The availability of technology alone cannot determine the success of technological integration. However, it must be determined whether or not the teachers’ expertise and aptitude in selecting and efficiently employing technology is compatible with learning content and pedagogy ( Bilici, Guzey, & Yamak, 2016 ). To define such a skill or aptitude, the proper technology integration model is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) ( Joo, Park, & Lim, 2018 ).

The core components and integration components (a mixture of the basic components) make up the TPACK framework. The basic components consist of Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) and Technological Knowledge (TK). In addition, the integration components include Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) and Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) ( Koehler, Mishra, & Cain, 2013 ; Valtonen, Kukkonen, Kontkanen, Mäkitalo-Siegl, & Sointu, 2017 ; Valtonen et al., 2018 ). These seven elements are intertwined and cannot be separated. As a result, a teacher must be able to acquire fluency and cognitive flexibility in each of the primary components and interactions between them in order to have an effective TPACK. Components of TPACK Finally, they will be able to create effective technology integration strategies ( Koehler et al., 2013 ).

In the literature, there are numerous definitions for TPACK. TPACK was defined by Koehler and Mishra (2009) as the ability to use technology to support pedagogical practices, to assist students in solving challenges they experience during learning, to consolidate existing information, and to work on technology at the point of sustaining new information. TPACK is defined by Niess (2005) as the way teachers employ 21^st-century technologies to plan, organise, and change class circumstances to meet the requirements of students. TPACK, as described by Timur and Taşar (2011) , is the successful integration of educational technologies with Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the classroom. TPACK can be defined as the successful use of technology in the teaching-learning process, as well as instructors’ enrichment of their pedagogical content knowledge using technology, using these definitions.

For a long time, the process of second language acquisition (SLA) was primarily guided by the following approaches such as the grammar translation method (GTM), the audiolingual method (ALM), the communicative language teaching (CLT) method and task-based language teaching (TBLT) for language learning. Even though they belong to distinct time periods and represent different learning settings, all of these methods have the potential to be successfully implemented in a classroom setting today.

According to Tassev (2019) , language acquisition in many nations was dominated by the GTM from the late eighteenth century until the 1960s. This strategy was originally used with classical Latin and Greek, later with current foreign languages. According to Munday (2008: p. 7-8, as cited in Tassev, 2019 ), essentially, this strategy was based on “rote study” of the L2’s structures and grammatical norms. The proponents of this technique felt that translation exercises and mastery of vocabulary knowledge were crucial for the study of L2 ( Mart, 2013 ).

Nonetheless, the GTM fell out of favor with the emergence of the communicative approach to English language instruction in the 1960s and 1970s. Munday (as cited in Tassev, 2019 ) also added that this technique valued spoken forms above written ones and abandoned translation as the major means of language acquisition.

Audiolingualism is a linguistic, or structure-based, method of language instruction. The beginning point is a linguistic syllabus, which covers the essential aspects of the language’s phonology, morphology, and syntax in the sequence in which they are presented. According to Vidhiasi and Lengari (2018) , these aspects may have been generated in part from a contrastive examination of the gaps between the native tongue and the target language, as these gaps are regarded to be the source of the learner’s primary difficulties and in most cases, a lexical syllabus comprising core vocabulary items is also set in advance.

In 2019, Bagheri, Hadian and Vaez-Dalili stated that there are several aspects of the audiolingual teaching approach. Using Audiolingualism to learn English involves habit development, meanings of words can only be learnt in a cultural or linguistic context, and analogies are a stronger base for learning English than analysis. Furthermore, grammatical faults are frowned upon and should be avoided. However, in the Audiolingual method, incorrect replies result in negative feedback ( Bagheri, Hadian, & Vaez-Dalili, 2019 ).

Dialogue is also an important aspect of the Audiolingual approach. Butzkamm and Caldwell (as cited in Bagheri, Hadian, & Vaez-Dalili, 2019 ) stated that a dialogue improves a learner’s fluency and agility in using language. Dialogues allow students to memorise, replicate, and perfect their English. Students participate in a range of exercises in classroom lessons utilising the Audiolingual method, including phrase repetition, reading dialogues aloud, and hard practise. The students concentrate on accurately imitating a teacher’s statement. In order to generate exact output and pronunciation, repetition is used. According to Butzkamm and Caldwell (as cited in Bagheri, Hadian, & Vaez-Dalili, 2019 ), the teacher provides an example, and the pupils serve as imitation. Drills urge a pupil to constantly rehearse a certain line or grammatical construct until they can utilise it without thinking or pausing.

