Water Safety Plan (WSP) is considered as a collaborative approach dedicated to the risks of water impurity in a drinking water operating system, started at the catchment and finished at the end user, to protect people’s health. The aim of this study is to accomplish a WSP for the drinking water operation system of Azraq Spring. It is located in Fuhais in the northwestern part of Balqa, about 20 km west of Amman. The catchment area is 23.71 km 2 and it has a perimeter of 20.42 km. Semi-quantitative approach is used for risk assessment. Possible hazardous events and related hazards were recognized in each portion of the water operation system. WSP decreases the risk of public health, guarantees the water quality with standards requirements, increases the trust of users, and advances management of water resources due to involvement planning. New control measures are suggested by the WSP team within this study.
Accomplishing good water quality requires monitoring of the environment and human health. WSP procedure is considered as a collaborative approach dedicated to exploring the risks of water impurity in a drinking water operating system, started at the catchment and finished at the end user, to protect people’s health and significantly decrease water pollution in the whole drinking water operating system (DWOS). Azraq Spring is considered the main source of drinking water for Fuhais city, but it is difficult to get all the quantity of groundwater abstraction from Azraq in past years due to the increase in E. coli and nitrate. The aim of this study is to achieve the WSP for the drinking water operation system (DWOS) of Azraq Spring, and assessment of the groundwater pollution that may result from agricultural activities and Fuhais wastewater treatment plants using WSP [
Azraq Spring is located in Fuhais in the northwestern part of Balqa, about 20 km west of Amman at N-32˚1.232 and E-35˚45.754 as shown in
This step included nomination of team member; operation manager, researchers, and environment and health protection Authority as shown in
Azraq Spring is originated from A7/B2 aquifer which is the most exploited aquifer in Jordan. It is a highly fractured-rock aquifer, consisting of sedimentary rocks (primarily carbonates and chert) from the late Cretaceous epoch. The fractures and other discontinuities such as joints, fissures and faults that occur in the rocks are allowing it to hold huge amounts of groundwater so it can be considered as a highly productive aquifer. Average discharge of Azraq Spring is around
| Validation | Develop support Program | Prepare management procedures | Verify effectiveness of WSP | Operational control procedures | Control measures | Identify hazard and assess risks | Describe water system | Position | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | Head of water resources and environment division | Dr. Hassan Khrisat |
| R | A | R | I | R | R | R | R | Head of water safety Division | Lama Saleh |
| I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | Engineer of water safety Division | Khaled Hadidi |
| I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | Engineer of water safety Division | Feda’a Massaedeh |
| I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | Engineer of water safety Division | Samah Salhi |
| I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | Geology of water protection Division | Amjad Fityani |
| I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | Engineer of Shuraia Treatment plant | Omar Rahamneh |
R: Responsible; I: Involved; A: Aware.
1.4 MCM/Annual. Azraq is used for water supply of Fuhais and Mahis. According to increasing number of microbial contaminations that associated with E. coli, the water of Azraq Spring starting treated through Shuraia treatment plant since 2007 [
What-If/Checklist analysis was applied to determine hazardous events and to assess the risk. It included brainstorming of results of the What-If/Checklist [
Semi-quantitative risk matrix was used as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines as shown in
Classification of likelihood and the severity of consequences are shown in
| Process step | Hazardous event | Hazard type |
|---|---|---|
| Catchment | High turbidity in Azraq Spring and probability for Pollution due to the flow of rainwater in the valleys that lead to the spring during the winter | Microbial chemical physical |
| contamination of Azraq Spring due to the leakage and flood of sewage lines and drains due to the overload of the connections which causes by the population increase in the area and the connection of rain water to the sewage network, causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to active and non-active cesspits present in the catchment area causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer which influence the spring water | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the presence of flat and fractures in the lift line leading to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Mahesh and Fuhais | Microbial, chemical physical | |
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to flooding in the lift station as a result of overload due to the connection of rain water to the sewage network | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the infiltration of fertilizers, pesticides from agricultural activities in the area to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Pollution of Azraq Spring because of animal waste from barns and sheep grazing areas to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to spilling of industrial Wastewater from fuel station and car washing | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Treatment | Contamination in the outlet from the MF unit due to the failure of the filter membranes | Physical Microbial |
