Our historical understanding provides us with different views about time. 1) In a discussion on the philosophy of fatalism, Solomon has stated that “to say that an event is unavoidable is to say that no agent is able to prevent it from occurring” [3]. 2) Plato argued that time is absolute and exists independently of the events that occupy it [4]. 3) However, the topology or structure of time has not yet been fully investigated [5]. 4) In 1908, McTaggart argued that there is no such thing as time and the temporal order of the world is a mere appearance [6]. 5) Aristotle adopted the relational theory of time suggesting that “there is no time without change” [1]. In the early eighteenth century, Leibniz advanced this theory, arguing that spatial relationships are ontologically prior to space and relationships among changes (or events) are ontologically prior to time. Time exists for the purpose of change [7]. 6) The conflicting viewpoints on eternalism, presentism, and no-futurism suggest that “Eternalism is the view that past, present and future entities exist simpliciter, presentism the view that only present entities exist simpliciter, and no-futurism, the view that past and present entities exist simpliciter contrary to future ones” [8]. 7) A metaphysical belief also proposes the idea of “a mind-independent universe in which we all live and to which [their] fundamental theories apply” [9]. 8) Moreover, the moving spotlight theory suggests that “as time passes, new times come into existence” [10]. 9) Newton’s theory of absolute time states that “If it were not for God’s intervention, one might properly think of the future as a logical consequence of the present” [11]. All these theories overlap each other, making it difficult to establish a clear concept of time. Secondly, all these theories are based on physical time only and do not consider the time at activities at the biological, psychological, and intellectual levels [12,13].

We can see that our historical understanding of time leaves many unanswered questions. Thus, the present study aims to address them at a fundamental. This study will clarify the following issues in detail:

1) Cause and origin of existence (Section 3.1.)

2) Multilevel universe (Section 3.3.)

3) Three elements of existence: space, time, and consciousness (Section 3.4.)

4) Difference between entity and existence (Section 4.2.)

5) Divisions of activity (the perceptible aspect of time) (Section 5.0.)

6) Application of theory to electromagnetic waves (Section 6.0.)

7) Concept of a “hollowness” wave and its proof (Section 6.2.)

8) Involvement of time in wave motion (Section 6.3.)

9) Involvement of time in perception (Section 6.4.)

10) Smallest unit of time (Section 7.0.)

Firstly, the definition of “existence” should not be confused with that of “existing body” or “entity”. Existence is the cause of an entity; hence, it is an elementary and imperceptible aspect of the universe. Newton considered that “space and time to be emanative effects of God and thus dependent”. He further added that “it is like a primary substance in not being dependent on anything except God” [10,11] and that “space and time are not God, yet still constituted by God’s existence” [15]. To remove the spiritual tone of the statement, we could replace the word “God” with “ultimate cause”. However, the Katha Upanishad states that “God” or “Brahma” is nothing but “existence” [16]. In other words, Newton is talking about existence, whose spiritual name is God, which then resolves the dilemma. Here, the word existence is used for “existence” only, which is comprised of space, time, and consciousness, creating life to the entity.

Why did “God” (ultimate existence) create existing bodies? According to the Chāndogya Upaniṣada [17], Brahma said, “I am one, let me become many!” (only philosophical meaning). Modern science implies that entropy wants to increase with multiplication and diversification. In both cases, “existence” (God) seeks multiplication and diversification, as in “Darwin’s theory of evolution”. This phenomenon is evident in many ways. The intellectual brain diversifies knowledge by thinking; the psychological mind multiplies and diversifies emotions; the biological body replaces cells to strengthen the body; physical molecules interact, creating developed molecules, such as DNA; and cosmological energy fields divert themselves to create dark energy causing the universe to expand [18]. However, it is unclear why entropy needs to be increased.