The communicative language teaching (CLT) method emphasizes the functional features of language above the formal parts. Derived from the shortcomings of the audiolingualism method, it is founded on the premise that conversing in English as a foreign language leads to successful mastery of English as a foreign language. As a result, the method depends on interaction as the primary way of language learning ( Candlin, 2016 ). Engaging students in real-world dialogue improves their language skills. According to Bagheri, Hadian and Vaez-Dalili (2019) , there are three main factors that form the foundation of the communicative language instruction technique. Tasks, communication, and meaning are among the components. “Tasks” are activities in which the English language is employed to complete meaningful tasks that aid in the learning process. Tasks are completed in a variety of situations and contexts to provide students with a broad understanding of how to utilise the language. Furthermore, “communication” is a key part of CLT since activities involving actual encounters improve learning. Finally, the “meaning” component is an important feature of student learning since a language that is meaningful to a student helps his or her learning ( Richards, 2005 ).

Students who are studying English as a second language converse in order to practise the language. They talk about their own encounters with their lecturers and classmates. In contrast to the Audiolingual approach, in which pupils mimic what the teacher says, the communicative technique exclusively employs dialogues ( Ghofur et al., 2017 ; Tehrani et al., 2013 ; Rao, 2002 ). Furthermore, a communicative method teacher teaches topics on many contexts and conditions. According to Spada (2007) , focusing on language abilities in varied settings rather than grammatical rules allows students to bring personal experiences into their classroom setting, making English learning more applicable.

Furthermore, oral activities are used in CLT to teach. In communicative language instruction, a number of spoken activities can be employed in class. Interviews, role play, opinion exchange, and knowledge gaps are just a few of the activities. Interviews, which are conducted in pairs, are designed to improve and strengthen the students’ interpersonal skills ( Candlin, 2016 ; Richards & Schmidt, 2014 ). Students act out various roles in various contexts during role play. Opinion sharing, on the other hand, is a subject-based oral exercise in which students share and engage in a topic that is relevant to all of them. Finally, information gap activities encourage students to communicate with one another in order to obtain the missing knowledge.

Second language acquisition as an academic area has grown rapidly in recent decades, with a particular concentration on Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT) for more than 30 years. Task-based instruction is a method in which communicative and meaningful tasks play a central role. Instead of the previous language teaching approaches’ overarching focus on grammar, TBLT, an offshoot of CLT ( Kumaravadivelu, 2006 ), emphasizes the use of language for meaningful learning in the classroom context, providing a learning environment in which learners can have their own say and also practise through communicating. In other words, learners in this setting learn the language as they use it. In addition, Rubaiat (2018) stated that the third crucial criterion stressed here for students is motivation for learning, drive to absorb and expose what they are receiving, and desire to use the target language as frequently as possible in order to profit from exposure and usage. This statement supported Willis (1996) who stated that communicative language usage is highlighted as a critical component of a task-based framework.

Furthermore, in addition to learning the meaning of a language, paying attention to its form is essential for developing communicative skills. TBLT emphasizes the primacy of meaning, but it also emphasizes the relevance of form in the language acquisition process ( Bygate, Skehan, & Swain, 2003 ). In addition, Van den Branden (2016) characterised TBLT as a “learner-centered approach to language teaching”, in which students govern tasks in their own way after following instructions. In contrast to more traditional, “teacher-dominated” systems, the teacher here mostly serves as a facilitator.

There is a strong link between task acquisition and second language acquisition. As a result, the task aids language acquisition by providing opportunities for not only using the language but also focusing on form to encourage subconscious grammar acquisition ( Ellis, 2009 ). Nonetheless, collaboration benefits learners at all levels of skill, and in TBLT, group participation is encouraged in activities where learners can benefit themselves based on their capacity to offer and receive aid ( Wells, 1999 ). As a result, task-based language teaching is a holistic approach to language learning in which students can share their language knowledge in groups and maximize their learning through various activities, resulting in fluency and accuracy in the target language.