| The probability of exceeding the reference limits of the Jordanian standard of water produced due to decrease the intensity of radiation and the dose of disinfectant and low efficiency of purification of raw water from the ultraviolet sterilization unit because bulbs are not cleaned or lamps come near the shelf life | Microbial | |
| Shortage of production quantities of the station to disable the work of air valves, which leads to high pressure of the unit and stop automatically due to the failure of the air-feeding system of the air valves in the MF filter unit | physical | |
| Distribution | Increase in turbidity due to withdrawal of soil to the network due to fractures in it | physical |
| Pollution of water due to the flood of sewage manhole that result from the clogging of sewage networks | Microbial chemical physical | |
| Pollution of water due to accumulation of soil and sediments at the end of the lines, especially in low areas | Microbial physical | |
| High water turbidity due to the entry of soil to the network through broken pipes, due to maintenance of damaged networks, which include repair or replacement of main lines | physical |
| Severity | RISK MATRIX 5 × 5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrible (5) | considerable (4) | Sensible (3) | Slight (2) | Negligible (1) | ||
| 25 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 5 | Frequent (5) | Likelihood |
| 20 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 4 | Most probable (4) | |
| 15 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | Probable (3) | |
| 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | Improbable (2) | |
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Infrequent (1) | |
| Likelihood | Description | rate |
|---|---|---|
| Frequent | Is expected to occur in most circumstances (more than one time per a year), has been observed regularly in the field, confirmed by water quality | 5 |
| Most probable | Will probably occur in most circumstances (at least one time per a year), has been observed occasionally in the field, confirmed by water quality | 4 |
| Probable | Might occur at some times (once per two years), has been observed occasionally in the field, no significant water quality data trend that confirm the risk | 3 |
| Improbable | Could occur at some time (once per 5 years), has not been observed in the field, no water quality data trends that confirm the risk | 2 |
| Infrequent | May occur only in exceptional circumstances (didn’t happened during 5 years), has not been observed in the field, water quality data do not indicate any risk | 1 |
| Severity | Description | rate |
| Negligible | Negligible impact on water quality, service delivery or normal operation | 1 |
| Slight | Minor water quality influence for slight fraction of users, certain practicable description to process, corrective action required for service delivery, rise in complaints not significant | 2 |
| Sensible | Minor water quality influence for huge fraction of users, clear growth in objections, public displeasure, slight gap of monitoring requirement, regulator interest, significant but manageable modification to normal operation, increased operational cost, increase monitoring | 3 |
| considerable | Major water quality impact for small percentage of customers, large numbers of complaints, and significant breach of regulatory requirement, regulator interest and investigation, system is significantly compromised with abnormal operation, extra high level of monitoring required | 4 |
| Terrible | Major water quality impact for large percentage of users, disease in public related with the water system, litigation by customers, major regulatory breach, major investigation by regulator with prosecution likely, complete failure of system | 5 |
| Management action | Risk category | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addressed by routine procedures | L | 0 - 5 | Low risk | |
| Management attention needed | M | 6 - 14 | Medium risk | |
| Requires urgent management attention | H | 15 - 25 | High risk | |
Control measures are phases in the drinking-water operation that directly effect on water quality to ensure the water regularly correspond water quality limitations as shown in
Evaluating whether the control measures are effective or not, if improvement are required, establish corrective action for deviations and incidents that may occur
| Process step | Hazard events | Hazard type | Existing control measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catchment | High turbidity in Azraq Spring and probability for Pollution due to the flow of rainwater in the valleys that lead to the spring during the winter | Microbial chemical physical | Stop the station | |
