S
ecurity risk assessment refers to the process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating potential security risks for an organization. An organization’s ass
ets, personnel, and operations are protected through it as part of a comprehensive security program. Various security assessments models have been publis
hed in the literature to protect the Saudi organization’s assets, personnel, an
d operations. However, these models are redundant and were developed for specific purposes. Hence, the comprehensive security risk assessment model used to safeguard Saudi organizations’ assets, personnel, and operations is still omitted. Using a design science methodology, the objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive security risk assessment model called CSRAM to assess security risks in Saudi Arabian organizations based on the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission/Information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM) standard. CSRAM is made up of six stages: threat identification, vulnerability assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk treatment, and monitoring and review of the risk. The stages have many activities and tasks that need to be accomplished at each stage. Based on the results of the validation of the completeness of the CSRAM, we can say that the CSRAM covers the whole ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM standard, and it is complete
.
In a security risk assessment, potential security threats or vulnerabilities are identified, analyzed, and evaluated so that the risk level can be determined, and appropriate countermeasures can be developed to mitigate or minimize these risks. Security risk assessments aim to identify and address security risks before they can cause harm or damage to the organization or its assets [1] .
For organizations operating in Saudi Arabia, security risk assessment is crucial to identifying, evaluating, and mitigating security risks. Saudi organizations may encounter several challenges and issues related to security risk assessment [2] [3] [4] . Figure 1 displays these challenges and issues.
As shown in Figure 2, the ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM standard presents standards for managing information security risk and enables organizations to select their own risk assessment methodology, depending on their organizational goals and risks [5] . In the article, [6] explained ISO/IEC 27005 provides an overview of the “why”, “what”, and “how” that an organization can use to successfully discipline its information security risks in accordance with ISO/IEC 27001 requirements.
Alternatively, digital forensics is used to detect and investigate threats in organizations. This type of forensics involves analyzing digital evidence that may include files, networks, and other forms of data [7] [8] [9] [10] . This data can be analyzed to identify malicious activities, such as hacking, malware, or other suspicious activities [11] [12] [13] . Digital forensics can also be used to recover deleted or corrupted data, as well as to track down individuals who have committed cyber-crimes [12] [14] .
Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive model for assessing security risks in Saudi organizations based on the ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM. There are several components of developed CSRAM that can be used to identify and analyze security threats, vulnerabilities and risks in Saudi organizations and provide a comprehensive framework for doing so. Additionally, CSRAM provides organizations with recommendations and guidance on how to reduce and
mitigate identified risks and vulnerabilities by providing recommendations and guidance. In this study, researchers used design science methodology to develop the CSRAM.
This article is organized as follows: the related works are discussed in Section II, and the methodology is presented in Section III. Section IV provided the conclusion and future works for this study.
2. Related Works
Several security assessment models and framework have been proposed in the literature. For example, the authors in [15] investigated ANSI/API Security Risk Assessment methods for developing proactive security policies that respect threats. The researchers in [16] proposed a security framework which consists of four stages: risk assessment, implementation of security risk controls, monitoring and review. The researchers in [4] introduced a security risk management model for Saudi organizations. Several factors were proposed in this model such the security policies and process, the size and culture of the organizations. The authors in [17] proposed a model for communicating and implementing information security policies. They examined present information security policy progress and methods from secondary sources. This was to gain a deeper understanding of the processes critical to the development and life cycle of information security policies. As part of the proposed model, the various steps involved in developing, implementing, and evaluating an effective information security policy are described.
The authors in [18] presented an overview of information security policy administration procedures and presented a model based on exercises. It provides comprehensive guidance to experts on what actions security administrators should accept for the development of security policy, and it encourages experts to standardize their current training with the best practices recommended by the model. The authors in [19] developed a model to examine the progress of security policies in higher education institutions as part of an analysis of the security policies that have been implemented. Several security policies and procedures were proposed by them. According to [20] the AHP method can be used for assessing the security of information systems. Based on both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis, AHP provides decision makers with robust and comprehensive treatment.
The authors in [21] proposed an ontology that will be able to support the implementation of the type of policy suggested. The authors in [22] purposed a model to examine some of the cybersecurity issues that have been faced by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over the last couple of years. Moreover, it discussed the concept of cybersecurity in the country and how it is being used to protect the country.
