Unmet need (UN) for family planning is defined as the proportion of sexually active and fertile couples who do not have more children or who wish to delay the next childbirth but do not receive any modern contraception method [1] [2] .

Family planning is the set of means that contribute to birth control with the aim of allowing couples to choose when to have a child, while promoting the continuation of harmonious sexual activity; it is also a primary strategy for controlling population growth and promoting maternal and child health by adequately spacing births and avoiding unwanted pregnancies [3] [4] .

In developing countries, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa, access to quality maternal health services is generally low, and has significant negative implications such as high maternal morbidity and mortality ranging from 196 to 254/100,000 live births. Unwanted pregnancies lead to induced abortion which represents 30% to 40% of maternal deaths [5] .

Approximately 215 million couples worldwide are experiencing a family planning unmet need [6] . Its prevalence was reported as ranging from 15% to 58% in developing countries [7] [8] .

In West Africa, the proportion of unmet needs for FP varies between 9.1% and 11.4% in Nigeria [9] , 8.6% in Benin [10] , and 24% in Burkina Faso [11] . It is far less, in Senegal, it is around 41% [12] ; in Côte d’Ivoire, it varies between 50.7% and 57% [13] ; in Mali, it is 31.3% [14] .

The prevalence of unmet needs in Guinea reveals that 24% of couples in the union have unmet needs for family planning: 17% for spacing and 7% for limiting births [15] . For family planning in countries around Guinea, the proportion of total family planning demand met has changed little since 2012, from 29% to 33%. In the same time period, the percentage of couples with met needs increased from 6% to 11%. In contrast, the percentage of couples with unmet needs for family planning changed little (24% in 2012 vs. 22% in 2018) [16] .

The level of modern contraceptive prevalence remains relatively low despite the implementation of all family planning-related programs, the unmet need for family planning still remains high nearly one in nine couples expressed a need for it. Little is known about explicative factors for UMN for FP in Guinea. Our study was meant to identify factors associated with unmet needs for family planning among couples in the union in rural and urban areas of Guinea in 2019.

This was a cross-sectional analytic study.

Text 1: The overall prevalence of unmet needs was 33.3% (189/567) and 66.7% (378/567) among couples living in rural and urban areas respectively (Figure 3).

Text 2: The most represented age group of spouses was 40 - 44 years 34.88% (30/86) in the urban commune, for the rural commune the age group was 35 - 39 years 35.92% (37/103).

Text 3: The level of education of the spouses for the unmet needs was dominated by those with higher education 44.18% (38/86) in the urban commune, in the rural commune, the spouses had no education 68.93% (71/103).

Text 4: The level of education of the wives for the unmet needs in the two communes (rural and urban) was the same for uneducated women respectively (87/103) (48/86).

Text 5: Women’s occupation, in urban areas (51/173) of the women are self-employed, in rural areas (53/137) also exercise the same functions on the other hand (48/130) do not exercise any job in rural areas against (27/88) in urban areas for p = 0.62 with Fisher exact = 0.80.

Text 6: 5 to 6 children as the ideal number of children desired were (42/154) in the urban commune with the mean of 5.09|Median: 5.00|Standard deviation: 0.84|Extremes: 4 and 7 Student: <0.05, the rural commune it is the same number of children desired 5 to 6 by a large number of women (66/164) Mean: 5.78|Median: 6.00|Standard deviation: 0.95|Extremes: 4 and 8 Student: <0.05.

Prevalence of unmet needs for family planning

The overall prevalence of unmet needs for family planning observed in our study (Text 1) was 33.3% (189), while met need represented 66.7% (378). This prevalence is higher than the national norm of 24% [16] , but lower than that reported in Mali 31.3%, Senegal 41% and Côte d’Ivoire; 57% [12] .

The prevalence of unmet needs reported by commune of residence (Table 1) shows that the prevalence remains higher in the rural commune (38%) than in the urban commune (29%) with a statistically significant difference p = 0.032. This dissatisfaction could be reflected in the existence of barriers to accessing reproductive health services. These obstacles may be inherent to a poor understanding of the concept of FP by couples, to socio-cultural factors, especially in the rural commune, or to the organization of FP services.

The finding in our series is similar to that reported by Prasad et al. [18] in southern Sudan, which was 32.1%; this similarity may be due to the comparability of the study design and population. Our values are higher than those reported in Nigeria and Guinea, respectively, by 16% and 22% [5] [16] [19] . This difference could be due to the different aspects of socio-cultural practice. On the other hand, they are lower than those carried out [7] [13] in south central Ethiopia 52%. This difference can be explained by the way the study population was selected and government involvement in solving maternal health problems.

The main unmet needs (Table 2) for modern FP methods, were birth spacing and birth limitation in our study; the reasons for choice were more directed towards spacing in 30.7% than birth limitation (2.6%); higher in rural township

*Family Planning; **Lower Terminal; ***Upper Terminal; p-value = 0.032.

p-value = 0.016. *Unmet Need; **Need Met.

(37.9%) than urban township (29.2%); the difference was significant for p= 0.016. This could be explained by the fact that our study population was getting younger and that the desire of couples to have children was more pronounced at younger ages than at older ages. The finding in our series was similar to that conducted in Benin [1] . Our results were contrary to the one carried out in rural Pune in India [5] [7] , which showed the unmet needs in birth limitation higher than the unmet needs in birth spacing.

