Cyanobacterial bloom, also called blue-green algae, all over the world is generating great concern due to the effect of temperature resulting from global warming.
Microcystis aeruginosa is well known to be the major causative agent of algal bloom. However, there is a need for more critical detection to the relationship between temperature and the growth rate of
Microcystic aeruginosa. In the present study, we cultivated the batch culture of
Microcystis aeruginosa (Toxic and Non-toxic strain) at five different temperatures 5°C, 10°C, 22°C, 27°C, and 38°C to measure its specific growth rate, pigment contents and cell concentration at each temperature. Our findings indicate that non-toxic strains had higher growth
rate at high temperature than the toxic strains, particularly at 22°C. Also, a minimal difference was noticed with the chlorophyll a, carotenoid contents of both strains at varying temperature. The above results indicate the significance of temperature in respect to the two strains of
M. aeruginosa and could constitute a promising tool in the prediction of algal bloom.
Cyanobacterial <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Temperature Algal Bloom Pigment Global Warming1. Introduction
The distribution of Cyanobacteria in marine and freshwater habitats induces a prominent bloom in water, with different degree of toxicity [1]. An increase in the rate of blooms was noticed in recent decades [2] [3], which is also expected to increase further, consequently due to global warming [4]. Microcystis aeruginosa often produce the hepatotoxin, which is harmful to human and animal health. It was reported that the ratios of toxic to non-toxic cells are highly variable in field samples [5] [6], but factors favouring growth of toxic and non-toxic strains still need to be critically examined.
Cyanobacteria blooms that harm people, animals, or the environment are called cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms. Harmful cyanobacteria blooms may affect people, animals, or the environment by blocking the sunlight that other organisms need to live. Cyanobacteria blooms can steal the oxygen and nutrients other organisms need to live, also making toxins, called cyanotoxins. Cyanotoxins are among the most powerful natural poisons known. Several factors are responsible for the continuous rise in atmospheric temperature, some of which includes indiscriminate burning of fossil fuels, inappropriate industrial discharge into atmosphere and as such increasing the level of carbon dioxide in atmosphere, a condition which directly increases the temperature of the atmosphere, in a long turn escalating the rate of algal bloom [7].
Global change appears to be disrupting phytoplankton seasonal successions within their communities’ structures of “plankton phenology” [8]. Competitive advantage is gained by species growing in aquatic ecosystems with conditions such as, higher temperatures and adapted to low-light conditions [3], which favours Cyanobacteria especially in shallow lakes [9]. Numerous researches reported on advanced onsets of phytoplankton blooms as ecological reaction to global warming and changes in plankton phenology [10] [11] [12] [13]. Toxic cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa) have reported high temperature growth rate at 25˚C. Also, toxin production was also observed to have increased with increase in temperature for photosynthesis and growth [3] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]. The growth of phytoplankton can be influenced directly by temperature through metabolic system changes and nutrient uptake rates [16] [19] [20].
