The original online version of this article “Diet and Feeding Habits of
Bagrus bajad (Fabricius, 1775, Bagridae) from Lake Albert, Nile Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)” (Open Access Library Journal, 9: e9470. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109470) unfortunately contains some mistakes. Authors wish to change “
bajad” to “
bayad” in the title and correct the errors in the following version:
Bagridae <i>Bagrus bayad</i> Diet Lake Albert DR Congo1. Introduction
In the Nile and its tributaries, the genus Bagrus of the family Bagridae includes two species, Bagrus bayad and Bagrus docmac forming a significant proportion of commercial catches in the fresh waters of the Nile basin [1] . In the water bodies of DR Congo, B. bayad is most common in Lake Albert while B. docmac is very rare in catches. On the other hand, B. docmac is the most caught in Lake Edward while B. bayad is absent. Fish of the Bagridae family are commonly known as naked catfish. They have four pairs of barbels with well-developed taste buds [2] . These 2 closely related species, B. bayad and B. docmac, have clear morphological differences: the two lobes of the caudal fin extend into long filaments in B. bayad, which is not the case for the upper lobe of B. docmac [3] . Alhassan and Ansu-Darko M [4] and Barley [4] stated that B. bayad is an omnivorous benthic (bottom-eater) fish due to the presence of detritus (bottom deposits) in addition to other foods inside the digestive tract. The food and feeding habits of Bagrus species have been reported by several researchers such as [5] - [10] .
Examining the stomach contents of fish is very useful in guiding the formulation of artificial diets in fish farming. Fish exploit food substances in the aquatic ecosystem according to their morphological adaptations (mouth, gills, dentition and intestinal system) that are related to diet [11] . The objective of this study is the diet and feeding habits of B. bayad fish for the sustainable exploitation and management of the fishery for this species in Lake Albert.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Study Environment
Lake Albert (Figure 1), formerly known as Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, is shared between Uganda (54%) and DRC (46%). It is the northernmost of the chain of lakes of the western arm of the Great Rift Valley in Africa at coordinates 100'N 3005'E. Compared to most other African Great Lakes (AGLs), Lake Albert is relatively shallow and relatively small, with an average depth of 25 meters and an area of 5300 km2.
Its outlet at the northern end is the Albert Nile, also known as the White Nile, which joins the Blue Nile in South Sudan to form the famous Nile that flows through Egypt and empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Temperatures range from 17˚C to 29˚C [12] .
2.2. Sampling and Dissection of Fish
Fish were caught monthly from December 2019 to December 2020 using various fishing gear, including longlines, hawks and gillnets of different standard mesh sizes (20.2, 25.4 and 30.5 mm) and canoes were used as fishing boats.
These nets were laid around 5 p.m. and collected the next day at 7 a.m. for night fishing, then surveyed at 12 p.m. for daytime fishing. Fish caught were identified according to [13] . Each specimen was weighed and measured (standard length and total length) to the nearest gram and millimeter respectively. After dissection, the stomach was removed and stored in 5% formaldehyde.
2.3. Analysis of Stomach Contents
The main difficulty in analyzing stomach contents is the condition of prey. They are often dislocated or even partially digested making identification tedious. In the laboratory, after incision, the stomach was weighed and emptied of its contents. The stomach contents were diluted in a petri dish containing water. The different food taxa were sorted and counted under a BINOCULAR MAGNIFYING GLASS OF THE BRAND LEICA WILD HEERBRUGG Mg with magnification × 6 to 50. Next, these foods were weighed using a SARTORIUS UNIVERSAL brand scale to the nearest 0.01 g and examined individually. The different preys were identified down to the family from the determination keys of [14] [15] . Other keys established for French and English faunas have also been consulted, including: [16] [17] [18] . Prey whose state of digestion did not allow the exact identification of these was considered debris. The relative abundance of each prey was estimated using seven (7) indices:
1) Percentage of numerical abundance (Cn) = the number of each prey in all non-empty stomachs relative to the total number of all foods;
2) Percentage of occurrences (%O) [19] :
% O = ( N e i / N a n d ) × 100 (1)
where Nei is the number of stomachs containing an item i and Nand the number of non-empty stomachs examined;
3) Numerical Percentage (%Ni) [20] :
% N i = ( N i / N t ) × 100 (2)
where Ni and Nt are respectively the number of individuals in a category of prey i and the total number of individuals of the prey inventoried;
4) Percentage by weight (%Pi) [21]
P i = ( M i / M t ) × 100 (3)
with Mi the mass of a prey category i and Mt the total mass of All items listed;
5) Relative Food Importance Index (ARI) [22]
IRA = [ ( % O + % N + % P ) / ∑ ( % O + % N + % P ) ] × 100 (4)
Vavalueindex ( IV ) = ( NEV / N ) × 1 00 [23] (5)
where NEV is the number of empty stomachs and N is the total number of stomachs examined;
The different items were classified according to Georges and Hadley’s scale [24] which establishes that prey is primary if FII > 50%; secondary if FII is between 10% and 50% and incidental or accidental if FII < 10%.
