muslims (92.73%) and learn Koranic reading from an early age while giving little importance to Western schooling. According to the study carried out by [24] on cattle breeders in Menoua, the proportion of illiterate breeders was 81.2%. On the other hand, those carried out by [11] in the North-West and by [16] in Noun observed that the proportion of literate herders was 71.2% and 81.2% respectively. The majority of cattle breeders carry out this breeding as their main activity. They assume that this livestock sector could be a fairly profitable activity for breeders to the point that they no longer need to resort to other activities in parallel. The dominance of paid labor would be due to cattle farming requiring a lot of space and time to drive the animals. Breeders may need paid labor in the event of other occupations or old age. Thus, a survey carried out in the municipality of Kalalé in Benin revealed that the majority of breeders sought foreign labor in order to better manage their herds [25] . A large number of breeders surveyed obtained their animals by inheritance. This result can be explained by cattle breeding being a traditional profession among breeders and the animals are transmitted from father to son.

This study shows that 77.27% of respondents raised cattle for self-consumption and sale (χ² = 102.78; p < 0.001) (Table 2). With regards to labor, 50% of livestock keepers had paid labor, 25% of them had paid family labor while the remaining 25% had exclusively family workers. (χ² = 13.5; p < 0.001). The study revealed that the majority of breeders (93.63%; χ² = 276.55; p < 0.001) used their own funds as a source of finance. Animals were mostly sold from the farm (62.72% χ² = 131.55; p < 0.001) and merchants (butchers) were the main customers (46.36%).

Note: p < 0.001 = highly significant.

Cattle breeds reared were White Fulani (70%), Goudali (44.55%), Hybrids (34.55%), Red Fulani (11.82%) (Table 3), Holstein (1.82%) and Montbéliard (0.91%) (χ² = 269.09; p < 0.001) while respondents often reported the use of more than a single breed. The average number of farms was 46 cattle. The lowest number was 20 heads while the highest number was 700 heads. The majority of respondents had a herd of fewer than 75 heads (76.63%; χ² = 30.36; p < 0.001). The herds were mainly made of white Fulani. This breed is much appreciated by the breeders of this locality as it is a hardy, very good walker and much more resistant to disease than other breeds 23. In addition, some breeders individually had several herds (2 to 4) while others had common or collective herds. The existence of collective herds would make their management difficult because decision-making does not depend only on the group leader but on all the members.

Clay was the material used in most instances (70%) for the enclosure floor while 23.63% used concrete and 0.9% used plywood (χ² = 96.36; p < 0.001) (Table 4). The different types of enclosures were made of stake and barbed wire (67.27%), plank associated to barbed wire (30%), plank (1.81%) and concrete (0.9%) (χ² = 128.91; p < 0.001). Cattle breeders are increasingly sedentary in the Ndé (51.81%) while some still practice transhumance. Reasons set forth for transhumance are mainly scarcity of water and agro-pastoral conflicts (χ² = 39.21; p < 0.001). These are associated to investment in time, finance or energy making more breeders to be reluctant to embrace this practice. Although those engaging in this practice often evoke the lack of fodder, lack of water and agro-pastoral conflicts, in some other divisions (Noun and Mbam and Inoubou) transhumance is still well practiced [16] [18] . Sedentary could also be explained by the breeders getting themselves increasingly involved in developing personal fodder plot of Pennisetum clandestinum, Brachiarria ruziziensis and Trypsacum laxum while those depending solely on natural pastures are still verse in transhumance.

Natural fodder combined with cooking salt were mainly used to feed herd (59.09%), 40% of farmers added concentrate to feed (χ² = 4.04; p = 0.044) (Table 5). A greater proportion of these breeders (70.90%; χ² = 19.23; p < 0.001) had personal fodder plot of Pennisetum clandestinum, Brachiarria ruziziensis, Trypsacum laxum. The sources of water supply for their animals were boreholes, backwaters and rivers (Table 4). The majority of breeders took their herds to the backwater for drinking (78.18%; χ² = 239.12; p < 0.001).

The main social constraint observed was the lack of technical training related to cattle breeding (Table 6). This situation implies a transmission of knowledge related to cattle breeding from father to son and consequently, the breeders devote

Note: p < 0.001 = highly significant.

Note: p< 0.001 = highly significant.

Note: p < 0.001 = highly significant; p > 0.001 = significant.

Note: p < 0.001 = highly significant; p = 0.001 = significant.

themselves little to new pastoral techniques which constitute a brake for the development of this activity. Formal education is not commonly practiced in communities with the skills transmitted from parents to offspring (mostly fathers to son). Indeed, the majority of respondents had no technical training (97.27%; χ² = 98.33; p < 0.001). Similar observations were previously reported in other localities in Cameroon [24] [26] . Additionally, several parents will start initiating the offspring at the early ages sending them with the animals to supervise grazing. Regarding economic constraints, a large part of the breeders did not have access to financing (85.45%; χ² = 55.30; p < 0.001). The sale of animals remains challenging in this locality (65.5%; χ² = 10.50; p = 0.001). In the Ndé division, there is no livestock market. Breeders mainly rely on butchers as main customers and get all their money after the product has been sold by the latter.

Almost all of the breeders reported that their cattle came from the same herd (99.09%; χ² = 106.04; p < 0.001) (Table 7), most of the respondents also had cattle of other species on their farms (66.36% χ² = 11.78; p < 0.001). The agro-pastoral conflict seemed to be the main limiting factor related to housing in this locality. Indeed, 76.36% of breeders face this problem. Herds generally have a narrow path while moving to a new site to graze. This augments the chances of animals deviating to nearby farmlands and feed on crops.