Several factors as a result of photosynthesis and respiration gave rise to increase in oxygen [21]. Therefore, an inexpensive mechanism which could clearly differentiate between toxic and non-toxic strain with respect to their physiology at a certain bloom state and time is needed. In the past, records demonstrate that ecological examination by cell count exhibits at least some amount of success for toxic strains but its application was seen to take a while and not entirely dependable. Consequently, this study aims to determine the growth of M. aeruginosa (Toxic and non-toxic strain) in laboratory batch cultures at various temperatures and to determine the variation in the growth form at different temperature conditions.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Cyanobacterial Culture Growth
Axenic culture of Microcystisaeruginosa non-toxic (PCC 7005) and toxic (PCC 7806) strains were obtained from Institute Pasteur (Paris, France). Five ml of pre-cultured organisms were grown for two weeks at 28˚C and constant rocking (130 rpm) in 250 ml flasks until they reached the concentration of 108 cells/ml and then used to inoculate 50 ml of sterilized Blue Green (BG-11) medium. Cultures were grown for 6 - 8 weeks under continuous agitation (130 rpm) and 12 h light/dark cycles until the concentration reached 2 × 107 cells/ml. Cultures were irradiated with cool white fluorescent tubes with a photon flux density of 30 μmol∙m−2∙sec−1. Subcultures were prepared by aseptically inoculating 50 ml of fresh BG-11 medium with 5 ml of M. aeruginosa from 6 - 8 weeks culture above. [22]
2.2. Growth Experimental Setup
In this experiment, M. aeruginosa (toxic strain PCC 7806) and (non-toxic strain 7005) cells were subjected to varying temperature conditions ranging from 5˚C, 10˚C, 22˚C, 27˚C, 37˚C (degree Celsius).Cultures were placed in the refrigerator to achieve the temperature 5˚C and 10˚C, While 22˚C, 27˚C and 37˚C were monitored in the presence of a thermometer in an incubator. The culture was made to undergo shaking twice a day. This was done for all the experimental temperature conditions. Cultures were irradiated with cool white fluorescent tubes with a photon flux density of 30 μmol∙m−2∙sec−1 at 12 h light/dark cycles. At exponential stage of growth, the cells were used in the estimation of the growth rate, pigmentation and Cell concentration [23].
2.3. Pigment Analysis
Chlorophyll a was examined at three- and six-days intervals under varying temperatures with light intensity remaining constant at 30 μmol∙m−2∙sec−1 at 12 h light/dark cycles. Measurements were taken by harvesting cells through centrifugation at 5000×g for 20 minutes, followed by resuspending in 80% methanol and kept in the dark at 4 degree Celsius overnight. The resulting suspension was centrifuged again and the supernatant was used to measure the absorbance at 620, 650, and 680 nm using a Cary-50 UV-spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll a content was determined with the absorbance value from the UV-spectrophotometer. Carotenoid concentrations were estimated using the same extract but with absorbance measured at 480 nm [24].
2.4. Cell Concentration
Cell number of M. aeruginosa (PCC 7806 and PCC 7005) were estimated by counting with Neubauer hematocytometer under Olympus IX81 inverted epifluorescence microscope equipped with a 300 W Xenon lamp at ×40 magnification. To determine Microcystis aeruginosa cell concentration, 10 μl of M aeruginosa culture were loaded in a Levy Hemocytometer (Hausser Scientific 100 MM deep, USA) cell counting chamber. Cells in major quadrants were counted under the microscope and the cell numbers from 4 major quadrants was averaged. The cell number per ml was calculated applying the formula [24].
Cell concentration/ml = average cell number × 10,000 × dilution factor.
3. Results and Discussion
The growth rate indicated that toxic strain (PCC 7806) shows growth at both 5˚C and 10˚C but the growth was seen to be slow compare to the Non-toxic strain (PCC 7005) where growth was a little faster, this growth response could be due to differences in their photosynthetic and respiratory abilities. Optimum growth for both strains was seen at 22˚C as seen in Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b), this is also in line with the results obtained for chlorophyll a content and carotenoids contents below, which are photosynthetic pigments supporting growth, this agrees with the work described by [24] in his study on the interdependence between light and the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (РСС 7806).
The cell concentration in relation to temperature change for PCC 7005 (Non-toxic) strain and PCC 7806 (toxic strain) indicated that this algal species
were able to increase in cell number over a broad temperature range of 5˚C and 37˚C, with lower and higher temperature effecting the cell production, the cell concentration was found to be highest at 22˚C, a similar result was obtained on fourteenth day culture at 22˚C, the result therefore affirm that temperature had much effect on cell concentration than time duration Figure 2(a) and Figure 2(b). Not surprising, all showed a strong relationship to temperature this is similar to the report of [25] where he investigated the comparison of cyanobacterial and green algal growth rates at different temperatures, showing that the optimum growth temperature for P. agardhii is around 27˚C. Thus these strains are able to increase in cell concentration at much lower temperatures than previously suggested by the literature, this therefore means influence of environmental conditions might have resulted to PCC 7005 and PCC 7806 adapting to
optimal temperature growth close to 22˚C.