2.4. Statistical Analysis of Data
The Spearman rank correlation test was performed to compare diets based on size, sex, and hydrological seasons. Statistical analyses were performed using STATISTICA version 14 software and similarities were considered significant at p = 0.05.
3. Results3.1. Intestinal Coefficient and Coefficient of Emptiness
A total of 520 fish were examined. Of these, 22 fish were empty, a percentage of emptiness of 4.23%.
The intestinal coefficient of B. bayad caught in Lake Albert ranges from 0.85 to 2.5 with an average of 1.35 > 0.48.
3.2. General Diet Profile
Table 1 presents the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the diet of B. bayad. The analysis of stomach contents made it possible to distinguish six (6) categories of prey namely fish, insects, mollusks, crustaceans, plankton and plant debris and sand. In addition to these preys, there is a significant proportion of unidentified prey remains that have not been considered as an item.
Fish were the most numerous followed by insects and constitute respectively 59.28% and 26.45% of the prey inventoried. Fish appear in 90.96% of the stomachs assessed while insects were found in 67.07% stomachs. Plant debris comes in third place with an occurrence percentage of 11.84%. Plankton and crustaceans have a numerical percentage of 5.25% and 2.41% respectively.
The integration of these different percentages reveals that fish and insects together constitute the primary prey, mollusks and plant debris represent the secondary prey while plankton, crustaceans and possibly sand constitute accidental prey.
Qualitative and quantitative diet composition of B. bayad from Lake Albert in 2020 (%N = numerical percentage, %Occ = percentage of occurrence, FII = food importance index)
Item
%Occ
%N
FII
Fish
90.96
59.28
46.02
Oreochromis spp.
30.49
19.81
15.09
Haplochromis spp.
43.20
21.14
19.07
Fish remains
17.28
18.33
11.86
Insects
67.07
26.45
28.58
Chironomid larvae
31.08
9.06
12.07
Nymphs of odonates
17.99
7.12
7.52
Coleoptera
13.09
6.62
5.92
Hemiptera
4.91
3.67
3.08
Molluscs
36.14
2.73
13.37
Gastropods
25.82
1.76
9.70
Nematodes
10.33
0.97
3.67
Crustaceans
2.41
4.01
1.83
Crabs
1.61
2.98
1.33
Shrimps
0.80
1.00
0.49
Phytoplankton
2.81
1.81
1.18
Chlorophyceae
1.73
1.21
0.73
Bacillariophytes
1.08
0.60
0.44
Zooplankton
2.61
1.63
1.11
Cladocerans
1.68
1.20
0.72
Rotifers
0.93
0.43
0.40
Plant debris
6.83
1.25
2.46
Animal debris
4.82
1.76
1.90
Undetermined
2.61
1.08
1.01
Sands
1.81
-
2.54
3.3. Study of Diet According to Sex of Individuals
The B. bayad diet study by sex identified nine (9) items and showed that fish and insects remain the main prey regardless of sex (Table 2). Plant debris (macrophytes) and plankton were much greater in males while mollusks were more important in females. Sand was found only in the stomachs of females. Males and females would exploit different niches during certain periods of the year (seasons). Females appear to be more bentic (mollusks and sands) than males. The relative importance index reveals that fish and insects are primary prey with 35.92% and 31.20% for males and 33.87% and 37.04% for females respectively.
Diet of B. bayad from Lake Albert by sex of individuals (%N = numerical percentage, %Occ = percentage of occurrence, FII = food importance index)
Item
Male
Female
%N
%Occ
FII
%N
%Occ
FII
Fish
39.64
100
35.92
37.17
100
33.87
Oreochromis spp.
14.03
34.32
16.13
11.35
37.71
13.55
Haplochromis spp.