Main reasons for not using modern contraceptive methods (Table 3), the reasons were multiple: the first was the desire for pregnancy (69.9%), this finding corroborates to the result [7] [20] , indicating about, 71% of the couples with 4 living children, want to have more children and the desire was even greater in rural communes.

Husband’s agreement and/or absence 13% [6] [7] was perceived as a second reason for non-use of modern methods in urban commune and a third in rural commune. These are almost similar to the findings of research done in northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia [4] indicating how important spousal support for family planning is as it reveals that women whose spouses had a non-supportive attitude towards contraceptive use were more likely to have an unmet need for planning.

However, fear of side effects (10%) was the most common reaction expressed

by respondents and included weight changes, bleeding [4] [6] [20] and lack of sexual desire. Headaches and blood pressure problems were also cited by a few and conception under contraception (2.3% - 8.7%), differently mentioned in the two communities, were reported in the literature [21] Health problems 7% (5.2 - 1.9). These reasons were the most associated with FP unmet need (p < 0.05). In our series, we found a significant difference in the fear of side effects or health problems associated with modern FP methods; the same finding has been reported in Pakistan [22] .

Conception under contraception and the difficulties of a new pregnancy found in our study, as an explanation of unmet needs for family planning, are also described [23] in Burkina Faso.

Factors associated with unmet needs

Socio-demographic characteristics

The average age of the wives interviewed in general was 29.22 ± 0.81 years in urban communes and 29.39 ± 0.91 years in rural communes. The 35 - 39 age group (35.92%, 37/103) was the most represented for the unmet needs in the rural commune, while in the urban commune it was the 40 - 44 age group (34.88%, 30/86) (Text 2), most of whom were self-employed (67.37%).

Cross analysis between unmet needs and age of couples by commune of residence showed no statistically significant difference in the two communes of residence Wonkifong (p = 0.37) and Matoto (p = 0.30). These results corroborate with that reported in Nigeria [1] in 2018 who found no statistically significant difference between unmet needs and age of couples surveyed.

Unmet need for family planning was significant among wives as well as husbands with no education in rural commune (32.8%); and primary (29.3%); unlike in the urban commune where unmet need was more significant among husbands with secondary education in (36.2%) compared to (30.4%) of cases among wives in rural communes (Texts 3-4).

These values are higher than those found in Guinea among couples with no education and primary level of education (21% and 24% respectively) [16] . The difference between couples with no education and those with secondary level of education is greater in Cameroon, 34 points compared to 18 and 22 points in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire, respectively [24] .

In both urban and rural communes, the socio-professional category of couples was dominated by self-employment. However, the lack of employment was more marked in rural than in urban areas, no significant difference was found between the SNR in FP, socio-professional status and commune of residence, p > 0.05 (Text 5).

Unmet need was higher among couples with a number of children ranging from 3 to 4 children (32%). And the majority of couples said they wanted more than 5 children (Text 6). In contrast, in Sousse, Tunisia, in 2001 [25] , 98% of the couples surveyed on the ideal family size reported the number of two children regardless of gender.

Explanatory factors for unmet needs in family planning

In order to more closely identify the factors that lead to unmet needs, the application of logistic regression followed by univariate and multivariate analysis yielded results presented in Table 4 and Table 5. The adjusted Odds Ratios indicate an association between personal characteristics, reasons for not using and having an unmet need or being a modern method user, after controlling for other factors.

In the univariate analysis, we found a statistically significant association between the commune of residence, difficulty in obtaining a new pregnancy, public source of supply, husband’s disapproval, birth spacing, husband’s attitude, and fear of side effects in the two communes concerned (p = 0.05) (Table 4).

In the multivariate analysis (Table 5), in the urban commune, desire for pregnancy and husband’s disapproval was significantly associated with SNBs, a woman whose partner approved of modern contraception was 0.17 times less likely to have an unmet need than a woman whose husband disapproved (p = 0.00). In addition, a lack of agreement on the number of children desired by the couple was 2.52 times more likely to have an unmet need than a woman who discussed the number of children desired with her husband (p = 0.00). Both of these factors have been shown by numerous studies to have significant associations with unmet

*UN: Unmet Need; **NM: Need Met.

*UN: Unmet Need; **NM: Need Met.

needs for family planning. They have been described in Ethiopia, Cameroon and Congo to have a significant protective association with unmet needs for family planning [6] [25] [26] . Therefore, the approval and support of the male counterpart are very important issues to consider when implementing interventions to reduce unmet needs for family planning in rural communes.

In addition to the reasons cited in urban communes, public supply was 0.38 times significantly associated with unmet needs for family planning. This could be explained by the lack of supply of modern contraceptive methods or the very difficult access to some sites in the rural commune. A similar study conducted on the analysis of unmet needs in Senegal [12] showed that lack of access to FP services was 0.38 times more associated with unmet needs; this lack of access was low in several sites in the rural commune compared to the urban commune. Couples who did not have access to modern contraceptive methods were more likely to have unmet needs than to be modern contraceptive users.

Another study conducted [8] in Ethiopia in the Dangila region showed results contrary to our study; occupation and history of family planning counseling by health workers were found to be significantly associated with unmet needs for family planning.

The authors thank the couple presenting the unmet needs in both rural and urban communities for the importance given to this topic.

Contributing authors do not note any conflict of interest in this work, contributing authors state that they have read and approved the work.

Momo, S.A.F., Ibrahima, C., OumouHawa, B., Leno, D.W.A. and Telly, S. (2023) Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Family Planning among Couples Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Guinea in 2019. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 13, 1081-1093. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2023.136093