The carotenoid content was examined at 480 nm for both strains. The highest values of carotenoid were seen at 22˚C for PCC 7806 and PCC 7005, PCC 7005 had the highest carotenoid content. However, the lowest value of carotenoid content was observed at 5˚C for both strains Figure 3. The results indicated a relationship between carotenoid content and temperature, the optimum temperature for increase in carotenoid content was found to be around 22˚C for PCC 7005 and PCC 7806 strains, therefore during photosynthesis, PCC 7005 and PCC 7806 strains may have ability to prevent harmful photodynamic reaction at a temperature of 22˚C. This is similar to the work of [26] who studied chlorophyll and carotenoids analysis using spectrophotometer.
The chlorophyll a content was checked at three wavelength (620 nm, 650 nm and 680 nm) the highest values for both strains were obtained at 650 nm and PCC 7005 had highest values, the chlorophyll a contents values were higher at a temperature of 22˚C for both PCC 7005 and PCC 7806 strains this is illustrated in Figure 4. This is an indication that wavelength and temperature are important in the anabolic processes of PCC 7005 and PCC 7806 strains which in turn indicates a higher light absorbing potentials at 650 nm and 22˚C, this is similar to the study of [27] [28] who stated that some strains Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX 2388 and CYA 228 have associated microcystin production and chlorophyll a content in relation to temperature.
4. Conclusion
Measurements were conducted to investigate the effects of temperatures on M. aeruginosa strains PCC 7806 and PCC 7005 growth rate, variation in chlorophyll and carotenoids contents and cell concentrations, both strains were found to have optimum temperature to be 22˚C, with non-toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (РСС 7005) having stronger affinity. This is an indication that growth and development of toxic and non-toxic strains of M. aeruginosa are temperature dependent. The results from this study could serve as a guide in the monitoring and control of algal bloom particularly caused by M. aeruginosa.
Acknowledgements
We thank the entire colleague of the Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica for their support throughout the experimental work of this research.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Oginni, G.F., Dzakpasu, L.S. and Ezekiel, A.O. (2022) Effects of Varying Temperature on the Growth Rate of Toxic and Non-Toxic Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. Journal of Environmental Protection, 13, 689-697. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.1310044
ReferencesErhard, M., von Döhren, H. and Jungblut, P. (1997) Rapid Typing and Elucidation of New Secondary Metabolites of Intact Cyanobacteria Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 906-909. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0997-906Hudnell, H.K. and Dortch, Q. (2008) A Synopsis of Research Needs Identified at the Interagency, International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (ISOC-HAB). In: Hudnell, H.K., Ed., Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms—State of the Science and Research Needs, Springer, New York, 17-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_2Paerl, H.W. and Huisman, J. (2008) Blooms Like It Hot. Science, 320, 57-58. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155398Mooij, W.M., Hülsmann, S., De Senerpont Domis, L.N., Nolet, B.A., Bodelier, P.L.E., et al. (2005) The Impact of Climate Change on Lakes in the Netherlands: A Review. Aquatic Ecology, 39, 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-005-9008-0Rinta-Kanto, J.M., Ouellette, A.J.A., Boyer, G.L., Twiss, M.R., Bridgeman, T.B. and Wilhelm, S.W. (2005) Quantification of Toxic Microcystis spp. during the 2003 and 2004 Blooms in Western Lake Erie Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 4198-4205. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048249uDavis, T.W., Berry, D.L., Boyer, G.L. and Gobler, C.J. (2009) The Effects of Temperature and Nutrients on the Growth and Dynamics of Toxic and Non-Toxic Strains of Microcystis during Cyanobacteria Blooms. Harmful Algae, 8, 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.02.004Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., Van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 881.Schwartz, M.D. (2003) Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0632-3Kosten, S., Huszar, V.L., Bécares, E., Costa, L.S., van Donk, E. and Hansson, L.A. (2012) Warmer Climates Boost Cyanobacterial Dominance in Shallow Lakes. Global Change Biology, 18, 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02488.xAdrian, R., Wilhelm, S. and