23.27
62.56
18.37
24.6
58.25
19.20
Fish remains
2.34
3.12
0.34
1.22
4.04
1.12
Insects
31.20
90.04
31.20
34.04
100
37.04
Chironomid larvae
14.35
40.27
15.35
10.23
44.46
15.50
Nymphs of odonates
9.30
31.83
10.40
14.79
42.20
14.79
Coleoptera
4.05
8.54
3.05
1.62
5.15
3.32
Hemiptera
3.50
9.40
2.40
7.40
8.19
3.43
Molluscs
7.93
23.38
7.87
13.48
44.78
11.72
Gastropods
5.40
17.10
4.35
7.18
28.32
6.12
Nematodes
2.53
6.28
3.52
6.30
16.46
5.60
Crustaceans
2.03
5.97
1.53
2.64
8.76
3.64
Crabs
1.18
3.48
1.18
0.71
2.36
0.71
Shrimps
0.85
2.49
0.35
1.93
6.40
2.93
Plankton
8.60
25.37
7.30
4.14
10.78
2.34
Phytoplankton
5.55
13.43
4.55
2.52
5.39
1.62
Zooplankton
3.05
11.94
2.75
1.62
5.39
0.72
Plant debris
9.20
32.19
10.67
7.50
19.04
8.40
Animal debris
5.13
10.10
4.41
2.83
15.30
1.93
Undetermined
3.25
1.20
0.65
2.15
1.05
0.65
Sands
-
1.34
0.45
-
1.35
0.41
TOTAL
Fish
39.64
100
35.92
37.17
100
33.87
Insects
31.20
90.04
31.20
34.04
100
37.04
Molluscs
7.93
23.38
7.87
13.48
44.78
11.72
Crustaceans
2.03
5.97
1.53
2.64
8.76
3.64
Plankton
8.60
25.37
7.30
4.14
10.78
2.34
Plant debris
9.20
32.19
10.67
7.50
19.04
8.40
Animal debris
5.13
10.10
4.41
2.83
15.30
1.93
Undetermined
3.25
1.20
0.65
2.15
1.05
0.65
Sands
-
1.34
0.45
-
1.35
0.41
3.4. Study of Diet According to the Size of Individuals
Figure 2 shows the results of the analysis of stomach contents as a function of fish size. It can be seen that for class I (LT ≤ 45 cm), seven (7) categories of prey were represented while in class II (LT > 45 cm) only five categories were recorded. Crustaceans and sand were not found in Class II.
In terms of the materiality index, fish and insects together constituted the primary prey in class I (the most consumed), with respectively an FII of 35.87%, 34; 04.70% respectively; while class II has as secondary prey molluscs (FII = 13.18%) and plant debris (FII = 10.33%). Crustaceans, plankton and sands come in the last class with respectively (FII = 3.24%; 2.63% and 0.41). It is noted that for class I fish were the most preferred while in class II insects were the most preferred. The Spearman test (N = 7, R = 0.72, p = 0.0676 > 0.05) revealed a statistically insignificant difference between the diets of B. bayad of total length less than or equal to forty-five centimeters and those of sizes greater than forty-five centimeters.
3.5. Study of the Diet According to Hydrological Seasons
The results of the stomach contents analysis according to hydrological seasons (Figure 3) reveal seven (7) categories of prey including fish, insects, molluscs, crustaceans, plankton, plant debris and sand in each of the two seasons (dry and rainy).
The study of the relative importance index shows that fish (FII rainy season = 36.61%, FII dry season = 34.94%), insects (FII rainy season = 32.81%, FII dry season = 33.19%), plant debris (FII rainy season = 11.94%, FII dry season = 11.70%) and molluscs (FII rainy season = 11.61%, FII dry season = 11.11%) are secondary prey in both seasons while plankton has been accidental prey.
Comparative analysis of diet according to hydrological seasons revealed a significant difference between the rainy and dry seasons (N = 7, R = 1.00, p = 0.00).
4. Discussion
The present study reveals that B. bayad fed on fish mainly juveniles and larvae of Haplochromis spp. and Oreochromis spp. followed by juvenile and adult insects in particular Odonates and Ephemeroptera, which together constituted the primary prey of its diet. The secondary diet consisted of molluscs and phytobenthic detritus while the incidental or accidental diet consisted of plankton, freshwater shrimp, crustaceans, and sand and other unidentified materials.
