Superior femoral epiphysiolysis (SFE) is a most often progressive but sometimes abrupt displacement of the femoral head relative to the superior femoral metaphysis through the cervicephalic growth plate of the femur [1] . The displacement of the femoral head is most often done down and back. It is a typical pathology of the pubescent adolescent, most often overweight [2] [3] . It occurs on average at the age of 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys [2] . The incidence of upper femoral epiphysiolysis is approximately 2 per 100,000 population in the general population [4] . Various forms of upper femoral epiphysiolysis have been identified. Although in situ fixation is the generally accepted treatment for minor SFE, the treatment of more severe cases remains controversial [5] . Large unstable slips are defined by the fact that more than 60 percent of the femoral neck is discovered by the femoral head. Thus, Rostoucher et al. [6] , comparing different methods of treatment of femoral epiphysiolysis, obtained the best results with in situ fixation for displacements less than 60˚, and proposed a careful reduction and fixation for tilts greater than 60˚. A rapid reduction in epiphyseal displacement was alleged to cause epiphyseal ischemia. Harman [7] reported, in a series of nine unstable SFE, three necrosis out of five complete reductions and no necrosis in case of partial reduction. When the importance of the displacement makes it impossible for a screw to pass between the femoral neck and the femoral head, the only possibility is to reduce the displacement. This reduction must be gentle, progressive and limited to the minimum necessary for osteosynthesis. Large displacement slips present a high risk of femoral head necrosis and chondrolysis. Monin et al. [8] reported 6.6% femoral head osteonecrosis and 13% chondrolysis. Kamaruzulman et al. [9] also reported 26.3% osteonecrosis of the femoral head and 4.2% chondrolysis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the results of the technique of progressive reduction of epiphyseal displacement by transtibial traction followed by percutaneous fixation of the femoral head with screws in unstable large displacement slips.

This was a retrospective descriptive study over a 10-year period from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022. It was about surgical treatment of unstable upper femoral epiphysiolysis with large displacement in the orthopaedic trauma department of Kati University Hospital (Figure 1). All patients operated in our department for large displacement SFE were included in this study. Cases of secondary large displacement upper femoral epiphysiolysis and patients with previous proximal femoral surgery were excluded. The minimum follow-up was one year. All patient records were evaluated in the centre by one of the authors. SFE cases were labelled as stable or unstable based on the Loder criteria [10] . Large-displacement unstable glides were defined by more than 60% of the femoral neck unearthed by the femoral head on standard radiography. Demographics, nature of treatment and time from onset to treatment were recorded. Initial radiographs, immediate postoperative radiographs and those of the last follow-up were analysed by the authors. The variables studied were slip reduction, occurrence of femoral head osteonecrosis and chondrolysis. The data medium was the individual clinical follow-up form and the surgical protocol register. The data were entered and analysed on the Epi info version 6 software.

We identified nine patients with a mean age of 12.8 years with extremes of 9 and 17 years. There were three boys and six girls. Trauma was mentioned in four cases. The cause was idiopathic in five cases. Functional impotence was complete in all patients. The slippage was acute on a chronic background in all patients. The left side was affected in 7 cases and the right side in 2 cases. The patients were overweight in 7 cases. The patient’s weight was within the normal range in two cases. The average time to management was 40.4 days with extremes of 19 and 90 days. The average postoperative follow-up was 21.7 months with extremes of 12 and 48 months.

The average follow-up time was 4 years 4 months with a range of 12 months to 14 years. The patient data are summarised in Table 2. At the final follow-up, all nine patients were asymptomatic. Radiologically, all nine patients had a femoral head free of avascular necrosis (Figure 4). No chondrolysis was noted in our study. In eight patients, the posterior tilt was negligible, identical to that obtained after the traction period (Figure 3). A single patient had a moderate posterior rocking with less than 25% femoral neck stripping. No early or late postoperative slippage was observed in any of the nine patients. The screw was removed in a 17-year-old patient after closure of the growth plate. Functionally, the mean PMA score was 17.2 with extremes of 15 and 18. The PMA score was very good in 8 cases and good in one case. In our series we noted one case of bilateralization.