| Contamination of Azraq Spring due to the leakage and flood of sewage lines and drains due to the overload of the connections which causes by the population increase in the area and the connection of rain water to the sewage network, causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer | Microbial chemical physical | • The presence of a Sharia treatment plant • Maintain the integrity of the facilities for the manholes • Preventive maintenance programs by the Balqa Water Department • Activation of laws, regulations, instructions: including the application of penalties | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to active and non-active cesspits present in the catchment area causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer which influence the spring water | Microbial chemical physical | • The existence of the Code of Practice for the construction of cesspits, in addition to the drilling of cesspits during the process of connecting with the sewage network from the Ministry of Public Works | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the presence of flat and fractures in the lift line leading to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Mahesh and Fuhais | Microbial, chemical physical | • The presence of a Sharia treatment plant | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to flooding in the lift station as a result of overload due to the connection of rain water to the sewage network | Microbial chemical physical | • Activation of laws, regulations, instructions: including the application of penalties | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the infiltration of fertilizers, pesticides from agricultural activities in the area to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | • The Water Resources Protection guideline for 2011. • Operating licenses issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the conditions required to obtain these licenses, in addition to the approval of the Ministry of Environment to obtain these licenses | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring because of animal waste from barns and sheep grazing areas to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | • The Water Resources Protection guideline for 2011. • Operating licenses issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the conditions required to obtain these licenses, in addition to the approval of the Ministry of Environment to obtain these licenses | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to spilling of industrial Wastewater from fuel station and car washing | Microbial chemical physical | • The presence of a Sharia treatment plant | ||
| Treatment | Contamination in the outlet from the MF unit due to the failure of the filter membranes | physical Microbial | • Keep 2 of the Mf unit stand by. The presence of UV purification unit after the MF unit • The extra barrier of the final chlorination of productive water is considered one of the safety barriers against bacterial contamination | |
| The probability of exceeding the reference limits of the Jordanian standard of water produced due to decrease the intensity of radiation and the dose of disinfectant and low efficiency of purification of raw water from the ultraviolet sterilization unit because bulbs are not cleaned or lamps come near the shelf life | Microbial | • The extra barrier of the final chlorination of productive water is considered one of the safety barriers against bacterial contamination | ||
| Shortage of production quantities of the station to disable the work of air valves, which leads to high pressure of the unit and stop automatically due to the failure of the air-feeding system of the air valves in the MF filter unit | physical | • Preventive maintenance programs issued and prepared based on catalogs and standard operating books • Availability of spare parts • The existence of a backup air system | ||
| Distribution | Increase in turbidity due to withdrawal of soil to the network due to fractures in it | physical | • Response speed to repair broken water lines and quality complaint • Matching materials used with relevant specifications | |
| Pollution of water due to the flood of sewage manhole that result from the clogging of sewage networks | Microbial Chemical physical | • Preventive maintenance of sewage lines close to water networks • Preserving excess residual chlorine in the distribution network according to the Jordanian Standard for drinking water • Existing of qualified technician that can deal with situation | ||
| Pollution of water due to accumulation of soil and sediments at the end of the lines, especially in low areas | Microbial physical | Increase the length of the pipe line about 5 m to give sediment and soil extra space to accumulate | ||
| High water turbidity due to the entry of soil to the network through broken pipes, due to maintenance of damaged networks, which include repair or replacement of main lines | physical | • Regular maintenance of pressure dampers in the area • Increase staff efficiency |
and emergency responses. All control measures are important and should be afforded ongoing attention. They should be subject to operational monitoring and control, with the means of monitoring and frequency of data collection based on the nature of the control measure and the rapidity with which change may occur.
This monitoring plan establishes what will be monitored, how it will be monitored, the frequency of monitoring, who will do the monitoring, and critical limits and related corrective actions. According to Jordanian Drinking Water Standards [
The potential hazardous events and all related potential physical, biological, chemical or radiological hazards associated with each step in the DWOS were identified.