Thus, according to the relative importance index, B. bayad is therefore omnivorous mainly piscivorous and then insectivorous. These results agree with those of [25] [26] who found that Bagridae, especially B. bayad, rely primarily on fish, insects and shrimp as well as fish larvae for food and that their stomachs included runoff materials (plant foliage, glass, black crystals, colored gravel) in the Nilotic Bahr Shebeen Channel. Nevertheless, other authors have observed that it is polyphagous, feeding on fish and invertebrates or sometimes only invertebrates. Sandon and Latif [27] , report that B. bayad and B. docmac are carnivorous, feeding mainly on fish (Tilapia, Alestes, Synondotis, Mormyrus, Labeo, Barbus, Eutropius spp.), insect larvae, molluscs and water shrimp. Bailey & Alhassan [28] and Alhassan and Ansu-Darko [3] , on the other hand, declared that B. bayad is an omnivorous benthic (bottom eater) due to the presence of detritus (bottom deposit) in addition to other foods inside the digestive tract.
The present work also revealed the presence of plant and animal detritus in the stomachs of B. bayad. This is consistent with the findings of Bailey [4] , El-Drawany et al. [9] , who showed that the presence of detritus in addition to other foods such as zooplankton, fish, insects, phytoplankton as well as insect parts. Khallaf and Authman [19] reported that the presence of mud or sand and various strange materials in some of the examined stomachs of B. bayad suggests a bottom diet, whereas B. docmac depends mainly on fish and insects for food [3] . Similarly, in addition to fish, insects and other elements, the present study found that B. bayad also feeds on mud, sand and other elements suggesting bottom feeding.
Other previous studies on the feeding habits of B. docmac and B. bayad in the Inhibiting Muess Channel (Egypt) have clarified that B. docmac is carnivorous andhave noted that B. bayad is an omnivorous benthic [3] [9] [24] . The present results confirm the last author.
In addition, Jean Veberke [10] and Greenwood [14] having investigated the diet of the genus Bagrus in Lake Victoria, had respectively confirmed that the stomach contents of these species were regularly made up of small fish (fry and young), the majority of which were Haplochromis spp. They had also added insect larvae especially Chironomidae; and finally, the taking or not of plant substrate or silt. Compared to these two authors, the other three types of foods mentioned above could be an innovation for this study. According to these authors, the incidental content consisted of various invertebrates (insect larvae: Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae and Chaoborus). This led them to conclude that the diet of the genus Bagrus spp. was voracious and occasionally entomophagous (Odonates). The results of the current investigation, on the other hand, have confirmed that the diet of B. bayad is omnivorous or polyphagous predominantly piscivorous-insectivorous. The present study does not also agree with the thesis of Alsafy et al. [8] , who, from the crude and microscopic scanning electron morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity of B. bayad, had concluded that the diet of this fish is carnivorous because of the high number of sharp teeth and other dental and oral characteristics (group of taste buds, form and organization of microridges). Unlike these authors, the present study demonstrated the predominantly piscivorous and insectivorous polyphagous diet. Verbeke [14] , had also concluded that the diet of the B. bayad of Lake Albert was Entomo-Benthophagus, with dominance of larvae of Povilla, Chironomidae, shrimps, algae and plants while various invertebrates constitute the incidental contents (Trichoptera, Odonates, Corixidae, Ostracodes,) associated with fry and young fish, molluscs and mud. Greenwood [14] also found the same type of diet at Lake Victoria for the same species. After six decades the present results have rather proved that the diet of this species of fish is polyphagous (voracious) preferably piscivorous-insectivorous (dominant food) possibly associating various food resources as accidental prey.
The monthly change in stomach fullness index indicates a change in the dietary activity of B. bayad. However, among the 520 stomachs of the specimens studied, 22 stomachs were found empty, a percentage of emptiness of 4.23%. The Spearman correlation coefficient calculated from the materiality index indicates that the diets of males and females are not significantly different (N = 7, R = 0.89, p = 0.0068). The results of stomach contents as a function of the size of the fish grouped by classes, note the preference for fish in Class I (TL < 45 cm) and for insects in Class II (TL > 54 cm). This corresponds to the Okito et al. [28] ; Castillo-Rivera results [6] ; Konan et al. [20] who had observed these food preferences resulting from the effects of runoff, carrying significant quantities of invertebrates, in this case terrestrial insects that enrich waterways during this period. This clearly contributes to the high proportion of insects in stomach contents during the rainy season.
The Spearman test (N = 7, R = 0.72, p = 0.0676 > 0.05) revealed a statistically significant difference between the diets of B. bayad whose total size is ≤45 cm to those of sizes ≥ 45 cm.