Existence is also a relative term. Our universe exists on different levels, of which five are known to us. These are the intellectual, psychological, biological, physical, and cosmological worlds from the highest to the lowest. Intellectual existence is the cause of intellectual life (human), psychological existence is the cause of psychological life (animal), biological existence is the cause of biological life (plants), and physical existence is the cause of physical life (matter). The existence of a higher level is created over the systematically arranged substances of the successive lower level. For example, biological existence is created over the systematically arranged substances (DNA) of physical molecules. All successive higher entities are operators to lower entities. Opposite it, all successive lower entities are operated by higher entities. For example, an intellectual entity creates knowledge by perceiving symbols from psychological entities, and psychological entities express their feelings using the biological body. The lives of all level entities can be explained using a unified formula [19]. The human being incorporates all levels. If the cosmological world were absent, physical life and the physical world could not exist, and all higher entities would be void. When a human biological entity dies, the psychological and intellectual bodies also die (see Figure 1 and Figure 2).

Solov’ev stated that “Space, time and consciousness are primordial words in our vocabulary and they cannot be defined” [20]. In other words, they are imperceptible and ineffable. The composition of these three elements along with corpus of lower world creates a perceptible entity; no entity can survive in the absence of any one of them.

Our universe is filled with different types of unarranged cosmological substances. Nature provokes them into a systematic arrangement so that they can accept the discipline of the physical world [19]. This arrangement is the space fabric. Here, the Higgs field evolves physical mass [30], and physical existence overrides the freeness of cosmological substances, disciplining them so that physical life can flow. The three elements of physical existence take charge, and physical life begins. Existence is converted into the primary physical element of the entity or mass. The same process is applicable to the other levels of the universe. It can also be intellectual (knowledge), psychological (temperament), biological (organs), and cosmological mass (still unknown) (see Figure 1 and Figure 2).

The author propounds that each entity is made of two basic parts: 1) existence and 2) the entity-body. Existence, the composite of imperceptible space, time, and consciousness and the code of the entity, operates all the perceptible activities of the entity-body. On the other hand, the entity-body, the composite of capability, activity, and awareness and the life of the entity, is directed by existence. No entity can exist without its existence.

Time is defined by activity in the flow of life. Each level of existence has its own time. All contribute to their corresponding levels, keeping the root definition of time intact.

1) Cosmological time (cosmological activity) is unknown to us. While discussing quantum entanglement, we found that if a pair of entangled particles have total spin equal to zero, then both particles are found to have opposite spins on the same axis. If these particles are kept apart even at a large distance, the data added to one particle will automatically reflexes in the second particle without taking any physical time [31]. Here, the travelling of information does not obey the speed of light. The author suggests that it is not a physical time, it is cosmological time that never depends on physical speed and physical distance. The cosmological world has its own definition of space and time.

2) Physical time (physical activity) activates (through receiving, storing, and emitting signals) the space fabric composed of cosmological substances (energy fields). It needs physical stimulation (differences in physical entropy). The duration of physical time is measured by atomic clocks.

3) Biological time (biological activity) activates (through feeding, digesting, and executing biochemicals) the space fabric composed of physical molecules (protein, carbohydrates, etc.). It needs biological stimulation (differences in biological entropy). The quantum of biological time is measured by heartbeats, breathing rhythm, cycles of sleeping and waking, and menstruation [32]. It is also believed that “Biological rhythmicity is a fundamental characteristic of life” [33].

4) Psychological time (psychological activity) activates (through accepting, feeling, and expressing emotions) the space fabric composed of biological substances (neurons). It needs psychological stimulation (differences in psychological entropy). It is stated that “Boredom can be seen as a situational state that lacks novel stimuli over a period of time” [34]. In this context, boredom indicates the low availability of psychological time.

5) Intellectual time (intellectual activity) activates (through knowing, thinking, and explaining logic) the space fabric composed of systematically arranged psychological substances (mind) [35]. It needs intellectual stimulation (differences in intellectual entropy). The quantum of intellectual time is concentrated on intellectual work [12].

A human being utilizes the time of all five levels. If the intellectual brain does not have the activity to understand (rationality), no information will travel to the brain. If the psychological mind does not have the activity to feel (mood), they will experience no emotion. If the biological body does not have the activity to sense, they will experience no sensation. If a physical object does not have the activity to receive, no energy fields (electromagnetic waves) will travel to the receiving physical object. Moreover, a receiver can receive magnetic flux or radiation only of specific wavelengths, depending on the receiver’s capability. Our radio set receives specific frequencies from several radiating frequencies.

1) Intrabody activation: each existing body has inbuilt zones with different entropy levels. These are two poles at which there is fullness of energy and hollowness of energy. Consciousness rotates around the poles, acknowledging each pole in turn, creating an oscillation. This oscillation represents self-time or self-flow activity in all types of entities. We have a brain pulse [36] for thinking, a mind pulse for feeling, a biological pulse for digesting, and a physical pulse for being active. These oscillations are the proof of life within the entity. And this time is existing life of the entity.

2) Interbody activation: while interbody activation, an entity inflow signals from another entity or outflows signals to another entity. The entity has an oscillatory life; hence, whatever is going out or coming in these oscillations automatically convert into waves. These waves flow in the medium of space fabric, with the capability (space) made available by the entity. As because the physical entities are made of the common substances, hence provide a common capability to flow, which is equal to c.

Some philosophers believe that a common time exists across the entire universe, which flows through all entities. The author disagrees with this and propounds that there is “no universal now” [37]. All entities in the universe have their own “now”. The general theory of relativity acknowledges that time can pass differently at different points in space. Different people can engage in different types of intellectual, psychological, biological, and physical activities. In other words, each entity has its own existence and, therefore, its own individual space, time, and consciousness. All entities are activated by their own individual time. With regard to the entity, its time begins with the origination by the Higgs field and ends because of nuclear fusion. It is believed that space and time did not exist before the Big Bang and that they came into being with the creation of the universe. However, if space and time are one phenomenon, these must have existed even before the big bang. The theory propounds that before the origin of physical mass, the universe was filled with cosmological substances. These substances did not have any physical existence (physical space, time, and consciousness). It is the Higgs field, which provides “physical existence”, and physical mass is evolved along with physical space, time, and consciousness [19].

Although we cannot photograph time, the footprints of time can be observed. These footprints prove the existence of the past. When are these footprints created? The answer compels us to believe in the existence of the present. Why are these footprints created? The answer compels us to believe in the availability of an aim that lies in the future. Thus, the continuity of time is a reality comprised of these three segments. Contradictory points have been made among philosophers with regard to the direction of this continuity. According to Duke, “Time, in this view, divides objectively into past, present, and future and is dynamic. Events change from being future, to present, to past” [38]. The author proposes that the same activation can be viewed as two types of continuity. If someone activates himself, he will observe the sequence of time as the future, the present, and the past, but if he observes the activation from outside, he will see the opposite. We have previously explained that all individuals have their own time. Hence, another person cannot visualize the time of the activating body. Therefore, for technical purposes, the first form of continuity is perfect, where the entity decides the future for the present, executes the present, and finds the past created by the present. Both the future and the past are operated by entropy, creating the present, the actual time, as activity. In other words, the future is the aim that attains the present, the past is the result of the present, and the present lies between these two. All activities take place in the present. Some philosophers believe that only the present is real and the past and future are unreal [39].

In the case of intrabody intellectual analysis, the preconceived knowledge is stored in the memory, and the confusion behind the knowledge are used as the aim of the future. The analysis is made in the present through the incoming perception, which creates an unconfused image. After perceptions occur, the new image is stored as memories and becomes the past. Before the present, we had curiosity (lower entropy); after the present, the entropy or knowledge was improved. The same thing is true for our psychological temperaments, biological processes, and physical activations. In all these cases, data are derived from corresponding memories. In cases where data are acquired (observed) from or delivered (expressed) to other entities, these are called interbody activities.

Before 1887, it was believed that there was a medium through which light traveled called “luminiferous ether”. In 1887, an experiment by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley demonstrated no evidence of its existence. The question of what medium light passes through remained unanswered until 1920, when Albert Einstein introduced his theory of relativity, and the existence of spacetime was established [42]. In 2021, Agrawal [21,42] explained that ether, emptiness, or space fabrics are one and the same thing. The fabric of space is an average density of systematically arranged cosmological energy fields having no physical properties. However, these can be used as a means of activation for physical spacetime under the guidance of physical consciousness.

In the case of a two-slit experiment, it is stated [43] that “we first note the pattern of light on the screen with just one slit open, then we open the second slit, admitting more light through the slits; however, some places on the screen, where there was visible light, go dark […]. The cancellation of crests and troughs in the motion of water and other waves creates high and low points in water waves that have the same shape as bright and dark areas found in the ‘fringes’ of light at the sharp edges of an object”. The author argues that two slits must have more light relative to one slit. How the available light from the first slit is canceled by the light of the second slit. It can only be possible if the waves have a component of negativity.

The theory suggests that we have a space medium made of average cosmological space density. If the density is lower compared to the average space density, it is called “hollowness” (negativity) of space. In contrast, if the density is higher compared to the average space density, it is called “fullness” (positivity) of space. The theory suggests that an electromagnetic wave flows between these two peaks one by one at a phase difference of 180˚. 1) One is the hollowness of energy representing lower entropy, dark matter, and the future of the wave motion, while 2) the second is the fullness of energy representing higher entropy, dark energy, and the past of the wave motion. Both are opposite to each other and behave just like the troughs and crests of water waves.

After the introduction of the “hollowness” wave, no difference between the water wave and the electromagnetic wave can be observed. Water wave has an average sea level, crest with higher potential energy, and trough with lower potential energy. In the same way, an electromagnetic wave has an average space density, crest with a positive energy level, and trough with a negative energy level. In both cases, the crest and the trough can cancel each other, and we find the dark spot, as shown in Figure 4.

We could not observe this “hollowness” wave because we ourselves create the “hollowness” wave; hence, the observer itself cannot observe it.

All entities have interbody emissions in the form of oscillations or frequency. When these oscillations move through space, they become a sinusoidal wave. The medium of this wave is space fabric, explained in chapter 3.4.1., which possesses an average cosmological density. The wave has two parts. The first has a positive or higher density, represents the past and the second has a negative or lesser density, represents the future, which are placed at the phase difference 180˚. When the higher density wave is at maximum, the lower density field will be at minimum, and vice versa (see Figure 3). The terms “positive” and “negative” are relative to the average cosmological density of the space fabric and can be called fullness and hollowness in the space fabric. When these two waves overlap at a phase difference of 180˚, we get a continuous flow of repeats of the future and the past [44]. At every point on the wave, the future and the past remain connected, may be variable in quantum; the present, which lies in between, creates a continuous line of flow. Hence, the present has no jumping point [35]. The presence of the hollowness wave has been proven in Chapter 6.2.

All entities self-interact through oscillations. Due to the need for increasing entropy, all entities are always dissatisfied [45]. They observe their own memorized data and find discrepancies (confusions). To find reality, they create a lower entropy zone, resulting in the generation of the future. The data relating to the subject are recovered from the memory and presented at an interaction chamber for reconsideration. This is called perception in the present. The interaction provides an image representing less confusing data. In other words, the data are improved. Thereafter, the image is disintegrated, and the improved data are re-stored in the memory. This is the past of activation. The incoming data lies in the future, the interaction lies in the present, and the re-storing of data lies in the past. The incoming and the outgoing data from/to the interaction chamber are sinusoidal waves at 180˚ to one another. During this process, due to the newly developed image, a small increase in entropy can be observed. Moreover, the continuous increase in entropy creates a continuing change in the image, and this change is the passage of time [7].

The above process is the intrabody interaction. For interbody inflow interactions, some data are received from other entities in the form of electromagnetic waves. These data are added to the data in the interaction chamber. For interbody outflow interactions, the disintegrated image is copied and sent from the entity in the form of a magnetic wave as data. This offered data always lies in the past. If a third entity receives this data, it will convert it into an electric (energy) wave and receive it within its future. It can be observed that this process again increases entropy. An increase in entropy, a change in the image, and time passage are simultaneous.