| Laboratory test | Repeatability of sample collection | Level of protection | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 3/week = 12/month | Second | Baqouriya spring |
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 3/week = 12/month | Second | Sharia spring |
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 3/week = 12/month | First | Hazier spring |
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 3/week = 12/month | First | Azraq Spring |
| pH, TDS, TH, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Cl, SO4, NO2, NO3, Mn, Temp., Color, Odor, MBAS. | 1/year | ||
| As, Pb, CN, Cd, Cr, Ba, Se, B, Hg, Ag, Ni, Sb, F, Mo | 1/year | ||
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 3/week = 12/month | Second | Sharia treatment plant for each stage (Raw, Micro filtration, Product tank) |
| pH, TDS, TH, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Cl, SO4, NO2, NO3, Mn, Temp., Color, Odor, MBAS. | 2/year | ||
| As, Pb, CN, Cd, Cr, Ba, Se, B, Hg, Ag, Ni, Sb, F, Mo, Algae, Nematode, Giardia, Ameba | 1/year | ||
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 1/month | First | Buhaira Tank |
| pH, TDS, TH, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Cl, SO4, NO2, NO3, Mn, Temp., Color, Odor, MBAS, | 1/year | ||
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 1/month | First | Al-Eqsam tank |
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 1/month | First | Yarqa Tank |
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 1/month | First | Naqib Dabour Tank |
| Total Coli. + E. coli + Turbidity + NH4 + Residual Cl2 | 1/month | First | Sawada Tank |
| Process step | Hazardous event | Hazard type | L | S | R Score | R rating before considering control measure | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catchment | High turbidity in Azraq Spring and probability for Pollution due to the flow of rainwater in the valleys that lead to the spring during the winter | Microbial chemical physical | 5 | 4 | 20 | High | |
| contamination of Azraq Spring due to the leakage and flood of sewage lines and drains due to the overload of the connections which causes by the population increase in the area and the connection of rain water to the sewage network, causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer | Microbial chemical physical | 4 | 4 | 16 | High | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to active and non-active cesspits present in the catchment area causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer which influence the spring water | Microbial chemical physical | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the presence of flat and fractures in the lift line leading to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Mahesh and Fuhais | Microbial chemical physical | 4 | 4 | 16 | High | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to flooding in the lift station as a result of overload due to the connection of rain water to the sewage network | Microbial chemical physical | 4 | 3 | 12 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the infiltration of fertilizers, pesticides from agricultural activities in the area to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring because of animal waste from barns and sheep grazing areas to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to spilling of industrial Wastewater from fuel station and car washing | Microbial chemical physical | 2 | 2 | 4 | Low | ||
| Treatment | Contamination in the outlet from the MF unit due to the failure of the filter membranes | Physical Microbial | 4 | 4 | 16 | High | |
| The probability of exceeding the reference limits of the Jordanian standard of water produced due to decrease the intensity of radiation and the dose of disinfectant and low efficiency of purification of raw water from the ultraviolet sterilization unit because bulbs are not cleaned or lamps come near the shelf life | Microbial | 2 | 4 | 8 | Moderate | ||
| Shortage of production quantities of the station to disable the work of air valves, which leads to high pressure of the unit and stop automatically due to the failure of the air-feeding system of the air valves in the MF filter unit | physical | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate | ||
| Distribution | Increase in turbidity due to withdrawal of soil to the network due to fractures in it | physical | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | |
| Pollution of water due to the flood of sewage manhole that result from the clogging of sewage networks | Microbial Chemical physical | 5 | 4 | 20 | High | ||
| Pollution of water due to accumulation of soil and sediments at the end of the lines, especially in low areas | Microbial physical | 3 | 1 | 3 | Low | ||
| High water turbidity due to the entry of soil to the network through broken pipes, due to maintenance of damaged networks, which include repair or replacement of main lines | physical | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate |
At the catchment, Storm water event in the drinking-water catchment causing surface water runoff which leads to infiltration of polluted surface water to the shallow aquifer causing increase in turbidity and microbial contamination of the raw water at inlet of water treatment plant. This mean there is no water inlet the plant. So, the severity of consequences is 4 (considerable). Based on the information reported by the operator of the water system, the probability of occurrence more than once a year so the likelihood is considered as Frequent (5). Thus the calculated risk is very high (5 × 4 = 20). At treatment phase, inefficient filtration due to the failure of the filter membranes or before expected life time (i.e. before 18 - 24 months), microbial contamination resulted due to the presence of E. coli in the water. So the severity of consequences is major impact (4). Based on the information reported by operator of water system, the possibility of occurrence is once a year so the likelihood is most probable (4). Thus, the calculated risk is medium (4 × 4 = 16). Fifteen events of hazard were analyzed (8 at catchment, 3 at treatment and 4 in distribution phase) [
Validation of control measures were by site investigation of catchment areas and validating performance monitoring procedures such as qualitative measures. If a results of control measure did not compliance with Jordanian water quality regulations the validation was considered ineffective.