Gerten, D. (2006) Life-History Traits of Lake Plankton Species May Govern Their Phenological Response to Climate Warming. Global Change Biology, 12, 652-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01125.xMeis, S., Thackeray, S. and Jones, I. (2009) Effects of Recent Climate Change on Phytoplankton Phenology in a Temperate Lake. Freshwater Biology, 54, 1888-1898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02240.xShimoda, Y., Azim, M.E., Perhar, G., Ramin, M., Kenney, M.A. and Sadraddini, S. (2011) Our Current Understanding of Lake Ecosystem Response to Climate Change: What Have We Really Learned from the North Temperate Deep Lakes? Journal of Great Lakes Research, 37, 173-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.10.004Vadadi Fülöp, C. and Hufnagel, L. (2014) Climate Change and Plankton Phenology in Freshwater: Current Trends and Future Commitments. Journal of Limnology, 73, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2014.770Konopka, A and Brock, T.D. (1978) Effect of Temperature on Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 36, 572-576. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.36.4.572-576.1978Takamura, N., Iwakuma, T. and Yasuno, M. (1985) Photosynthesis and Primary Production of Microcystis aeruginosa Ktitz. in Lake Kasumigaura. Journal of Plankton Research, 7, 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/7.3.303Robarts, R.D. and Zohary, T. (1987) Temperature Effects on Photosynthetic Capacity, Respiration, and Growth Rates of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 21, 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1987.9516235Reynolds, C.S. (2006) Ecology of Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 550. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542145Jöhnk, K.D., Huisman, J., Sharples, J., Sommeijer, B., Visser, P.M. and Strooms, J.M. (2008) Summer Heatwaves Promote Blooms of Harmful Cyanobacteria. Global Change Biology, 14, 495-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01510.xGillooly, J.F., Brown, J.H., West, G.B., Savage, V.M. and Charnov, E.L. (2001) Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate. Science, 293, 2248-2251. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061967Allen, A.P. and Gillooly, J.F. (2009) Towards an Integration of Ecological Stoichiometry and the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to Better Understand Nutrient Cycling. Ecology Letters, 12, 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01302.xGarcia-Pichel, F. (1997) Solar Ultraviolet and the Evolutionary History of Cyanobacteria. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 28, 321-347. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006545303412Oginni, G.F., Oloketuyi, S.F., Mazzega, E., Budasheva, H., Beran, A., Cabrini. M. Korte, D., Mladen, F and De Marco, A. (2021) Nanobody-Dependent detection of Microcystis aeruginosa by ELISA and Thermal Lens Spectrometry. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 193, 2729-2741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03552-6Pavlova, V., Sevdalina, F., Andreeva, R. and Bratanova, Z. (2010) Effect of Temperature and Light Intensity on the Growth, Chlorophyll-A, Concentration and Microcystin Production by M. aeruginosa. General and Applied Plant Physiology, 36, 148-158.Oginni, G., Dzakpasu, L., Babu, W. and Ezekiel, A. (2021) Relative Effects of Varying Light Conditions on the Growth of Toxic and Non-Toxic Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. Journal of Environmental Protection, 12, 1161-1173. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2021.1212068Lürling, M., Eshetu, F., Faassen, E.J., Kosten, S. and Huszar, V.L.M. (2013) Comparison of Cyanobacterial and Green Algal Growth Rates at Different Temperatures. Freshwater Biology, 58, 552-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02866.xRinawati, M. (2020) Chlorophyll and Carotenoids Analysis Spectrophotometer Using Method on Microalgae. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 441, Article ID: 012056. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012056Lee, S.J., Jang, M.H., Kim, H.S., Yoon, B.D. and Oh, H. (2000) Variation of Microcystin Content of Microcystis aeruginosa Relative to Medium N:P Ratio and Growth Stage. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 89, 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01112.xLyck, S. (2004) Simultaneous Changes in Cell Quotas of Microcystin, Chlorophyll a, Protein and Carbohydrate during Different Growth Phases of a Batch Culture Experiment with Microcystis aeruginosa. Journal of Plankton Research, 26, 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh071