1. Background

ETSN

E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks

2167-9517

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/etsn.2023.121001

ETSN-126334

Articles

Computer Science&Communications

The Extent of Partograph Use and Associated Factors among Obstetric Care Providers in Government Hospitals in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Tsedey

Ayele

¹Sebsibe

Tadesse

²^*Daniel

Haile

National Data Management and Analytics Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Southern Nations Nationalities and People’s Regional State Health Bureau, Hawassa, Ethiopia

Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

31032023

120111321, February 202328, March 2023 31, March 2023

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Background: Prolonged labor is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization encourages using the partograph to keep track and solve this issue. The extent of partograph use in Ethiopia, however, is hardly understood. This study aimed to ascertain the level of partograph use and related variables among obstetric care providers in government hospitals in southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional institutional study was conducted among obstetric care providers in government hospitals in southern Ethiopia, from March to December 2015. The data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and format. To establish a statistical relationship, an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was utilized. Results: A total of 212 (55.1%) obstetric providers reported routine use of partograph to monitor labor. Midwives [AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: (1.2, 9.4)], clinical nurses [AOR: 3.0, 95% CI: (1.1, 7.6)], knowledge of partographs [AOR: 2.0, 95% CI: (1.2, 3.5)], positive attitudes toward partograph use [AOR: 3.7, 95% CI: (1.7, 7.7)], service of 2 - 5 years [AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: (2.8, 4.4)] and service of more than five years [AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: (2.0, 3.3)] were associated with partograph use. Conclusion: This study has shown that the use of partographs to monitor labor among obstetricians is consistent with other studies from developing countries. However, this does not mean that obstetric care does not need to be strengthened, as a significant proportion of obstetricians still do not use the partograph for labor monitoring. Therefore, it is recommended that midwives and nurses be given preference in the delivery of obstetric services, the knowledge and attitudes of providers be improved, and mechanisms be developed that can help keep senior care providers.

Midwives Nurses Obstetric Care Providers Partograph Utilization Service Duration

1. Background

A significant issue with reproductive health is maternal mortality. In 2020, there were projected to be 287,000 maternal fatalities worldwide, and every day, about 800 women died from conditions that could have been avoided during pregnancy and childbirth. Seventy percent of them originated in Sub-Saharan Africa [1] . In developing nations, prolonged labor is one of the leading causes of maternal and neonatal fatalities. Obstructed labor, dehydration, tiredness, uterine rupture, bleeding, and infections in the mother and the newborn can result from abnormally progressing labor [2] . In response, in order to improve health outcomes and lower maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, the World Health Organization advises using a partograph to track labor and delivery. However, the partograph is rarely used as a tool for making decisions during delivery in many developing nations. Instead, it is used as a labor record to be completed after the baby is born. Furthermore, filling out the partograph is frequently seen by those who offer obstetric care as an additional time-consuming duty, and they hardly ever realize how life-saving it can be [3] [4] .

Although the Ethiopian government has committed to reducing maternal mortality, the rate is still 401 per 100,000 live births in 2020 [5] . Numerous interventions have been devised to lower this unacceptable maternal death rate. The most crucial tactic for a short-term reduction in maternal mortality and morbidity in the nation has been recognized as skilled attendance during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. One element of competent care that prevents maternal mortality and problems due to obstructed or protracted labor is the use of partographs. The extent of partograph use in Ethiopia, however, is little understood [6] [7] . The purpose of this study was to ascertain the level of partograph use and related variables among obstetric care providers in government hospitals in Ethiopia’s Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region. The findings could help improve obstetric care and reduce preventable maternal deaths.

2. Materials and Methods2.1. Study Design and Area

From March to December 2015, a cross-sectional institutional survey of obstetric care providers was conducted in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region of Ethiopia. Currently, the region is administratively divided into the Sidama, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’, and South West Ethiopia Peoples’ regions.

2.2. Participants and Sample Size

All obstetric care providers working in the maternity wards of 15 randomly selected government hospitals in southern Ethiopia (out of 21) participated in the study. Staff who were unavailable during data collection were excluded from the study. Epi Info version 7 was used to determine the minimum sample size of 410 participants, based on an expected proportion of 40.2% of partograph use [7] , a margin of error of 5%, a confidence level of 95%, and a non-response rate of 10%.