In [23] a model was proposed for exploring employee differences, as well as identifying factors that influence employee perceptions and intentions toward compliance. Using partial least square structural equation models, Saudi Arabian government organizations assessed and validated the model.
The researchers in [24] focused on internet of things in its broader sense, but then narrowed it down to IoT and its risk assessment within that domain so that a more comprehensive overview can be presented. Finally, a framework for systematizing and modularizing information security assessment for smart grids is presented by [25] . The development of an information security index system for smart grids should be informed by authoritative information security standards and the actual situation of the target system.
Additionally, several digital forensic works have been proposed to detect, and investigate the threats and risks of organizations. Organizations can use digital forensics to identify and respond to security incidents, mitigate risks, and improve their overall security posture with the help of digital forensics. Several models, frameworks, and techniques have been proposed and developed by the authors in [26] - [52] to investigate and detect cybercrime, data breaches, and other digital threats to organizations.
3. Methodology
A Design Science Research (DSR) methodology is used in this study to create the CSRAM, which is based on DSR. DSR refers to a method that could be used to create a broad range of objects related to a particular issue to be able to perform analytics on it [53] [54] Hence, this study adopts the metamodeling strategy proposed by [44] [55] [56] for the purpose of this study:
3.1. Recognizing and Choosing Security Risk Assessment Models
Security risk assessment models are identified and selected using the common search engines (e.g., IEEE Explorer, Springer, Scopus, WOS, and Google Scholar) based on the keywords “Risk Assessment”, “Security Risk Assessment”, “Risk Analysis” and “Risk Evaluations”. Table 1 displays the common security risk assessment models which identified and selected from the literature. It is shown in Table 1 that a total of 27 models have been gathered from the literature, but only 15 of those models were considered in the risk assessment component.
An evaluation of risk refers to the process of evaluating the impact and probability of the occurrence of a possible risk or exposure. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate the difficulty of the potential influence, the likelihood of the risk occurring, and any modifying influences that may reduce the risk. Based on the type of danger and the presented data, the risk may be evaluated qualitatively or in a variable manner. The purpose of risk evaluation is usually to identify the most significant risks and select them for further action.
3.2. Collecting and Merging Common Security Risk Assessment Components
As part of this step, the aim is to collect and merge the common components of the 20 security risk assessment models to construct a single model. Based on the semantic meanings and similarities found among the collected common components, these components will be merged into one. Table 2 displays the collected risk assessment companies from the 15-security risk assessment model.
3.3. Development Process of the CSRAM
This step is a major step towards achieving the main objective of this study. The comprehensive security risk assessment model to safeguard Saudi organizations’ assets, personnel, and operations has been developed in this step. Figure 3 displays the developed CSTAM which consists of six components.
1) Threat Identification: Threat identification is a critical component of any security risk assessment model, including Saudi Arabian organizations. It involves identifying potential sources of security threats the organization may face.
Security risk assessment models
ID
Year
Ref
Risk Assessment
1
2014
[15]
þ
2
2014
[17]
þ
3
2014
[57]
ý
4
2015
[58]
ý
5
2016
[59]
ý
6
2016
[18]
þ
7
2016
[60]
ý
8
2017
[19]
þ
9
2017
[20]
þ
10
2017
[61]
ý
11
2018
[21]
þ
12
2018
[62]
ý
13
2018
[22]
þ
14
2018
[63]
ý
15
2018
[64]
ý
16
2018
[65]
þ
17
2018
[66]
ý
18
2019
[67]
ý
19
2022
[4]
þ
20
2022
[23]
þ
21
2022
[68]
ý
22
2022
[69]
ý
23
2023
[16]
þ
24
2023
[70]
þ
25
2023
[70]
þ
26
2023
[24]
þ
27
2023
[25]
þ
Collected common security risk assessment components
ID
Year
Ref
Focused
Collected Components
1
2014
[15]
ANSI/API Security Risk Assessment methods were examined for developing proactive security postures by using risk-based performance metrics as part of this study.
In this paper, the authors provided a framework for defining a model for formulating, implementing, and enforcing policies related to information security in an organization.
policy formulation, policy implementation, policy enforcement, and policy monitoring.
3
2016
[18]
Throughout the study, a comprehensive exploration of management practices of information security policy had been undertaken, and the development of a practice-based model about addressing the four deficiencies noted above was also addressed.
