One of the basic concepts of tourism is the issue of natural conditions and resources. In the case of developing tourism based on any natural resource, it is important to evaluate the possibilities and potential of that resource. On the other hand, Mongolia’s tourism products are built on the same model, and have no differences from each other , and are not competitive. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop new types of adventure travel and special interest travel based on natural resources. In accordance with this need, this research work was carried out in order to determine whether there are natural conditions and resources for the development of parasailing based on the large lakes of Mongolia. Methodologically, a new recreational resource evaluation system was developed based on 7 criterias: the basic natural factors required for the development of parasailing, such as the area of lake, attractiveness, natural rapids, lake water temperature, air temperature, number of clear days, and the level of lake water pollution. By selecting and evaluating the 5 largest lakes in Mongolia with this system, it was found that Buir, Uvs, Khyargas, and Khar-Us lakes have the potential to develop parasailing. It is hoped that the research results will be valuable information for future studies related to the development of parasailing in Mongolia. Those include developing parasailing itinerary and programs, conducting research on competitor, attracting markets, and ensuring safety, etc.
In recent years, tourism has rapidly developed alongside hospitality, with various adventure travel products emerging as a popular choice. The tourism is a field that contributes significantly to Mongolia’s economy (Ulaankhuu & Nyandag, 2018) . Since 2016, the number of tourists coming to us has been constantly increasing. In 2019, before COVID-19 pandemic, the number of arrivals in Mongolia reached 577,000. However, tourism has been inactive for the past two years due to the pandemic. Efforts have been made to improve and develop the tourism industry. The recovery in this industry can be influenced greatly by creating new products and services of adventure travel and special interest tourism in the international market (MET, 2021) .
On the other hand, due to the influence of Generation Z into the travel market, there is a growing need for hard adventure travel that is technology-based (MET, 2022) .
The adventure tourism market size was valued at $112,227 million in 2020 and is estimated to reach the market value of $1,169,095 million by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 20.1% to from 2021-2028. By type, the soft segment was the most prominent segment accounting for $37,595 million in 2020. It is expected to reach the market size of $380,687 million by 2028 growing at a CAGR of 20.1% throughout the forecast period. By activity, the land-based activity segment was the most prominent category in 2020 and is expected to remain dominant throughout the forecast period (Sumesh & Roshan, 2021) .
These statistical pieces of information show the importance and popularity of the adventure tourism.
According to the analysis of 332 travel products of 28 tour operators operating in Mongolia, 96.3% of all trips are land-based, 0.3% are air-based, and 3.9% are water-based (MET, 2022) .
Therefore, it is possible to develop innovative tours that meet the needs of Generation Z and are new compared to current travels offered by tour operations.
In order to develop new products and services, this study was carried out because there is a need to evaluate the natural resources for the development of the travel.
The purpose of this research is to assess the resources for developing parasailing in the large lakes of Mongolia and to determine the possibilities of recreational resources.
Parasailing is a recreational activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a specially designed parachute, known as a parasail.
Parasailing, also known as parascending, paraskiing or parakiting, is a recreational kiting activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle while attached to a specially designed canopy wing that resembles a parachute, known as a parasail wing (India, 2018) .
Parasailing is a part of sports and adventure tourism. People think it is the best way of relaxation and entertainment (Muhsina, 2021) . It is considered to be one of the most enjoyable water activities in the world. The experience of being up in the air in the middle of the ocean can truly be a feat worth trying (Deakin, 2010) .
There are two types of parasailing: aquatic (over water where a motorboat is used) and terrestrial (over land towed by a jeep) (India, 2018) .
Of course, parasailing has also life risk and accidents involved in it. Many accidents occur for bad weather, carelessness and lack of control. By its specification, it is clear that parasailing is a high-risk sport. On the other hand, parasailing is the wonderful way to enjoy and feel natural beauty from the top (Muhsina, 2021) .
The participants usually referred to as the parascender, has very limited control over the movement of the parachute. The sport is full of adventure, thrills. The commercial parasailing sports are popular worldwide where the driver releases the low rope of the parasailers in such a way that they fall on a specific target area (Zealand, 2022) .