Large-displacement unstable glides pose a high risk of femoral head necrosis and

chondrolysis. The fixation in place of the epiphysis in the forms with great displacement is a bad solution because it allows to continue an architectural vice. This fixation in the vicious position of the epiphysis is responsible for a retrorsa coxa with a vicious attitude in external rotation of the lower limb, a hip stiffness and osteoarthritis in the medium term [11] . In unstable severe epiphysiolysis, the treatments proposed in the literature are controversial, both in terms of urgency and the technique of reduction [5] . Some cases of severe unstable epiphysiolysis can be complicated by vascular lesions, which occur at the time of slippage and before any treatment is possible. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging examinations revealed that 17.4% of the upper femoral epiphysis was underperfused in unstable severe epiphysiolysis [12] . This is an essential prognostic element and it seems essential that the patient is fully informed. We have not been able to evaluate our patients with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging due to lack of resources. Published series have shown variable results depending on the time from admission to treatment. We found no effect of the time between the onset of slippage and surgical treatment. Madan [13] and Sankar [12] found the same. Other authors [14] have emphasised the importance of reduction within 24 hours of slip. They point out that the slipped epiphysis is itself responsible for vascular compression. Progressive reduction by transtibial traction of unstable forms of upper femoral epiphysis avoids aggravation of the initial damage to the epiphyseal vessels. It allows a reduction of at least 63% of the initial displacement [15] . Spontaneous movement between the femoral neck and head does not cause tension in the posterior vascular elements [1] . Voluntary medial rotation of the lower limb reduces the displacement [5] , causing ischaemia by tensioning the posterior vascular elements.

Necrosis of the femoral head is a serious complication of acute unstable epiphysis, secondary to the interruption of epiphyseal vascularisation. Its incidence varies according to the series, between 25% and 50% of cases [5] . This cephalic necrosis is much more frequent when a reduction of the displacement is performed under general anaesthesia before osteosynthesis [16] . In our study with progressive reduction by transtibial traction, no necrosis of the femoral head was detected in the nine cases. In contrast, Vialle R. et al. [17] reported two cases of femoral head necrosis in a short series treated by glued traction. Chondrolysis, responsible for a more or less extensive destruction of the articular cartilage without real necrosis of the epiphyseal bone, has a debated origin. Some authors [18] accuse the joint effusion, which is frequently haemorrhagic in unstable forms of epiphysiolysis, of causing cartilage necrosis. This has led some authors to propose systematic evacuation of the intra-articular haematoma during surgical treatment. Other authors [19] [20] cite intra-operative technical problems such as the exit of pins into the joint space during epiphyseal screw fixation. Aronsson [4] and Loder [21] point out that chondrolysis is the consequence of the osteosynthesis material protruding into the joint due to epiphyseal necrosis, which causes the femoral head to collapse. With an average follow-up of 4 years, no chondrolysis was noted in our study. We observed only one case of contralateral slippage in our series. For most authors, given this low rate of bilateralization and the reported complications associated with in situ screw fixation, particularly screw removal, it is not always useful to systematically perform preventive fixation. However, Bidwell and Suzan Slot [22] and Riad et al. [23] , who observed bilateralization complication rates of 31% and 23% respectively, recommend systematic preventive fixation for any epiphysiolysis occurring before 10 years of age in girls and before 12 years of age in boys. The indications for preventive fixation are now selectively reserved for very specific cases: obesity, hormonal treatment, endocrinopathy or the young age of patients where the incidence of bilateralization would be very high. This work has its limitations. It is a single-centre retrospective study. The number of patients is small. Multicentre studies with large numbers and significant follow-up are needed to compare our results.

This study shows that the treatment of acute and unstable forms of upper femoral epiphysiolysis by progressive reduction with transtibial traction can lead to satisfactory results. Reduction in large displacement forms should be gentle, progressive and limited to the minimum necessary for osteosynthesis. Magnetic resonance imaging examination is an essential and indispensable prognostic element. Indications for preventive fixation should be selectively reserved for specific cases.

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this article.

Coulibaly, K., Sanogo, C.O., Diallo, M., Moussa, A.K., Toure, L., Traore, S., Diallo, A., Tambassi, S.I., Diallo, S. and Traoré, O. (2023) Surgical Management of Unstable Superior Femoral Epiphysiolysis with Great Displacement. Open Journal of Orthopedics, 13, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojo.2023.134018