Establish information security policy development team, determine the security needs of the organization, compiling the security policy document, and the implementation and maintenance stage
4
2017
[19]
The purpose of this study was to propose a framework that Institutions of Higher Education can consider during the process of developing and implementing a security policy. As a result of the proposed framework, comprehensive and sustainable information security policies could be developed.
In this study, the purpose was to examine whether Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be used as a method to support the analysis of information security decision making in Indonesian e-government systems using the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
information security; policy; decision making
6
2018
[21]
This study aimed at identifying and suggesting a formal, encoded description of the strategic environment of cyber security to establish an ontology of cyber security. In addition, it also proposed to develop an ontology that will be able to support the implementation of the kind of policy that is suggested in this study.
The purpose of this chapter is to examine some of the cybersecurity issues that have been faced by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over the last couple of years. Moreover, it discusses the concept of cybersecurity in the country and how it is being used to protect the country.
Cybersecurity, assess threats
8
2018
[65]
It is the purpose of this study to identify how employees’ attitudes toward the information security policies vary in relation to their behavior concerning information security.
Construct, Construct, Compliance, Information Security Practice Behaviors
9
2022
[4]
The purpose of this study was to examine the aspects that affect information security risk management and develop an information security risk management model for large Saudi Arabian companies.
Risk identification, risk assessment, risk control, risk monitoring and response, and risk communication
10
2022
[23]
According to this study, a model was proposed to explore employees’ differences as well as identify factors that can influence their perceptions and intentions toward compliance, to identify what drives employee behavior. The model was examined and validated using partial least square structural equation models within a government organization in Saudi Arabia.
Monitoring, Measurement, Compliance, Information security controls
11
2023
[16]
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate an analysis approach based on the current awareness of information security risks in Saudi Arabian non-governmental organizations.
Information security risk assessment, implementation of security controls, monitoring, and review
12
2023
[70]
This research emphasizes the broadening attack surface for threat actors due to IoT firmware security risks. Denial-of-service and brute-force attacks, which are common in diverse smart home environments, can no longer be countered by firewall rules that prevent denial-of-service attacks or brute force attacks.
Internet of Things, Cybersecurity, Firmware, Entropy, Hardcoded, Attack Vector
13
2023
[70]
The purpose of this paper is to present a strategy for efficiently generating databases that considers the consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. In the proposed strategy, the information content of the training set will be high, which is compatible with the operating conditions in the field.
The focus of this paper is on IoT in its broader domain and then has been narrowed down to IoMT and its risk assessment within that domain to present a more comprehensive study.
Information security, Policy, Decision making
15
2023
[25]
This paper proposed a framework for systematizing and modularizing information security assessment for smart grids. Expand relevant security indices and develop a smart grid information security index system based on authoritative information security standards and the actual situation of the target system.
Information security assessment, Security assessment, Fuzzy theory, Smart grid
This component has several activities such as gathering data, assessing threats, prioritizing threats, establishing mitigation plan, controlling results.
2) Vulnerability Assessment: This is the second stage of CSRAM. This stage is used to evaluate and assess Saudi organizations’ assets. Physical security, network security, and personnel security measures should all be reviewed as part of the vulnerability assessment process. Organization security policies and procedures should be reviewed, security audits and assessments conducted, and penetration testing performed to identify vulnerabilities. Any changes in a company’s infrastructure, such as updated software or hardware, or changes in its workforce, should also be considered when conducting the assessment.
3) Risk Analysis: This is the third stage of the proposed CSRAM. In this stage, the detected risks from the second stage are analyzed. An organization’s risk analysis identifies and assesses potential threats as well as vulnerabilities and weaknesses that may be exploited by these threats. Based on these results, it is possible to assess the severity of a security breach. It is also important to consider the severity of a security breach’s potential impact on the organization.
4) Risk Evaluation: In the context of risk evaluation, this is the procedure of analyzing the results of the risk analysis using the risk principles to determine whether the risk and/or its degree are appropriate or not, based on the results of the risk analysis.
5) Risk Treatment: To reduce the risk of an organization, the risks are treated by means of risk-aware actions, controls, and policies to determine which Risk Mitigation methodology (to avoid, reduce, accept, and transfer) will lead to the reduction of risk to a negligible or profitable level.
6) Risk Monitoring and Review: Lastly, the final step of the proposed framework involves the monitoring of the vital components of risk management which form an essential part of the monitoring and review process. This undertaking marks the final stage of the proposed framework. The process involves monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of risk treatment strategies on a continuous basis, thus ensuring that they are effective.