2.3. Data Collection Tools and Procedures

A pretested interview questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire included detailed information on sociodemographic characteristics, use of the partograph and reasons for not using it, and providers’ knowledge and attitudes toward the use of the partograph. In addition, 13 randomly selected charts were reviewed at each hospital using a pretested data collection format. Ten certified nurses and two certified midwives participated in the data collection.

2.4. Data Quality Control

Training of data collectors and supervisors included the data collection instrument, field methods, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and record keeping. The investigators coordinated the interview process, spot-checked, and reviewed the completed questionnaire daily to ensure the completeness and consistency of the data collected. The interview questionnaire and data collection format were pretested on obstetric care providers at a hospital not selected for this study to identify potential problem areas and unexpected interpretations. We changed the questionnaire based on the results of the pretest.

2.5. Data Management and Statistical Analyses

Data were entered and cleaned using Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Frequency distributions and percentages were used for descriptive analyses. All independent variables were separately fitted to a bivariate logistic regression model to assess the association with partograph use, and a multivariable logistic regression model was also used to control for confounding factors. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to explain the statistical significance of the variables.

2.6. Operational Definitions

Partograph use: Obstetric care providers are reportedly using the partograph to routinely monitor labor.

Knowledgeable: Obstetric care providers who scored mean or higher on knowledge questions (see Table A1).

Favorable attitude: Obstetric care providers who scored mean or higher on attitude questions (see Table A2).

Obstetric care provider: A certified health care professional who cares for the woman during labor and delivery.

3. Results3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics

A total of 385 participants completed the questionnaire, representing a response rate of 93.9%. Of these, 65.7% were female. The majority, 72.5%, of participants belonged to the 20 - 29 age group. By profession, 44.7% were nurses, followed by 36.9% midwives (Table 1).

3.2. Participants’ Years of Service and Their History of Training

Three-quarters, or 75.6%, of obstetric care providers, had served for over two years. More than half, 51.2%, received training in obstetrics and neonatal care (Table 2).

3.3. Use of the Partograph

A total of 55.1% of obstetric providers reported routinely using the partograph to monitor labor. Use was also assessed by reviewing 195 charts at the hospitals studied. Partograph paperwork was included in 75% of the charts. Of these, 55% were completed to assess the progress of labor, and the remainder still needed to be completed. Nearly three-quarters of the completed papers were not properly filled out (Table 3).

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of obstetric care providers at governmental hospitals in southern Ethiopia, from March to December 2015

Variables	Number	Percent
Sex
Male	132	34.3
Female	253	65.7
Age (in years)
20 - 29	279	72.5
30 - 39	75	19.5
≥40	31	8.0
Profession
Medical doctor	27	7.0
Health officer	20	5.2
Clinical nurse	172	44.7
Midwives	142	36.9
Emergency surgery officer	24	6.2

Table 2 Service duration and history of training on skilled delivery by obstetric care providers at governmental hospitals in southern Ethiopia, from March to December 2015

Variables	Number	Percent
Service duration (in years)
<2	94	24.4
2 - 5	137	35.6
>5	154	40.0
Have you ever received training in obstetric care?
Yes	197	51.2
No	188	48.8

Table 3 Patterns of plotting on partograph papers at governmental hospitals in southern Ethiopia, from March to December 2015

Components of partograph plotted	Number	Percent
Fetal heartbeat plotted correctly
Yes	22	27.5
No	58	72.5
The membrane, intact or ruptured, is recorded
Yes	23	28.8
No	57	71.2
Cervix initial dilation plotted correctly
Yes No	24 56	30.0 70.0
Cervical dilation plotted four hourly Yes No	19 61	23.8 76.2
The color of the liquor recorded Yes No	21 59	26.2 73.8
Descent plotted correctly Yes No	18 62	22.5 77.5
Uterine contraction plotted correctly Yes No	25 55	31.2 68.8
Correctly plotted across the alert line Yes No	19 61	23.8 76.2

3.4. Reasons for Not Using the Partograph

Forty-five percent of obstetric care providers reported not routinely using the partograph to monitor labor. The most common reason for not using the partograph was the use of other tools, such as clinical notes, monitoring charts, and a piece of paper other than the partograph, for 28.1%; time constraints, for 27.1%; lack of staff, for 24.8%; and unavailability of the partograph, for 19.4% (Figure 1).