Do not parasail in winds exceeding 50 mph. All parasailing participants need to wear life jackets to prevent drowning and helmets to prevent head injuries. There should be no obstructions (trees, other boats, mountains) in your take-off path. Parasailing requires a parasail, tow rope, boat or land vehicle with a winch. Safe parasailing takes place behind a boat that has an engine with at least 90 HP. The company that organises parasailing must provide a body harness, a canopy for the start and a towline. In addition, safe parasailing requires an experienced boat driver, a skilled observer and a ground crew (India, 2018) .
The sport was developed in the late 1970s, and has been very popular ever since.
The most popular lakes for parasailing are Lake Tahoe and Lake George in the United States, Lake Como and Lake Garda in Italy, Lake Huron in Canada, and Lake Wanaka in New Zealand (MET, 2022) .
The development of this travel does not require special wind power, but is possible with lakes with large area and calm waves, warm weather and clear days. The more rough the waves, it become impossible to develop parasailing (Zealand, 2022; India, 2018) .
Assessment of natural resources for recreation
An important concept of recreational natural resources is its evaluation. In other words, to determine the potential of the recreation resource, it is necessary to evaluate it. Evaluation includes following steps (Dash et al., 2005) :
• To determine assessment objects;
• To determine assessment subjects;
• To define evaluation criteria;
• To develop evaluation hierarchy criteria.
The evaluation hierarchy criterias show the relationship between objects and subjects, and often use a three or five levels of evaluation system. The 5 levels of recreational evaluation system are expressed as follows:
1) Very pleasant;
2) Pleasant;
3) Relatively pleasant;
4) Less pleasant;
5) Unpleasant.
| The width of the shallow part, m | Rocks of the shallow part | Number of days (water temperature of 18˚C - 22˚C) | Flow rate, m/s | Area occupied by aquatic plants, per 100 m% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criteria | Points | Criteria | Points | Criteria | Points | Criteria | Points | Criteria | Points |
| 5 - 10 | 4 | Sandy | 4 | Over 80 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 10 - 20 | 3 | Pebbly | 3 | 60 - 80 | 3 | 0 - 1 | 3 | 0 - 10 | 3 |
| 20 - 40 | 2 | Rocky | 2 | 50 - 60 | 2 | 1 - 2 | 2 | 10 - 50 | 2 |
| 40 - 100 | 1 | Muddy | 1 | 30 - 50 | 1 | 2 - 3 | 1 | 50 - 80 | 1 |
| Over 100 | 0 | Clay | 0 | Under 30 | 0 | Over 3 | 0 | Over 80 | 0 |
For instance, the evaluation of the suitable condition for swimming, developed by the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, is divided in 5 levels (See
During the evaluation, the data related to the criteria above of the object being evaluated are collected from secondary sources, and the average score is calculated according to the corresponding score.
Establishing criteria of water travel-recreation evaluation for river and lake is wide range concept. First of all, it is necessary to determine the possibility of swimming, fishing and boating, as well as the suitable temperature and duration for them (Bayasgalan, 2010) . On the other hand, natural rapids such as rivers, waves, strong currents, falls, rocks, fallen trees, high coastal shells, and sharp turn coasts affect the psyche of travelers and attract their interests (Jennings, 2007) .
Sea always attracts people with its beauty and for its coral reefs, beaches, warm climate, unique topography, and warm clear waters (Keivan Kabiri et al., 2014) .
