In recent years, we need more bandwidth to enjoy entertainment contents such as video streaming, music and online gaming. To gain enough bandwidth, technologies that combine bandwidth by using multiple interfaces at same time are desired. Multipath transport protocols which combine multiple paths for packet delivery at the transport layer are a promising technology. Such protocols have a mechanism, called “packet scheduler”, to select the interface to send a packet. However, existing studies of the packet scheduler have not explicitly considered the compatibility of mobility with bonding of bandwidth. Therefore, when smartphone users move out of coverage of communication networks such as wireless Local Area Network (LAN) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) by vehicle, packet loss occurs, leading to a decrease of throughput. In this study, we propose a packet scheduler that selects an appropriate communication path so that packets can reach the peer before it moves out of the coverage. Based on routes of a vehicle and the position and communication range of the access point, the time at which a communication path will be lost is predicted. In addition, we employ MPQUIC (Multipath QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections)), which is a multipath transport protocol proposed as the extension of QUIC protocol, to reduce the ACK packet loss in multipath communication, and to reduce the time until the starts of retransmission. We evaluated the number of packet losses, the throughput and the time until starts of retransmission using a simulator and show the superiority of proposed method.
The advances of smartphones support the services of video streaming, music, game, allowing user to enjoy the entertainment contents [
An example application is to shift communication ways to a low-cost Wi-Fi from LTE when a vehicle enters the zone of Wi-Fi services. Multi-path communication is a method to increase the bandwidth of wireless communication. By the combination of multiple ways of communications such as LTE and WLAN, the performance of throughput and delay are expected to be improved.
Multipath transport protocol (MP-TCP) enables the multiple TCP connections in parallel [
MP-TCP has a mechanism called “packet scheduler” to select an interface to send a packet to. On the other hand, multiple-path TCP cannot support ACK packet trans-mission on a different route of the associated data packets. This problem is caused by the fact that the middle box such as firewall may discard ACK as the unsafe packet. This problem is difficult to solve in TCP and will cause the retransmission due to the loss of ACK packet, leading to the degradation of throughput.
Reference [
loss due to the time out problem in packet retransmission in case of path disconnection.
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This study aims to reduce the packet losses and avoid throughput degradation in case the communication paths are broken down during the movement of vehicles that utilize the multipath transport protocol for the bandwidth aggregation in mobile environment. In this paper, we introduce and explicitly examine a method of multipath-QUIC based method to reduce the ACK packet loss in multipath communication. The basic idea is to enable the delivery of ACK packet in a different path with the transmission to overcome the “on-light” problem that causes the losses of ACK packets.
We evaluate the number of packet losses and throughput by comparing the proposed method with the conventional methods. The evaluation results reveal that the proposed method increases the throughput and decreases the packet loses.
In the bandwidth aggregation of multipath transport protocol, mobility incurs the packet loss when a packet is on the road to the destination and the route is disconnected. We call such packets inflight packets. Furthermore, ACK packet loss incurs the delay of retransmission and degradation of throughput.
In this paper, we proposed a method that predicts the route disconnection and stops data delivery in the disconnected route in order to reduce packet losses caused by inflight packets. Moreover, the ACK packet is sent via a different route, avoiding the delay of retransmission.
The overview of proposed method is shown in
The proposed method decides the route-disconnection time by utilizing the travelling information, AP position and the communication range. The travelling information is obtained from the vehicle, while the AP information is got from server. As shown in
with WLAN based on the cross point of movement, AP position and AP communication range.
The time of path disconnection is calculated based on Friss model. Given RX power threshold, we obtain the distance between smartphone and AP as shown by Equations (1) and (2). In the equations, L0 is the reference path loss at reference distance of d0 = 1 [m], Pt is the transmission power (dBm), T is the energy threshold (dBm) of the receiving signal, and n is the propagation loss factor.
L = L 0 + 10 n log 10 ( d d 0 ) 2 (1)
d = d 0 × 10 ( p t − T − L 0 ) / 10 n (2)
To measure the downlink delay from server to the client (smartphone), server generates a time stamp when sending packet to the client, which returns the RTT, called R T T d o w n here, to the server. The server and client smooth the RTT based on Equation [
S R T T n e w = α S R T T o l d + ( 1 − α ) S R T T d o w n (3)
The proposed method utilizes the MPQUIC, which is a multipath transport protocol based on QUIC [
In the proposed method, on the time to stop packet delivery via WLAN, the smart phone sends ACK packets through another route, so as to avoid the delay of retransmission caused by the loss of ACK packets.