As shown in
| Without control measure | In-place control measure | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Process phase | Hazard event | Hazard kind | L | S | R | Rating | Existing control measure | V | L | S | R | Rating | |
| Catchment | High turbidity in Azraq Spring and probability for Pollution due to the flow of rainwater in the valleys that lead to the spring during the winter | Microbial chemical physical | 5 | 4 | 20 | High | stop the station | E* | 5 | 2 | 10 | Moderate | |
| contamination of Azraq Spring due to the leakage and flood of sewage lines and drains due to the overload of the connections which causes by the population increase in the area and the connection of rain water to the sewage network, causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer | Microbial chemical physical | 4 | 4 | 16 | High | • The presence of a Sharia treatment plant • Maintain the integrity of the facilities for the manholes. •Preventive maintenance programs by the Balqa Water Department. • Activation of laws, regulations, instructions: including the application of penalties | E* | 3 | 3 | 12 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to active and non-active cesspits present in the catchment area causing infiltration of wastewater to the karst aquifer which influence the spring water | Microbial chemical physical | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate | •The existence of the Code of Practice for the construction of cesspits, in addition to the drilling of cesspits during the process of connecting with the sewage network from the Ministry of Public Works. | NE+ | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the presence of flat and fractures in the lift line leading to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Mahesh and Fuhais | Microbial chemical physical | 4 | 4 | 16 | High | • The presence of a Sharia treatment plant | E* | 4 | 2 | 8 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to flooding in the lift station as a result of overload due to the connection of rain water to the sewage network | Microbial chemical physical | 4 | 3 | 12 | Moderate | Activation of laws, regulations, instructions: including the application of penalties | NE+ | 4 | 3 | 12 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to the infiltration of fertilizers, pesticides from agricultural activities in the area to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | • The Water Resources Protection guideline for 2011. •Operating licenses issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the conditions required to obtain these licenses, in addition to the approval of the Ministry of Environment to obtain these licenses | NE+ | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring because of animal waste from barns and sheep grazing areas to the shallow water basin | Microbial chemical physical | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | • The Water Resources Protection guideline for 2011. •Operating licenses issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the conditions required to obtain these licenses, in addition to the approval of the Ministry of Environment to obtain these licenses | NE+ | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | ||
| Pollution of Azraq Spring due to spilling of industrial wastewater from fuel station and car washing | Microbial chemical physical | 2 | 2 | 4 | Low | • The presence of a Sharia treatment plant | E* | 2 | 1 | 2 | Low | ||
| Treatment | Contamination in the outlet from the MF unit due to the failure of the filter membranes | Physical (Turbidity) Microbial (E. coli) | 4 | 4 | 16 | High | •keep 2 of the Mf unit stand by. The presence of UV purification unit after the MF unit • The extra barrier of the final chlorination of productive water is considered one of the safety barriers against bacterial contamination | E* | 1 | 4 | 4 | Low | |
| The probability of exceeding the reference limits of the Jordanian standard of water produced due to decrease the intensity of radiation and the dose of disinfectant and low efficiency of purification of raw water from the ultraviolet sterilization unit because bulbs are not cleaned or lamps come near the shelf life | Microbial | 2 | 4 | 8 | Moderate | • The extra barrier of the final chlorination of productive water is considered one of the safety barriers against bacterial contamination | E* | 1 | 4 | 4 | Low | ||
| Shortage of production quantities of the station to disable the work of air valves, which leads to high pressure of the unit and stop automatically due to the failure of the air -feeding system of the air valves in the MF filter unit | physical | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate | • Preventive maintenance programs issued and prepared based on catalogs and standard operating books. • Availability of spare parts. • The existence of a backup air system | E* | 2 | 2 | 4 | Low | ||
| Distribution | Increase in turbidity due to withdrawal of soil to the network due to fractures in it | physical | 2 | 3 | 6 | Moderate | • Response speed to repair broken water lines by operations department • Matching materials used (pipe materials used, joints and joints) with relevant specifications • Speed response to quality complaints related to color change or the presence of turbidity | E* | 2 | 2 | 4 | Low | |
| Pollution of water due to the flood of sewage manhole that result from the clogging of sewage networks | Microbial Chemical physical | 5 | 4 | 20 | High | Preventive maintenance of sewage lines close to water network lines. Preserving excess residual chlorine in the distribution network according to the Jordanian Standard for drinking water. Existing of qualified technician that can deal with situation | E* | 3 | 2 | 6 | Low | ||
| Pollution of water due to accumulation of soil and sediments at the end of the lines, especially in low areas | Microbial physical | 3 | 1 | 3 | Low | increase the length of the pipe line about 5 m to give sediment and soil extra space to accumulate | E* | 2 | 1 | 2 | Low | ||
| High water turbidity due to the entry of soil to the network through broken pipes, due to maintenance of damaged networks, which include repair or replacement of main lines | physical | 3 | 3 | 9 | Moderate | • Regular maintenance of pressure dampers in the area. • Increase staff efficiency | E* | 2 | 3 | 6 | Low | ||
*E: Effective; +NE: Not Effective.