When developing water travel and water sports in any country, rivers and lakes are divided into grades, taking into account the flow characteristics, roughness and eddies. There are 5 classes of water travel on rivers in Mongolia (Gurgemjav, 1999) (See
| Classes | Attributes | Representation rivers |
|---|---|---|
| I | Smooth-flowing, steady rivers, streams, and lakes | Kherlen, Selenge, Orkhon, Tuul and its headwater, Zawkhan and its estuary |
| II | A river with many rocks and whirlpools, and a lake with waves | Ider, Eg, Kharaa, Yeruu, Delger |
| III | A mountain river with large rocks and a lake that requires boating skills, rapids and waves | Bogd, Suman, Khowd, Bulgan river, Ongi, Baidrag, Eg river and its estuary and middle part, Khuwsgul |
| IV | Strong currents and raging rivers in floods | Chuluut, Khowd, Orkhon, Tuul and its headwater, Zawkhan and its headwater |
| V | Rivers and streams with many rapids, waterfalls and gorges in rugged mountain | Turgen Uws, Uyench, Bodonch, Khowd and its headwater, Choirgo rapid in Chuluut gorge |
Source: Gurgemjav, 1999 .
| # | Classification | Total of Area | Compared to the all lakes in Mongolia | Compared to the water surface in Mongolia |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Very small 0.1 - 1 km2 | 1021.0 | 85.0 | 6.5 |
| 2. | Smaller 1.1 - 10.0 km2 | 1182.0 | 13.1 | 7.5 |
| 3. | Small 10.1 - 50 km2 | 583.0 | 1.0 | 3.5 |
| 4. | Medium 50.1 - 100.0 km2 | 723.0 | 0.3 | 4.5 |
| 5. | Big 100 - 1000 km2 | 3041.0 | 0.4 | 19.4 |
| 6. | Bigger over 1000 km2 | 9090.0 | 0.2 | 58.6 |
| Total | 15640 | 100% | 100% |
Source: Tsegmid, 1969 .
Scientist D. Hatchinson classified in 5 classes due to the water temperature of rivers and lakes according to the way it affects the human body. The temperature of the rivers and lakes of Mongolia in July - August was divided into categories by the above scientist (Ariunbat, 2004) (See
| # | Classification | Water temperature | Rating | Representation rivers and lake |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Very cold | 7˚ - 13˚ | Stiffening effect 0 | Dayan, Khuwsgul lake and lakes around it, Altai mountain rivers and lakes |
| 2. | Colder | 14˚ - 16˚ | Appropriate 1 | Uureg, Tolbo |
| 3. | Cold | 17˚ - 19˚ | Appropriate 2 | Telmen, Terkhiin tsagaan lake, Oigon, Sangiin dalai, Suman, Chuluut, Ider, Selenge river |
| 4. | Warm | 20˚ - 24˚ | Appropriate 3 | Achit, Buun Tsagaan lake, Ganga lake |
| 5. | Warmer | 25˚ - 27˚ | Appropriate 4 | Ubs, Khar-us, Buir, Khyargas, Orog lake |
Source: Ariunbat, 2004 .
The method of collecting, comparing and summarizing documents was used. Based on the above studies on the rivers of Mongolia and the natural conditions required for the development of parasailing, the assessment methodology of lakes has been newly developed and presented in the table below according to the stage of evaluation methodology development by D. Dash et al.
| Criteria | 4 points (Very pleasant) | 3 points (pleasant) | 2 points (Relatively pleasant) | 1 points (Less pleasant) | 0 points (Unpleasant) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area of Surface | Larger, over 1000 km2 | Large, 100 - 1000 km2 | Medium, 50.1 - 100.0 km2 | Small, 10.1 - 50 km2 | Smaller, 10.0 > km2 |
| Attractiveness | An unique formation with a lot of natural beauty | An unique natural beauty | Unique structure with relatively less natural beauty | Few natural beauty and unique formations | No natural beauty or unique formations |
| Natural rapids (waves, ebbs, eddies, shore heights, shells) | No natural rapids | Less natural rapids | Relatively less natural rapids | Natural rapids | Many natural rapids |
| Water temperature (July - August) | Warmer (25˚ - 27˚) | Warm (20˚ - 24˚) | Cold (17˚ - 19˚) | Colder (14˚ - 16˚) | Very cold (7˚ - 13˚) |
| Number of days that average temperature is over 100˚C | Over 130 | 110 - 130 | 90 - 110 | 70 - 90 | Under 70 |
| Water polution | Unpolluted | Less polluted | Relatively less polluted | Polluted | Very polluted |
| Number of clear (sunny) days | Over 100 | 80 - 100 | 60 - 80 | 50 - 60 | Under 50 |
Source: Created by author.
