Background : The Philippines has a burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). One of the key challenges in the programmatic management of DR-TB (PMDT) is the high rate of loss to follow-up (38% in the 2010 cohort). An urgent need for a shorter, more tolerable, less expensive treatment regimen exists. The aim of the operational study is to determine the efficacy and safety of the short treatment regimen among drug resistant TB. Methods: This is a prospective single-arm cohort study evaluating the effectiveness and safety of a shorter 9 - 11-month treatment regimen (9MTR) for rifampicin-resistant/multi-drug resistant TB (RR/MDR-TB) in 10 PMDT facilities. All eligible consenting adult patients with rifampicin-resistant TB were enrolled and received the standardized 9-month treatment regimen (9MTR), including injectables, with a follow-up after 12 months of treatment completion. Results: A total of 329 patients were enrolled from July 2015 to December 2016. At the 6th month post-enrollment, 256 (77.8%) of them had culture-negative test results. The end-of-treatment success rate was 74.1% (224 [68.0%] were cured and 20 [6.1%] completed the treatment). On the other hand, 10 (3.0%) died, 41 (12.5%) lost to follow-up, 33 (10.0%) withdrawn, 1 (0.3%) treatment failure. In the 12th month after 9MTR completion, among the 244 patients with successful treatment, 198 (81.1%) had culture-negative results, while there were 46 patients whose culture tests were not done. One patient developed TB relapse with fluoroquinolone resistance. The majority of the adverse events were mild that occurred mostly during the first 6 months of treatment. Conclusion: The 9-month treatment regimen had a high treatment success rate with a favorable safety profile. The loss to follow-up was reduced; however, it was still a challenge. The introduction of the 9MTR via operational research had a major impact on building national capacity and infrastructure for the programmatic adoption of a new regimen. Ten PMDT centers received training and experience, created diagnostic pathways, and active drug safety monitoring and management were built.
The Philippines is one of the 30 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant TB rates according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [
A high proportion of patients were lost to follow-up (LTFU) during drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) treatment due to the following reasons: adverse drug reactions, need to work, personal challenges, geographical barriers, and the long duration of the standard regimen [
Given the large burden of RR/MDR-TB in the Philippines and the high LTFU rate, there was an urgent need for a shorter, more tolerable, and less expensive treatment regimen. The 9-month treatment regimen (9MTR) with an injectable agent was seen as an alternative treatment option for RR/MDR-TB. This prospective single-arm cohort study was conducted in 10 programmatic management of DR-TB (PMDT) treatment facilities to measure the effectiveness and safety of the 9-month treatment regimen in the Philippines.
The study was conducted in 10 programmatic management of DR-TB (PMDT) treatment facilities. These were selected based on the site inclusion criteria: at least 1 year of experience in managing patients with DR-TB; suitable staff and facilities for close supervision of patients; access to diagnostic and laboratory examinations and a network of TB laboratories; and has expressed commitment to participate in the study.
This prospective single-arm cohort study evaluated the effectiveness (interim and final treatment outcomes) and safety of the 9MTR with injectable prescribed to patients with RR/MDR-TB who met all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria in 10 PMDT treatment facilities. The protocol was approved by the National Ethics Committee of the Philippines (PCHRD, Philippines) and the Lung Center of the Philippines Institutional Review Board, Quezon City Philippines. Patients enrolled had confirmed RR/MDR-TB were FQ-sensitive and had no resistance to injectable agents. All patients have signed the informed consent and have been enrolled from July 2015 to December 2016. Other inclusion criteria were: 1) no previous use of the second-line anti-TB drugs for 1 month or more; 2) at least 18 years old at the time of enrollment in the 9MTR, and 3) willingness to visit the study site during the entire treatment duration of the study or a local treatment site during the continuation phase of treatment and post-treatment follow-up period.
Exclusion criteria for the study were: 1) pregnant or breastfeeding women; 2) age less than 18 years; 3) extra-pulmonary TB, and 4) human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection with a CD4 count of <50.
Before data collection, permission from the respective ethics committee was obtained from the regional health offices where the 10 PMDT facilities were located and from the heads of the PMDT health facilities.
The composition of the short treatment regimen had an intensive phase of 4 to 6 months with kanamycin, high dose moxifloxacin, prothionamide, high-dose isoniazid, clofazimine, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide; and a continuation phase of 5 months with moxifloxacin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Capreomycin and levofloxacin were used to replace kanamycin or moxifloxacin, respectively in a few selected cases.