capacity 22,000 m3/h but the amount of water entering the station is about 14,000 m3/h which was 2/3 of the full capacity of the treatment plant. Currently the operator uses 5 of 7 of the MF unit and if one of the MF is damaged or need maintenance the operator used one of the MF unit that is stand by. The validation of this control measure displayed that they are effective. So that, likelihood for this hazardous event reduced from most probable to infrequent, so on the risk becomes low. But when the control measures are not effective the likelihood could not be reduced.
Assessment of likelihood must be objective. So, WSP members used historical data of monitoring programs from data bank of Laboratories and Quality Affair/Water Authority of Jordan and the facts provided by the DWOS manager and operator.
Upgrade of WSP must be done after assessment of a risk. So new control measures were identified to reduce risks for each hazard event considered that had medium to high risk rate. Stopping work of air valves lead to high pressure of the unit and which stop automatically due to the failure of the air -feeding system of the air valves in the MF filter unit and so on reducing quantities of water production of the station. So that existence of a backup air system and availability of spare parts could be considered as a new proposed effective control measures.
Monitoring plan was developed after determination of new control measures, including; what should be done, how it should be done, when it should be done, where it should be done and who is responsible. Furthermore, stringent limits and related reformist actions were recognized. Stringent limit for each water quality characteristics were fixed value lower than limits of Jordanian standards [
| Process phase problem | What should be done | When it should be done | Who is responsible | How it should be done | Stringent limit | Reformist actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increase in turbidity of water protected from MF unit due to damage and nature of filter membrane | Pressure reading for filters (ΔP) Resistance The turbidity measurement of MF filter | Instantaneous measurement | Measuring devise in the station Operator in the station | Instantaneous devise and Instantaneous reading on the control panel | ΔP > 4.0 Kpa/MIn Ω > 8.0 Turbidity = 1.0 | Replace the filter according the operation maintenance manual Request with new filters Monitor the turbidity of each candidate individual based on the reading of combined filters Control the R-Cl2 to be at least 1.5 mg/l of water produced |
| High water turbidity due to the entry of soil to the network through broken pipes, due to maintenance of damaged networks, which include repair or replacement of main pipe | Status of complaints received from the united complaints center | All the time | Balqa water Administration | Respond to compliant status | Contamination status | Depending on the procedure for dealing with quality complaints |
| What | Where | When | How | Who |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical parameter (Comp, NO2, ABS, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Color) | Final product | Every 6 month | Waj Lab | Monitoring section/Maj lab |
| Chemical parameter (As, Pb, Cn, Cd, Cr, Ba, SeB, Hg, Ag, Ni, Sb, F, Mo) | Final product | Annually | Waj Lab | Monitoring section/Maj lab |
| Pesticide, Herbicide) | Final product | Annually | Waj Lab | Monitoring section/Maj lab |
| Turbidity, R-Cl2, NH4 | Raw water and final product | 3 times/week | Waj Lab | Monitoring section/Maj lab |
| Total Coliform, E. coli | Raw water and final product | 3 times/week | Waj Lab | Monitoring section/Maj lab |
| Total Coliform, E. coli | Network | 4 times/week | Waj Lab | Monitoring section/Maj lab |
A verification plan was established after generating the monitoring plan. It included what will be verified, where it will be verified, when it will be verified, how it will be verified, and who will do the verification as shown in
WSP is an important tool for water operational and management assessment for Fuhais town. So it was discussed and shared with the water administration manager. To improve water quality, serious topics related to DWOS were determined and control measures were proposed. By implementing WSP, many advantages were realized in Azraq DWOS. It minimizes risks related to public health, confirms compliance of the water quality parameters with Jordan regulation requirements, improves the confidence of consumers about drinking water quality to use, and develops intervention planning for good resource management. Some of the new control measures proposed in WSP are already adopted by the water administration manager.
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
Khrisat, H.T. (2022) Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Using WSP for Azraq Spring-Jordan. Open Access Library Journal, 9: e8899. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108899