3.5. Level of Knowledge and Attitude

In terms of knowledge about the partograph, 61.0% of care providers were knowledgeable. Almost all of them, namely 99.2%, learned about the partograph during their studies. More than half, 51.2%, received training on the partograph at work. The majority, 70.4%, had a positive attitude toward the use of the partograph.

3.6. Factors Associated with the Use of Partographs

In this study, the independent predictors of partograph use in the multivariable analysis are: midwife [AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: (1.2, 9.4)], clinical nurse [AOR: 3, 95% CI: (1.1, 7.6)], knowledge of partographs [AOR: 2, 95% CI: (1.2, 3.5)], a positive attitude toward partograph use [AOR: 3.7, 95% CI: (1.7, 7.7)], a service of 2 - 5 years [AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: (2.8, 4.4)], and a service of over 5 years [AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: (2, 3.3)] (Table 4).

Table 4 Bivariate and multivariable analyses of factors associated with partograph utilization at governmental hospitals in southern Ethiopia, from March to December 2015

Variables	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Profession
General practitioner Health officer Midwife Clinical nurse Emergency surgery officer	1 1.7 (0.6, 6.7) 6.6 (2.1, 20.9) 4.9 (2.0, 5.3) 2.0 (0.8, 3.8)	1 2.2 (0.6, 7.9) 3.4 (1.2, 9.4) 3.0 (1.1, 7.6) 9.2 (0.4, 34.9)
On-job training
No Yes	1 2.5 (1.6, 3.8)	1 1.0 (0.4, 2.4)
Knowledgeable
No Yes	1 1.2 (1.1, 2.2)	1 2.0 (1.2, 3.5)
Attitude
Unfavorable Favorable	1 1.3 (1.2, 2.1)	1 3.7 (1.7, 7.7)
Service duration (in years)
<2 2 - 5 >5	1 2.3 (1.4, 4.0) 1.2 (0.7, 1.9)	1 3.4 (2.8, 4.4) 2.3 (2.0, 3.3)

4. Discussion

Skilled labor management using a partograph, a simple instrument that provides a continuous pictorial overview of labor and alerts midwives and obstetricians to abnormalities in maternal or fetal well-being, is an important approach to preventing prolonged labor and its complications [1] [8] [9] . The aim of this study was to assess the extent of partograph use and associated factors among obstetric care providers in government hospitals in southern Ethiopia. The study found that partograph use was 55.1%. In addition, midwifery, clinical nursing, knowledge of partographs, a positive attitude towards partograph use, a service of 2 - 5 years, and a service of more than 5 years were significantly associated with partograph use.

Reportedly, 55.1% of obstetric care providers in government hospitals in southern Ethiopia use partographs. This is within the range of studies from Ethiopia (13% - 57%) [6] [7] [10] and Africa (30% - 98.8%) [1] [11] . However, this does not mean that obstetric care does not need to be improved, as a significant proportion of staff still do not use the partograph to monitor labor. To encourage staff to use the partograph, interventions should include regular supportive supervision, partograph paper distribution, and training on obstetric care and partograph use [1] [6] . The significance of prompt interventions during labor and delivery, as well as accurate documentation of these interventions, should also be emphasized. The use of the partograph may be hampered by underlying systemic problems, such as insufficient staffing or a shortage of necessary supplies, which must be addressed as well. In the end, better partograph use can result in better outcomes for mothers and babies, making it an essential part of high-quality obstetric care.

This study identified important predictors influencing partograph use. Midwives and nurses were about three times more likely to use the partograph than general practitioners. This is consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia [7] [12] . This could be because midwives and clinical nurses had a greater chance of being trained in partograph use and were assigned to maternity wards because obstetric care is their primary role. However, it is important to note that partograph use should not be limited to just midwives and clinical nurses. All healthcare providers who are involved in the care of pregnant women should be trained in partograph use to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and baby. In addition, it is crucial that healthcare facilities have adequate resources and support systems in place to enable the effective use of the partograph. This includes having enough staff available to monitor labor progress and respond to any complications that may arise, as well as having access to necessary medical equipment and supplies. By ensuring that all healthcare providers are trained in partograph use and that facilities have adequate resources, we can improve maternal and neonatal outcomes and reduce the risk of complications during childbirth.

In this study, good knowledge and a positive attitude were associated with the use of partographs among obstetric providers. Previous studies have confirmed this [1] [7] [10] . The reason could be that good knowledge and a positive attitude toward partograph use could increase staff motivation, enhance job satisfaction, and encourage them to use partographs. Therefore, intervention programs to promote high-quality obstetric care should aim to regularly assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of standard obstetric care, including partograph use, and provide on-the-job training [10] [13] [14] .

Partographs were about three times more likely to be used by obstetric care providers with longer work experience than by those with less than one year of service. A possible explanation for this could be that those who had been in service longer had good knowledge and skills in obstetrics and were familiar with the partograph [10] . In addition, they may have participated in various safe deliveries that could help them understand the importance of using the partograph to monitor labor. It can be concluded that there is a need to retain senior professionals in government health facilities to provide quality obstetric care and reduce maternal and infant mortality associated with prolonged and obstructed labor. In addition, providing quality pre-service training with appropriate exposure and a conducive clinical practice environment should also be considered to equip young professionals with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle obstetric emergencies.

The implications of this study’s findings for clinical practice and public health decision-making are significant. The use of partographs can lead to earlier detection of labor complications, allowing for timely interventions and potentially reducing the need for emergency obstetric care. This can ultimately improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes, especially in low-resource settings where access to emergency care may be limited. Additionally, incorporating partograph use into standard labor monitoring protocols can help ensure consistent and high-quality care across healthcare providers. However, it is important to recognize that simply providing education and training on partograph use may not be enough to ensure its widespread adoption. Addressing systemic barriers such as inadequate staffing or a lack of necessary equipment must also be prioritized in order to fully realize the potential benefits of this tool. Overall, this study underscores the importance of evidence-based approaches to improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes and highlights the need for continued investment in healthcare worker education and training programs.

However, it is important to keep in mind the limitations of the study when interpreting the findings. In self-report studies like this one, social desirability might pose a problem since participants might provide more socially desirable answers than they actually do. Furthermore, no cause-and-effect link between the independent factors and the usage of partographs was found due to the study’s cross-sectional design. The use of partographs in labor monitoring may be impacted by other factors, such as cultural beliefs and attitudes about birthing, which require further study. A further limitation on the generalizability of the results to other contexts may be that the study only included healthcare professionals from government hospitals in southern Ethiopia. Future studies should aim to include a more diverse sample of healthcare workers from multiple hospitals and regions to better understand the factors that influence partograph use.

5. Conclusion

This study has shown that the use of partographs to monitor labor among obstetric care providers is consistent with other studies from developing countries. However, this does not mean that obstetric care does not need to be improved, as a significant proportion of care providers still do not use the partograph for labor monitoring. Therefore, it is recommended that preference be given to midwives and nurses in the delivery of obstetric services, the knowledge and attitudes of providers be improved, and mechanisms be developed to help retain experienced providers.

Authors’ Contribution

T.A., S.T., and D.H. are involved in conceptualization, data analysis, and interpretation. S.T. and D.H. supervised and provided mentorship. S.T. wrote the manuscript. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the southern region hospitals’ administration offices for administrative support and the data collectors for their support in making this study possible. They also extend their deepest gratitude to the study participants.

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board of the University of Gondar via the Institute of Public Health. Informed verbal consent was obtained from the study participants.

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Cite this paper

Ayele, T., Tadesse, S. and Haile, D. (2023) The Extent of Partograph Use and Associated Factors among Obstetric Care Providers in Government Hospitals in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 12, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/etsn.2023.121001

Appendix

Table A1 Knowledge-related questions

No.	Questions	Response
301	Do you think that, monitoring labor by partograph is important to prevent obstructed labor and its sequelae?	1. Yes 2. No
302	For you, the partograph may be defined as:
	302.1 A chart for monitoring of labor by doctors.	1. Yes 2. No
	302.2 A complex tool with pictorial overview of labor for the use by midwives.	1. Yes 2. No
	302.3 A simple graphic recording of progress of labor and conditions of mother and fetus against time in hours.	1. Yes 2. No
303	The following diagnosis/assessment can be made with the partograph.	1. Fetal well-being 2. Maternal well-being 3. Progression of the labor 4. Medication used during labor
304	Do you think the partograph will reduce maternal and newborn death?	1. Yes 2. No
305	Do you think that, cervical dilation should be plotted on partograph every 1 hour?	1. Yes 2. No
306	Do you think that, maternal blood pressure should be plotted on partograph at least every 4 hrs?	1. Yes 2. No
307	Do you think that partograph should be used for all laboring mother?	1. Yes 2. No
308	In a normal progress of labor, the graph/plot on the partograph should fall on the alert line.	1. Yes 2. No
309	In a normal progress of labor, the graph/plot on Partograph should fall on the left of alert line.	1. Yes 2. No
310	In your practice, you usually enter information onto the partograph?	1. Upon diagnosis of labor 2. While the woman is still in labor 3. After delivery of the baby

Table A2 Attitude-related questions

No.	Questions	Response
401	Partograph usage can reduce maternal and new born deaths.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
402	Partograph can be used to diagnosis prolonged labor.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
403	Partograph is necessary to improve quality of care.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
404	Partograph is a simple graphic recording of progress of labor.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
405	Partograph is relevant to prevent obstructed labor.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
406	Partograph is a chart for monitoring labor by doctors.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
407	Partograph is a complex tool with pictorial overview of labor.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
408	Partograph is developed for midwives to monitor labor.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
409	Action line of partograph plot falls on the left of alert line.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
410	In normal progress of labor, plot on the partograph falls on the left of alert line.	1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Undecided 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree

References1

World Health Organization (2020) Maternal Mortality. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Yeshitila, Y.G., Daniel, B., Desta, M. and Kassa, G.M. (2022) Obstructed Labor and Its Effect on Adverse Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 17, e0275400. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275400

Fawole, A., Adekanle, D. and Hunyinbo, K. (2010) Utilization of the Partograph in Primary Health Care Facilities in Southwestern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 13, 200-204.

Orji, E. (2008) Evaluating Progress of Labor in Nulliparas and Multiparas Using the Modified World Health Organization Partograph. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 102, 249-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.04.024

Federal Ministry of Health (2020) Health Sector Transformation Plan 2020-2025. Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa.

Yisma, E., Dessalegn, B., Astatkie, A. and Fesseha, N. (2013) Knowledge and Utilization of Partograph among Obstetric Caregivers in Public Health Institutions of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, Article No. 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-17

Wakgari, N., Amano, A., Berta, M. and Tessema, G.A. (2015) Partograph Utilization and Associated Factors among Obstetric Care Providers in North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. African Health Sciences, 15, 552-559. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i2.30

Mathibe, N., Lebeko, F. and Motupa, B. (2013) The Partograph: A Labor Management Tool or a Midwifery Record? International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 5, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJNM2013.0115

Kitila, S., Gmariam, A., Molla, A. and Nemera, G. (2014) Utilization of Partograph during Labor and Birth Outcomes at Jimma University. Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health, 1, Article ID: 1000101.

Abebe, F., Birhanu, D., Awoke, W. and Ejigu, T. (2013) Assessment of Knowledge and Utilization of the Partograph among Health Professionals in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2, 26-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130202.11

Ogwang, S., Karyabakabo, Z. and Rutebemberwa, E. (2009) Assessment of Partogram Use during Labor in Bujumbura Health Subdistrict, Rukungiri District, Uganda. African Health Sciences, 9, S27-S34.

Getachew, A., Ricca, J., Cantor, D., Rawlins, B., Rosen, H., Tekleberhan, A., et al. (2011) Quality of Care for Prevention and Management of Common Maternal and Newborn Complications: A Study of Ethiopia’s Hospitals. Maternal and Child Health Integration Program and Jhpiego, Baltimore.

Wamwana, E., Ndavi, P., Gichangi, P., Karanja, J., Muia, E. and Jaldesa, G. (2007) Quality of Record Keeping in the Intrapartum Period at the Provincial General Hospital, Kakamega, Kenya. East African Medical Journal, 84, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v84i1.9486

Adesola, O., Omolola, I., Adekemi, O. and Audu, O. (2014) Partograph Utilization at Three Levels of Health Care Delivery Services in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 7, 678-691.