Bart’s syndrome is a very rare congenital dermatosis. It belongs to the group of Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) of which nine clinico-genetic types have been described [1] [2] . It combines congenital skin aplasia, lesions of the lower limbs and epidermolysis bullosa [1] . The clinical diagnosis of Bart’s syndrome is usually easy, characterized by well-delimited, translucent, ulcerated membranes through which the underlying structures are visualized [3] . Despite the simplicity of the diagnosis, its prognosis remains guarded [4] . Management is medical and/or surgical depending on the extent and depth of the lesions [5] . The majority of cases in the literature are reported on white skin [6] . We describe a case of Bart’s syndrome or ACC type VI on black skin, its management in our context of a country with limited resources and its evolution for the improvement of the prognosis and professional practice.

C.G., 38 years old, was admitted to the delivery room for pelvic pain with uterine contractions in a full-term pregnancy. The pregnancy history revealed a regularly monitored pregnancy, with six prenatal visits, a complete prenatal check-up with no abnormalities, and correct anti-anemia, anti-tetanus and anti-malaria prophylaxis. There was no pathology during the pregnancy, no notion of radiant imaging, and no use of fetotoxic drugs. Both parents were cousins, apparently healthy with no abnormalities of the skin, dander or mucous membranes. The mother was 8^th gestational, 7^th pare, with a history of a premature newborn who died as a result of generalized dermatologic lesions reminiscent of a collodion baby. The obstetrical examination showed regular and painful uterine contractions, a uterine height of 32 cm, a shortened cervix, open to two fingers with a bulging water sac. The evolution was marked three hours later by a vaginal delivery of a full-term male newborn, weighing 2900 grams, with an Apgar score of 7 at the 1^st minute and 9 at the 5^th minute, height at 52 centimeters, head circumference at 33 centimeters and absence of skin substances on the right lower limb. The essential care of the newborn was performed in the delivery room and then he was transferred to the neonatology unit. On physical examination, the newborn was neurologically, cardiac, and respiratory stable, with a unilateral absence of skin on the anteromedial aspect of the right leg extending from the knee to the medial aspect of the right foot. This lesion was well limited, covered by a very thin translucent red membrane, exposing easily visualized muscle and vascular structures (Figure 1).

There was a dystrophy of the right big toe nail, the rest of the skin was normal and the scalp was macroscopically healthy. No visible malformation was noted. In view of these signs, the management consisted of placing the baby in an incubator, providing sufficient hydroelectrolytes and energy, ceftriaxone and gentamycin-based biobiotic therapy to prevent superinfection, and twice-daily local care with greasy tulle. Additional examinations were then prescribed. Blood count and C-reactive protein were normal. Transfontanellar, cardiac and abdominal ultrasounds were normal. After 3 days, the newborn presented with bullae on the right hand and elbow and on the posterior aspect of the neck, raising suspicion of epidermolysis bullosa (Figure 2). Skin biopsy and histopathological examination of the bullae were not performed because of the insufficient technical picture. The combination of congenital absence of skin on the lower limbs, epidermolysis bullosa and nail abnormality led to the diagnosis of Frieden’s type VI ACC, also known as Bart’s syndrome. The newborn was discharged on the 7^th day of hospitalization with a satisfactory clinical condition. The mother was given detailed instructions on handling the baby and continuing local wound care with a topical antibacterial cream (2% fusidic acid cream) applied twice daily

and a non-adhesive dressing. Also, the neonate was seen in dermatology and pediatrics consultation once a week. At the first visit at 14 days of age, the lesion was healing, the bullae had disappeared (Figure 3) and the newborn had no signs of vital distress. At 19 days of life, the neonate was admitted to the pediatric emergency department for poor general impression. The general examination revealed a febrile newborn (temperature 39˚C), frank mucocutaneous pallor, tachycardia, hypoxemic tachypnea (SpO₂ at 78% room air). On neurological examination, the anterior fontanel was normotensive, hypotonia was noted with abolition of archaic reflexes. The dressing covering the wound was blood-stained and fetid. The rest of the examination was normal. Management consisted of oxygen therapy by mask, vascular filling with saline. A blood sample was taken for biological assessment (CBC, blood group-Rhesus, thickened drop-blood smear, blood culture, CRP, cytobacteriological and chemical examination of the CSF), and then a biantibiotherapy (cefotaxime + gentamycin) was administered. The wound was cleaned and disinfected with a chlorine-based antiseptic preparation (Dakin Cooper^®). The outcome of this neonate was fatal 35 minutes after admission.