The regimen is summarized as:
4-6m (Cm) Cfz Mfxh (Lfx) E Hh Z Pto/5m Cfz Mfx (Lfx) E Z
Post-treatment follow-up was done at the end of 6 and 12 months after completing the 9-month regimen to determine the relapse rate.
Data were collected and reviewed as recorded from DR-TB registers, clinical reporting forms, PMDT medical records including treatment cards, screening forms, patient progress report forms, and TB Medical Advisory Committee presentation forms using a formulated standard data collection tool. These collected data were checked for completeness, quality, and accuracy before they were encoded. Double data entry was done for verification.
General descriptive data, including frequencies of basic demographic and clinical variables, were calculated. The proportion of successful treatment are those cured and treatment completed and those patients that did not finish treatment such as loss to follow up, and failed are considered as poor treatment outcomes, the frequency of adverse drug reactions, total aggregate and for each study site were consolidated and analyzed. The analyses were stratified by relevant demographic and clinical variables.
The interim outcome during the 4th and 6th month of treatment were analyzed that served as an important indicator if the effectivity of the short treatment regimen through its conversion of the sputum culture from the initial positive to negative culture. Most importantly a 12-month post follow-up after the treatment was closely monitored to determine its relapse rate among those drug resistant tuberculosis who have been successfully treated with short treatment regimen.
A total of 1100 rifampicin-resistant TB cases were detected between June 2015 to December 2016 in 10 treatment sites and 948 (86%) were screened for study eligibility. A total of 530 (56%) patients had provided verbal consent for the line probe assay test and 523 (98.7%) have been tested. Among 523 patients tested, 372 (71.1%) were susceptible to both FQ and SLI and 47 (8.9%) had resistance to either FQ or SLI; 7 out of 47 (14.9%) had FQ resistance, and 40 out of 47(85.1%) had aminoglycoside resistance. Among 372 eligible patients, 329 (88.4%) have provided consent for the treatment (see
The baseline demographics of the patients treated with the 9MTR showed that 216 (65.7%) were males and the majority of the patients were aged 35 - 54 years (54.1%). Most of the patients (94.6%) had a previous history of tuberculosis treatment and 76 (23.1%) had comorbidities. At the start of treatment, 238 (72.3%) had smear-positive test results. The baseline audiometry showed 149 (45.3%) with normal findings, 127 (38.6%) with hearing impairment, and 53 (16.1%) were not done (
Interim treatment outcomes were evaluated at the end of the 4th and 6th months. The interim outcome at the end of the 4th month demonstrated that 261 patients (79.3%) had negative culture results, 17 (5.2%) lost to follow-up, 7 (2.1%) died, 15 (5.0%) were withdrawn, and 1 (0.3%) failed from treatment. At
| Characteristics | Number (N = 329) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 15 - 34 | 103 | 31.3 |
| 35 - 54 | 178 | 54.1 |
| 55 - 76 | 48 | 14.6 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 216 | 65.7 |
| Female | 113 | 34.3 |
| History of previous TB treatment | ||
| Yes | 311 | 94.6 |
| No | 18 | 5.5 |
| Comorbidities1 | ||
| Yes | 76 | 23.1 |
| No | 253 | 76.9 |
| Body mass index | ||
| Underweight (<18.4 kg) | 146 | 44.4 |
| Normal/overweight/obese (18.5 kg or more) | 183 | 55.6 |
| Baseline Smear result | ||
| Negative | 77 | 23.4 |
| Positive | 238 | 72.3 |
| Not done | 14 | 4.3 |
| Baseline culture result | ||
| Negative | 121 | 36.8 |
| Positive | 191 | 58.1 |
| Not done | 17 | 5.2 |
| Audiometry | ||
| Normal | 149 | 45.3 |
| Abnormal | 127 | 38.6 |
| Not done | 53 | 16.1 |
the end of the 6th month, 256 patients (78.0%) had negative culture results, 26 (8.0%) lost to follow-up, 7(2.1%) died, 22 (7.0%) were withdrawn and 1 (0.3%) failed from treatment (
Of the 329 patients enrolled in the study, final treatment outcomes (
All deaths in the study were reported within 24 hours to the Philippines Food
| Interim Outcome | 4th month | Percentage | 6th month | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Culture negative | 261 | 79.3 | 256 | 78 |
| Still culture positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Failed | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| LTFU | 17 | 5.2 | 26 | 8 |
| Died | 7 | 2.1 | 7 | 2.1 |
| Withdrawn2 | 15 | 5 | 22 | 7 |
| Not evaluated3 | 28 | 8.5 | 17 | 5.2 |
| Treatment outcome | Cured | Treatment completed | Died | Loss to follow up | Withdrawn4 | Failed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 329 | 224 (68.1%) | 20 (6.1%) | 10 (3.0%) | 41 (12.5%) | 33 (10.0%) | 1 (0.3%) |
and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National TB Control Program of the Department of Health (NTP-DOH). The causes of death were: acute respiratory failure (2, 20.0%), hepatic encephalopathy (1, 10.0%) with acute hepatic failure secondary to drug-induced hepatitis, pneumonia (1, 10.0%), acute cardiac syndrome (1, 10.0%), sepsis (2, 20.0%), hypovolemic shock due to massive hemoptysis (1, 10.0%), and terminal cases of multidrug-resistant TB (2, 20.0%).
Adverse drug reactions were collected prospectively through the patient progress clinical report form. The side effects of varying degrees were observed in all 329 patients enrolled in the study although most of the side effects were mild and were treated with ancillary drugs. The top 10 most common adverse reactions were vomiting (296, 89.9%), nausea (234, 71.1%), hypokalemia (165, 50.1%), increased SGOT (151, 45.9%), dizziness (149, 45.3%), headache (148, 44.9%), arthralgia (139, 42.2%), increased SGPT (133 (40.4%), discoloration of the skin (133, 40.4%), and increased creatinine (125 (37.9%). These adverse reactions occurred mostly during the first 6 months of treatment (
The frequency of each adverse drug reaction was recorded and showed symptoms based on system organ classification [
A total of 244 (74.1%) patients were followed up for 12 months after the end of treatment. At the end of the 6th-month post-treatment follow-up, 189 (77.0%)
had negative culture results, and 1 (0.4%) had positive culture results. At the end of the 12th-month post-treatment follow-up, 198 (81.0%) had negative culture results, while the post-treatment follow-up tests were not done on 46 (18.8%) patients (
| Follow-up | Negative | Positive | Not done |
|---|---|---|---|
| At end of 6 months | 189 (77.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 54 (22.1%) |
| At end of 12 months | 198(81.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 46 (18.8%) |
examinations at the end of 12 months were: work conflicts (14, 30.4%), loss of contact (12, 26.1%), relocation to other places for livelihood (12, 26.1%), refusal to sputum collection (6, 13.0%), death (1, 2.2%), and enrollment to new treatment (1, 2.2%). One patient who was detected as culture-positive during the follow-up was tested resistant to fluoroquinolone.
The introduction of 9-month treatment regimen (9MTR) was first implemented in Bangladesh using a combination of 7 drugs with support from the Damien Foundation and reported treatment outcome in 2010 by Van Deun, et al. [
In our study, the treatment regimen that consisted of a combination of 7 first-line and second-line anti-TB medications was essentially the same as the Bangladesh regimen [
We used both sputum smear tests as well as a culture conversion to determine treatment progress and also used it as an important interim indicator of the efficacy of anti-TB treatment for RR/MDRTB [
Adverse drug reactions were experienced during the initial 6 months by a majority of patients. Gastrointestinal events were common symptoms. In our study, the frequency of vomiting and nausea occurred in two-thirds of our patients during the first 6 months and has been managed through appropriate treatment actions, including counseling and ancillary medications.
Ototoxicity was predominantly associated with the use of parenteral anti-tuberculous agents like aminoglycosides and aminopeptides [
In the Bangladesh study described by Van Deun, of the 21 patients who died during the treatment, 20 of them had culture conversion within 3 months before death [
The treatment success rate of (>80%) and the low relapse rate of (<1%) in our study were favorable as compared to a longer treatment regimen which had a 50% success rate worldwide (for the 2013 cohort) [
While it was a requirement for all clinical trials, it was therefore considered a best practice for operational research studies to follow up with patients after the end of the treatment for a 6- or 12-month period. Such observation allows to capture early replacements and to confirm treatment success rate results, especially for patients who did not have culture confirmation at the end of the treatment (people who registered as treatment completed). In our study, we strived to monitor patients for 12 months, however, it was difficult to obtain patient cooperation for follow-up tests, and only 244 (74.1%) patients received evaluation at the end of 12 months of observation. During the follow-up period, only 1 patient had a sputum culture-positive result at the 6-month mark. A line probe assay was done and revealed fluoroquinolone resistance. The patient was subsequently enrolled under a new regimen.
Active drug pharmacovigilance was part of the protocol implementation and all adverse events were documented. However, the study has limitations. First, it was an operational study done only in 10 selected facilities and protocol-guided management was strictly followed. Second, the turn-around time of the line probe assay result came longer than the expected schedule resulting in a limited number of enrolled patients in the study. Our study did not administer genotyping or DNA fingerprinting to differentiate the origin of acquired drug resistance TB. Given the low incidence of HIV co-infected in the country which is <1%, we need further study as to what extent this short treatment regimen is effective for the HIV-infected population.
The effect of the short treatment regimen for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis showed a high treatment success rate with a favorable safety profile. Loss to follow up was much reduced but still is a challenge. The introduction of 9MTR via operational research had a major impact on building national capacity and infrastructure for programmatic adoption of the new regimen. Ten centers throughout the country received training and experience, diagnostic pathways were created, and capacity for drug safety monitoring and management was built. When WHO recommended the programmatic use of 9MTR at the end of 2016, the Philippines was able to scale it up quickly to cover 80% of all DR-TB treatments in the country by the end of 2017.
This study is made possible by the generous support provided by the Philippine Department of Health-National Tuberculosis Control Program and Philippine Business for Social Progress-ACCESS TB Project under the Global Fund. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the following partners: Dr. Mariquita M. Mantala, Technical Assistance Support Coordination (TASC) funded by USAID; Research staff from PBSP-Global Fund namely Ms. Patrice Jamie E. Cabasis, Ms. Katherine E. Asence, Ms. Maria Rhoda Torres-Cervas, Mr. Joey S. Cabanalan, Ms. Khrizza Marianne D. Casuncad, and Mr. Ryan Paulo B. Sardona. The authors would also like to acknowledge all the staff (nurses, and support staff) and physicians of the study sites: Dr. Joan Samoy-Tuy, Lung Center of the Philippines-National Center for Pulmonary Research; Dr. Chiqui Villegas-Torres, Dr. Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital and Sanitarium; Dr. Luisa Ticsay, Batangas Medical Center; Dr. Nancy Rose Labarete, Sorsogon Medical Mission Group Hospital and Health Services Cooperative; Dr. Chester Directo, Ilocos Regional Training and Research Medical Center; Dr. Sheryll Magayanes, Jose B. Lingad Memorial General Hospital; Dr. Alimar Nassaie, Eversley Childs Sanitarium and General Hospital; Dr. Leonnie Fortin, Western Visayas Medical Center; Dr. Leslie Christine Magsayo-Salon, Xavier University-Community Health Care Center of German Doctors; and Dr. Marcelino Medina, Zamboanga City Medical Center.
The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. Government.
The study protocol was approved by the Lung Center of the Philippines Institutional Ethics Review Board.
None declared.
Lofranco, V.S., Balanag Jr, V.M., Raymond, L.O., Macalalad, N.G., Golubkov, A., Santiago, M.R.T. and Garfin, A.M.C.G. (2022) Effectiveness and Safety of 9-Month Treatment Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the Philippines. Journal of Tuberculosis Research, 10, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2022.102006
The final most effective treatment regimen required a minimum of nine months duration with gatifloxacin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide throughout, supplemented by prothionamide, kanamycin, and high-dose isoniazid during an intensive phase of a minimum of four months, giving a relapse-free cure of 87.9% (95% confidence interval 82.7% to 91.6%) among 206 patients. Major adverse drug reactions were infrequent and manageable. Compared to the 221 patients treated with regimens based on ofloxacin and commonly prothionamide throughout, the hazard ratio of any adverse outcome was 0.39 (95% confidence interval 0.26 - 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: Serial regimen formulation guided by overall treatment effectiveness ultimately resulted in treatment outcomes comparable to those obtained with first-line treatment. Confirmatory formal trials in populations with high levels of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and in populations with a higher initial prevalence of resistance to second-line drugs are required.