4. Results and Discussion
This section introduces the results and discussion of the study. A comprehensive security risk assessment model called CSRAM, which is based on the ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM standard, to assess security risks in Saudi Arabian organizations has been developed. It consists of six stages: threat identification, vulnerability assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk management, and monitoring and review of risks. It is important to note that each stage has several activities and tasks that need to be accomplished. For example, the first stage threat identification has several activities such as gathering data, assessing threats, prioritizing threats, establishing mitigation plan, controlling results. In the second stage of vulnerability assessment, physical security measures, network security measures, and personal security measures are evaluated. To identify vulnerabilities, security policies and procedures should be reviewed, security audits and assessments should be performed, and penetration testing should be conducted. Assessing a company’s infrastructure should also consider changes to its workforce and new software or hardware. The third stage of risk analysis involves identifying and evaluating potential threats, as well as vulnerabilities and weaknesses that may be exploited by these threats to gain control over the system. The fourth stage involves gathering people’s opinions through surveys, meetings, or focus groups. In addition, it is equally important to assess the danger’s impact on people and the people, as well as its long-term impact on them. A fifth stage of risk management includes several activities such as avoiding, optimizing, transferring, and retaining risk so that it has as little negative impact as possible. A final stage in the process of monitoring and reviewing risks is the ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of the strategies implemented for risk treatment as they are being implemented as part of the monitoring and evaluation process.
The comparison between the CSRAM model and the existing model indicates that CSRAM is sufficient if compared to the existing model. For example, the characterization, threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, risk evaluation, and risk treatment processes which provided by [15] have been covered by the developed CSRAM processes as shown in Table 3. Also, the policy formulation, policy implementation, policy enforcement, and policy monitoring processes which introduced by [17] is totally covered by the developed CSRAM processes. A CSRAM also addressed the establishment of the information security policy development team, determining the security needs of the organization, compiling the security policy document, and the implementation and maintenance phases in [18] . Based on the same scenarios conducted for [4] [16] [19] - [25] [65] [70] , the developed CSRAM covered all processes for these models from start to finish. Table 3 compares the CSRAM with the existing studies. It’s very
policy formulation, policy implementation, policy enforcement, and policy monitoring.
þ
3
2016
[18]
Establish information security policy development team, determine the security needs of the organisation, compiling the security policy document, and the implementation and maintenance stage
Information security assessment, Security assessment, Fuzzy theory, Smart grid
þ
clear that the CSRAM is comprehensive and can cover whole existing security assessment models components. The comparison between the CSRAM model and the existing model specifies that CSRAM is adequate if assessed to the current model. The CSRAM model can offer the same level of execution, while also offering a substantially lower cost. Also, CSRAM can extend a much lesser real footprint, which yields it a best choice for many functions. Furthermore, the CSRAM model can plan a much faster access time than the existing model, making it an ideal selection for efforts that require high speed processing.
5. Conclusion
Organizations conduct Security Risk Assessments to identify, analyze, and evaluate potential security risks. As part of a comprehensive security program, it protects the assets, personnel, and operations of an organization. Various security assessment models have been published in the literature to protect the assets, personnel, and operations of the Saudi organization. Nevertheless, these models are redundant and were developed for specific purposes. As a result, the comprehensive security risk assessment model used by Saudi organizations to safeguard their assets, personnel, and operations is still missing. This study developed a comprehensive security risk assessment model called CSRAM based on the ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM standard to assess security risks in Saudi Arabian organizations. It consists of six main stages: threat identification, vulnerability assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk treatment, and monitoring and review of risk. The stages have many activities and tasks to accomplish at each stage. Based on the comparison of the CSRAM model to the existing model, it appears that CSRAM is sufficient. The future work of this study involves implementing the effects of a comprehensive security risk assessment model in the real-world environment. This includes collecting and analyzing data from different sources, such as financial institutions, social networks, and other sources of information related to the security risk assessment process. It also involves developing an evaluation framework to assess the model’s effectiveness in predicting security risks.
Acknowledgements
No funds have been received for the conduct of this research.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Alheadary, W.G. (2023) Towards Development of a Security Risk Assessment Model for Saudi Arabian Business Environment Based on the ISO/IEC 27005 ISRM Standard. Journal of Information Security, 14, 195-211. https://doi.org/10.4236/jis.2023.143012
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