Bart’s syndrome or ACC type VI is an extremely rare congenital skin disease first described in 1966 [7] . CCA is a rare congenital dermatosis characterized by a localized or extensive skin defect acquired in utero. There are nine types whose pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet clearly elucidated and vary according to the type [2] . These etiologies, according to the hypotheses, could be genetic, vascular, infectious, teratogenic, as well as the amniotic bridges syndrome and the papyrate fetus syndrome [6] . In the present case, we found a notion of consanguinity in the 2^nd degree and a history of a premature baby in the siblings who presented skin anomalies similar to congenital ichthyosis. These pre-existing factors could contribute to the occurrence of neonatal malformation [8] . The search for a genetic work-up would have revealed a genetic mutation in the BMS 1 and DLL 4 genes reported in the literature [1] . In our context, these examinations could not be performed due to the lack of technical facilities. Thus, we based our diagnosis on clinical arguments, even if in certain situations a skin biopsy may be necessary to establish a differential diagnosis with other causes of epidermolysis bullosa [1] . Clinically, the skin lesions in Bart’s syndrome present as bilateral reddish ulcerated lesions with clear borders extending most often to the medial and posterior aspect of the feet up to the shins [9] . This description of this pathology was found in our context. It is imperative to look for other congenital anomalies associated with the diagnosis of Bart’s syndrome in the digestive tract (pyloric atresia), urinary tract (ureteral stenosis, renal anomalies) and facial tract (hypoplasia of the ear, flattening of the nose, hypertelorism) [10] . However, in the case we report, clinical examination and imaging did not reveal any malformation. The management of Bart’s syndrome is medical and/or surgical depending on the extent of the skin lesions. In case of focal lesions, it usually involves medical treatment of the wounds with removal of blister fluid with a sterile needle, cleaning with saline and application of a skin antiseptic (silver sulfadiazine cream, bacitracin ointment) to the lesions [11] [12] [13] . For the control of possible infections, antibiotic therapy is most often instituted, sometimes the use of hydro debridement and mechanical debridement is necessary to prevent infection and help the wound to contract [11] [12] . For the maintenance of moist wounds, their protection against trauma and the reduction of contact dermatitis, a dressing with Vaseline gauze seems to be very effective [11] [12] . When the lesions are very extensive and deep, the management of patients may require surgical treatment such as skin grafting or local flaps [11] [14] . In this clinical case, the neonate received medical and conservative treatment consisting of biantibiotic therapy and twice-daily local care with fatty tulle. Ambulatory management consisted of twice-daily application of fusidic acid cream to the wounds and weekly non-adhesive dressings. After this treatment, the evolution was marked by the beginning of healing on the 14^th day of life. The prognosis of Bart’s syndrome is guarded and depends on several factors, most often interrelated. These are clinical factors (severity and extension of the ACC, subtype of epidermolysis bullosa, associated anomalies) and therapeutic factors (compliance with treatment) [15] . Thus, the evolution can be favorable or enameled with hemorrhagic, infectious, metabolic (hypoglycemia) and nutritional complications that can jeopardize the vital prognosis of the newborn. In this case, the complications were hemorrhage and sepsis, which led to the patient’s death.

The clinical diagnosis of Bart’s syndrome or type VI ACC is simple. However, in our context of a country with limited resources, it poses a problem of management and surveillance. This management must be rigorous with the control of the infectious and hemorrhagic risk. To do so, it requires parental adherence to the treatment, excellent therapeutic compliance and rigorous monitoring.

The patient’s father has given his consent for the writing and publication of the study.

All authors have participated, read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Christian, Y.K., Roland, Y.Y.K., Patrick, Y.J., Alamun, A.I., Romeo, A.L., Landryse, S.G.J., Eleonore, A.E.A., Honorine, A.-S.C., Hélène, A.-T.K.A. and Vincent, A.K. (2023) Type VI Aplasia Cutis Congenita: About a Case Report at University Teaching Hospital of Bouaké. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 13, 146-152. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojped.2023.131018