During the evaluation, the data of the lake under evaluation (relevant to the parameters specified in
k = ∑ A 1 + A 2 + ⋯ + A n n (1)
k—pleasure coefficient.
A1, A2, …An—Points corresponding to each A criteria.
n—number of criteria.
As k approaches 4, the lake is deemed suitable for parasailing development.
According to Sh. Tsegmed’s book “Physical Geography of Mongolia”, the evaluation was done by selecting the top 5 lakes in terms of area (See
| # | Name of the Lake | Area |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Uvs lake | 3.350 |
| 2 | Khuwsgul lake | 2.760 |
| 3 | Khar-Us lake | 1.578 |
| 4 | Khyargas lake | 1.407 |
| 5 | Buir lake | 615 |
According to the criteria shown in
| Criteria | Uvs lake | Khuwsgul lake | Khar-Us lake | Khyargas lake | Buir lake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Larger, over 1000 km2 | 4 | Larger, over 1000 km2 | 4 | Larger, over 1000 km2 | 4 | Larger, over 1000 km2 | 4 | Large, 100 - 1000 km2 | 3 |
| 2 | An unique formation with a lot of natural beauty | 4 | An unique formation with a lot of natural beauty | 4 | An unique formation with a lot of natural beauty | 4 | An unique formation with a lot of natural beauty | 4 | An unique formation with a lot of natural beauty | 4 |
| 3 | Less natural rapids | 3 | Less natural rapids | 3 | Less natural rapids | 3 | Less natural rapids | 3 | Less natural rapids | 3 |
| 4 | Warmer (25˚ - 27˚) | 4 | Very cold (7˚ - 13˚) | 0 | Warmer (25˚ - 27˚) | 4 | Warmer (25˚ - 27˚) | 4 | Warmer (25˚ - 27˚) | 4 |
| 5 | 90 - 110 | 2 | 90 - 110 | 2 | 90 - 110 | 2 | 90 - 110 | 2 | 110 - 130 | 3 |
| 6 | Less polluted | 3 | Less polluted | 3 | Less polluted | 3 | Less polluted | 3 | Less polluted | 3 |
| 7 | 60 - 80 | 2 | 60 - 80 | 2 | 60 - 80 | 2 | 60 - 80 | 2 | 80 - 100 | 3 |
| Evaluation | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | |||||
1. Area of surface. 2. Attractiveness. 3. Natural rapids (waves, ebbs, eddies, shore heights, shells). 4. Water temperature (July - August). 5. Number of days that average temperature is over 10˚C. 6. Water polution. 7. Number of clear (sunny) days.
Buir, Uvs, Khyargas, and Khar-Us lakes have been rated highly as suitable for the development of parasailing due to their large surface area, natural scenery, and warm water temperature in the summer season.
Although Khuvsgul Lake has a large surface area and beautiful formations, the water temperature is very cold, so it was evaluated as unsuitable for the development of parasailing.
When developing tourism based on a natural resource, it is essential to determine its resource potential (Khishigdalai Ulaankhuu et al., 2021; Khishigdalai, 2020) . Mongolia’s tourism industry is at a standstill due to the global pandemic. Therefore, in order to support and accelerate the activities of this industry, an assessment of new travel resources that can be developed based on the large lakes of Mongolia was carried out. The evaluation shows that it is possible to develop parasailing in Buir, Uvs, Khar-Us, and Khyargas lakes.
In the future, when developing new types of tourism, it is important to evaluate the resources of recreation and determine the resources for the development of that travel.
In this way, travel managers will be able to develop new products and services, develop routes and market them based on these resources.
This article only researched recreational resources for the development of parasailing, so future researchers can explore other issues related to the development of parasailing in Mongolia. For example, how to attract tourists, advertising tools, security, etc.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Ulaankhuu, K., & Nyandag, B.-E. (2023). Assessment of Recreational Resources for the Development of Parasailing in Large Lakes of Mongolia. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11, 324-332. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.114023