The study of feeding behavior as a function of size, revealed that fish are the preferred food of individuals regardless of size, which corresponds to the results of Forskal [12] [27] [28] [29] , Greenwood [14] , Castillo-Rivera [6] and Konan et al. [1] ; according to Gophen [27] , variation in diet in a given species may be related to the level of differentiation of the digestive tract and the habitat exploited. However, they confirmed that fish of different size classes (LS ≤ 110 mm and >110 mm) were all caught in the same biotopes.
Comparative analysis of diet by hydrological seasons revealed a significant difference between the rainy and dry seasons (N = 7, R = 1.00, p = 0.00). This difference reflects an abundance of food resources during the rainy season that reduces food competition in that season. This was found by Castillo-Rivera (2013) and Konan et al. [1] , concluding that stomach contents were more loaded with insects during the rainy season than during the dry season, hence the entomophagous diet proclaimed for Bagrus. Similarly, Khallaf and Authman [19] found that winter was characterized by lower dietary element values than summer for this fish species. He explained this phenomenon by the low availability of various items in winters caused by a drop in temperature and a shorter duration of daylight. Our study found a certain abundance of fish in stomach contents, indicating that the species B. bayad is more piscivorous than insectivorous.
5. Conclusions
This study aims to provide B. bayad for sustainable management of this species and feeding strategies of B. bayad for sustainable management of this species in the Congolese part of Lake Albert. The species has opportunistic feeding behaviour and explores different habitats in the lake: the littoral zone, the surface of the water body and the muddy bottom. She has the ability to adapt her diet according to the resources available in the environment and according to the seasons. As a result, the food spectrum of this species is relatively wide. Fish predominate in the diet of B. bayad and are followed by insects. No significant changes were noted in diet depending on the size of the fish. On the other hand, hydrological seasons and sexes influence diet. The study also confirms Verbeke’s remark [4] , that in this Lake Albert with a more varied and richer fauna than in Lakes Edward and Kivu, and the diet of many fish was also more diverse. Therefore, it became more difficult to specify dominance in their diet, which tended to become polyphagous in a number of species, including: Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Distichodus niloticus, Synodontis schall, Clarias lazera, Bagrus docmac, etc. is different in B. bayad. The entomophagous diet observed by Vebeke in 1959 in other fish families such as Mormyridae, Characidae, Cyprinidae, Clariidae, Bagridae, Schilbeidae and Cichlidae of the genus Haplochromis is different in B. bayad as confirmed by this study. After more than half a century, the observed variations in the diet of this species are possible and obvious.
The effects of climate change observed in the region for decades on the one hand, and local anthropogenic actions on the other (destruction of habitats and spawning areas by illegal fishing, use of land for agriculture and livestock, urban agglomerations and the development of fishing villages in the coastal zone) on the lake ecosystem and even in the entire catchment area of this lake have immediate direct effects. These anthropogenic actions destructive of the ecosystem would have contributed to the scarcity, probably the disappearance of certain species of invertebrates, macro-invertebrates, phytobenthos, which once constituted the main groupings of the food resources of the fish of this lake (benthic, pelagic and coastal). Given the importance of sustainable management of fisheries resources, diet studies should be extended to other commercial fish species in order to provide the scientific information necessary for their management. On the other hand, good regulation of fishing should be established taking into account the seasons and the conservation of habitats on which the different types of food consumed by B. bayad depend.
Authors’ Contributions
JMM was involved in all phases of the study. These include study design, data collection, tabulation, data processing and analysis, and writing of this manuscript; GMO was involved in study design, tabulation, data processing and analysis, and writing of this manuscript. KK, JJ was involved in the collection, counting, processing and analysis of the data. MM, VMN, JCM, GN and SIL contributed to the correction of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This research is an integral part of the doctoral thesis transmitted to the Doctoral School. The authors thank the Hydrology Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the Official University of Bukavu (UOB) for the support in technical equipment and laboratory technicians. They are also grateful to Professor Lina Alex for the scientific guidance, Béatrice for the data entry, Messiers Avutia, Vaweka, Katho, Kakura and Asimwe for the data collection as well as to all the artisanal fishermen and the local population of Lake Albert for their contribution to the collection of field data.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Cite this paper
Matunguru, J.M., Okito, G.M., Jordan, M.M., Lubembe, S.I., Uvon, J.J., Frank, L.M., Mbalassa, M., Nshombo, V.M., Micha, J.-C. and Ntakimazi, G. (2023) Erratum to “Diet and Feeding Habits of Bagrus bajad (Fabricius, 1775, Bagridae) from Lake Albert, Nile Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)” [Open Access Library Journal, 2022, Volume 9: e9470]. Open Access Library Journal, 10: e9726. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109726
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