The insufficiency of fodder around was the major problem related to food encountered by cattle breeders (67.27%; χ² = 13.12; p < 0.05). Ongoing human development characterized by the building of infrastructures and intensive agriculture are reducing rangeland for cattle. Access to drinking water also remains a challenge to herds and runoff from nearby farmland could eventually transport pesticides downside to the few remaining accessible drinking points. Findings here are similar to previous studies showing that agro pastoral conflicts are widely spread in the community [16] [18] . Access to quality fodder remains challenging throughout the year. This is exacerbated in the dry season, contributing to the practice of fodder cultivation by the majority of breeders. Similar observations were made by Awa et al. (2004) in the cotton areas of Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Chad.

The majority of breeders (65.45%) did not have a prophylaxis program (χ² = 12; p < 0.05). Actually, 90.09% of breeders admitted having previously encountered pathologies in their herd. In the event of symptoms, the means of treatment were self-treatment (50%), self-treatment associated to slaughtering (26.36%), veterinary assistance with self-treatment (10.90%), veterinary assistance associated to self-treatment and slaughtering (9.09%) and veterinary assistance only (3.63%) (χ² = 77.54; p < 0.001). Cattle breeders usually provide treatment themselves for their sick animals. This is controversy as most of them lack the necessary knowledge and skills to diagnose and/or manage diseases through appropriate medication or practices.

Considering economic constraints, access to finance remains a main challenge to cattle breeding. The lack of subsidy can be the cause of the low renewal of the herds by the breeders and mostly resulting to low veterinary care towards animals. In most instances, specimens used for breeding are coming from the same herd. This is potentially increasing inbreeding rate in the herd and the vulnerability of animals to disease and environmental challenges. Additionally, the presence of different breed observed in the many farms can favor the transmission of diseases from a breed to the other.

Note: p < 0.001 = highly significant; p > 0.001 = significant.

Farmers usually reported several concurrent cause of mortality. In most instances, these constrains are reported at the same time by the same farmer. However, when taking each case alone, 86% of farmers complained of skin diseases, these are most often due to the nature of the floor, the atmosphere in the accommodation, the season and especially the practice of hygiene. Seventy-one percent did not know the nature of the disease, 54% complained of diarrhea, 45% spoke of foot-and-mouth disease which is characterized by hyperthermia and causes nasal, oral, foot and breast lesions which start with vesicles. Twenty-two percent spoke of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia known to be characterized on the anatomo-pathological level by an exudative inflammation of the lung and the pleura. Tuberculosis was mentioned by 20% of farms and brucellosis by 18%. This study also showed that animals could be sick at any time of the year (during the dry season as well as in the rainy season) because of no disease association with the seasons (χ² = 2.03; p = 0.363). The majority of breeders associated modern treatment with traditional treatment (tree barks, medicinal herbs, etc.) as the type of treatment administered by breeders in the event of symptoms (98.18%; χ² = 102.15; p < 0.001).

Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was applied to 15 variables ( Table A1) composed of 45 modalities contributing to the total inertia of the first 3 axes of 27.23%. The existing correlations between the variables studied and the first two axes are illustrated in Figure A1. Figure A2 shows the 5 groups of cattle breeders sampled in the department of Ndé.

As reported in Figure A1, Axis 1 represents 11.66% of the total inertia. It is correlated with main activity, schooling, provision of a prophylaxis program, experience, gender, provision of forage plot, the objective of exploitation, type of feed used, mode breeding, and labor. Axis 2 provides 8.1% total inertia. It is significantly correlated with School Enrolment, Main Activity, Purpose of Operation, Type of Labor, District, Experience, Type of Foods Used, Marital Status and Family and Provision of fodder plot. Axis 3 represents 7.47% of inertia and is significantly correlated to the variables Manpower, Purpose of Operation, Presence of Pathologies, Schooling, Age, Experience, Types of food used, Provision of a Prophylaxis program, Main activity, District, Marital status, Provision of fodder plot.

The first two axes represent a cumulative total of 19.76%, which seems low and potentially represents that cattle breeding is rather widespread in the population of respondents without any particular restriction. The first group of cattle breeders (Cluster 1) was characterized by the Agro-Breeder modalities of the main activity, marketing as the objective of breeding, paid and family labor, education essentially centered on Koranic studies, fodder with cooking salt and concentrated food as types of food used, a transhumant breeding mode and an age group of 20 to 40 years. The second group of cattle breeders (Cluster 2) is represented by the fodder and cooking salt modalities of the types of feed used, the non-availability of a prophylaxis program, self-consumption + marketing of the objective of exploitation, the non-availability of fodder plots, family labor, stockbreeding as the main activity and transhumance of the farming method. The third group of cattle breeders (Cluster 3) is described by the following modalities of different variables: the 7 - 9-year duration of the experience and the Tonga locality for the district. The fourth group of cattle breeders (Cluster 4) stands out for the yes modality of the Provision of fodder plot, the yes modality of the Provision of a prophylaxis program, the sedentary modality of the Breeding method, the Fodder with salt and food modality concentrates of the types of feed used, of the marketing modality of the breeding objective, modality of none level of schooling. The fifth group of cattle breeders (Cluster 5) is depicted by the modalities: a higher level of schooling, a civil servant of the main activity, not of the provision of a prophylaxis program, fodder associated with concentrating and cooking salt of the type of foods used, 4 - 6 years of the number of years of experience, leisure of the operating objective.