We introduce the procedure of the proposed method as follows based on
1) Vehicle provides the smartphone its travelling path information.
2) Smartphone obtains the information of AP and the communication range of AP from the management server based on it’s travelling path.
3) Smartphone computes the WLAN disconnection time TL from the travelling path, AP information, and shares TL information with the server.
4) Smartphone sets path connection with WLAN when entering the scope of WLAN. Then both LTE and WLAN are used for smartphone to communicate with the server.
5) On time Tp, which is derived from TL based on delay time, the scheduler of the smartphone makes the following actions.
a) Server stops the packet delivery on WLAN, and selects LTE for packet delivery;
b) Smartphone also selects LTE to delivery data packet. This allows ACK frame of receiving packets to be sent via LTE.
In this section, we introduce the system environment and metrics that are employed in the simulation.
| Host OS | Windows 10 Home 64 Bits |
|---|---|
| CPU | Intel(R) Core™ i7-8550U CPU @ 1.80 GHz |
| Memory | 8 GB |
| Virtual environment | VirtualBox 6.1.28 |
| Guest OS | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS |
| Main memory | 4096 MB |
| Number of processors | 4 |
| Simulator | Mininet-WiFi 2.6 |
| Go language | go1.17 |
on a network simulator of Mininet-Wi-Fi. In MPQUIC implementation, the library implemented by GO language is utilized. The simulation scenario is shown in
Since Mininet-WiFi does not support LTE in the simulation, we minimize the
LTE communication by setting the wired LAN connection parameter same with [
When the simulation is started, client uses both LTE and WLAN for downloading 5 MBytes file from the server. At the same time, client moves with a speed of 1.3 m/s at a position that is 10 m away from the AP. The client moves out of the communication range after 2 s. Client predicts the time of being out of communication range, and shares the time information the server. The simulation runs are carried out 10 times. And the average result is employed.
In addition, logfile is outputted involving packet transmission and receiving process since it is difficult to analyze the packet MPQUIC internal states from the packet capture.
Based on the above scenario, the proposed method is compared with the method that employs scheduler in terms of low RTT. Low RTT is the min RTT in the shortest path for which the scheduler has the highest priority in packet transmission. Furthermore, for comparison, the ACK frame will not be delivered in a different path with that the data is sent from.
The evaluation metrics include packets loss, the throughput in Wi-Fi network, and the arriving time. The throughput is the total number of bytes of QUIC packets divided by the communication duration. The Wi-Fi communication duration for the proposed method is the period from the time that the communication starts to the time that Wi-Fi is stopped to transmit packets.
The communication time for low RTT is the period from the start of the communication to the time that the path is broken down. The arriving time refers to the time that the transmission packet arrives at the client (smartphone, including the process of retransmission.
The results of packet losses of LTE are shown in
1) Packet loss
The results in
2) Throughput
As shown in
| Proposal | ECF | LowRTT | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 Mbps | 3.1 (±2.13) | 41.0 (±1.40) | 39.5 (±2.27) |
| 7.5 Mbps | 0.2 (±0.63) | 38.4 (±0.96) | 39.3 (±2.87) |
| 10 Mbps | 0.8 (±1.68) | 39.6 (±0.97) | 39.0 (±2.0) |
improvement when the bandwidth is set to 7.5 mbps.
3) Packet arriving time
The loss of inflight packets causes the loss of data packets. The throughput decreases due to the delay of packet retransmission when the ACK packets cannot be successfully delivered. This research proposed a packet scheduler method that predicts the time of path loss and packet arrival features. The proposed method predicts the path loss of WLAN based on the mobility information and AP position, estimates the packet arrival time based on the downlink delay of WLAN, and selects the communication path. By using this method, the inflight packet losses caused by path loss are decreased, avoiding the decrease of the throughput and reducing packet losses.
This work is partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP20H00589.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Okunishi, R., Teng, R. and Sato, K. (2022) Reachability-Based Packet Scheduler of Multipath QUIC for Heterogeneous Mobile Networks. Communications and Network, 14, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.4236/cn.2022.144011