While there are studies looking at knowledge and readiness among teachers (e.g. Avelino & Ismail, 2021 ), there is a need to study attitude regarding technology. Albirini (2006) says that the attitude consists of three components: emotional, cognitive and behavioural. Affective element is the emotional case of the person; the cognitive element is the transparent behaviour which corresponds to the individual’s understanding. A person’s general feeling for technology or ICT and for specific computer and Internet activities attitude towards technology integration (Smith, Caputi & Rawstone, in Abedalaziz, Sharir, & Chin, 2013 ). Consideration of all these components is vital to understanding one’s attitude towards technology integration. Studies in information technology have also consistently found that user attitudes are crucial elements influencing the system’s success ( Hashim, Yunus, & Embi, 2016 ).

Focusing on teachers’ attitudes is necessary because teachers have a large influence in choosing how much technology they use or do not use in the classroom, and identifying negative teacher attitudes and fostering favourable ones is important if integrating technology in the classroom will be successful ( Gilakjani & Leong, 2012 ). Teo et al. (2016) also claimed that good teacher attitudes regarding technology integration in the classroom are critical to its effectiveness. This was also reinforced by Semerci and Aydin (2018) , who said that teachers’ attitudes had a significant impact on their usage of technology in the classroom. Thus, teachers’ attitudes have a key role in their technological integration in the classroom.

While teachers agree that technology may assist their students, in order to feel comfortable with certain technologies, teachers must first experiment with them before attempting to integrate them into the classroom ( Constantine, Róowa, Szostkowski, Ellis, & Roehrig, 2017 ). Chiu and Churchill (2016) collected data from secondary school teachers using questionnaires regarding their views, attitudes, and anxieties regarding utilising mobile devices in the classroom before and ten months after adoption. Teachers were given professional development on how to use mobile devices in their classrooms prior to their introduction. They discovered that while the use of mobile devices did not enhance teachers’ views toward teaching with mobile devices, it did reduce anxiety levels. Because technology may help them reach their instructional goals, math and science instructors’ questionnaire ratings improved significantly in terms of computer self-efficacy, perceived utility, and perceived ease of use.

According to Buabeng-Andoh (2012) , despite challenges such as a shortage of hardware and software, teachers’ positive attitudes are a determinant in the successful integration of technology in learning activities. Furthermore, according to Kimmons and Hall (2018) , teacher views and values may have a greater impact on integration than their expertise. In other words, the attitude of the teachers might have a moderating effect on the successful integration of technology into learning activities. In Malaysia, the latest data on teachers’ attitudes toward technology competences and English teachers’ TPACK is still scarce, and it primarily consists of descriptions. Several studies on TPACK are still in the process of describing and focusing on specific materials, such as investigating science teachers’ perceptions of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), focusing on teachers’ perceptions of the affordances of technology application in instruction ( Mai & Hamzah, 2016 , Chieng & Tan, 2021 ), Mathematic teachers ( Belgheis & Kamalludeen, 2018 , Bakar, Maat, & Rosli, 2020 ), Art teachers ( Rahmat & Au, 2017 ) and English teachers ( Rauf & Suwanto, 2020 ).

According to these studies, there appears to be a gap to be filled between teachers’ attitudes toward technology integration and English teachers’ TPACK. These variables are related and influence one another. There was also no data on teachers’ attitudes toward technology integration as a moderator variable in the relationship between technology competencies and TPACK. Due to this, it brings the light into the intention of this study.

Since this research is taking teacher’s attitude into consideration, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is being observed too. Students must be prepared for life in a digital world as one of the goals of modern education. Of course, this necessitates the proper implementation of digital media in the classroom. The usage of digital media, on the other hand, is highly dependent on how well teachers adopt it. The Davis Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is one technique to assess instructors’ acceptance of multimedia programmes ( Davis, 1986, 1989 ; Davis et al., 1989 ). The Technology Adoption Model (TAM), created by Fred D. Davis in 1986, is a verified theoretical model that explains and predicts the user’s acceptance of a technology system (IS) ( Chang et al., 2012 ; Davis, 1989 ). It also aids in determining why people accept or reject a technological system. In addition, the core of this model is to give a platform for tracking external variables affecting beliefs, attitudes, and intention to use technology.

TAM outlines the general factors of computer acceptance that can be used to explain user behaviour across a wide range of end-user computing technologies and populations ( Davis et al., 1989 ). Perceived usefulness and ease of use are the two cognitive judgments assumed in this model as factors in technology system acceptability. The model also posits that the individual’s attitude toward using technology is influenced by the two perspectives. The perceived utility of the technology and the user’s attitude toward using it influence an individual’s behavioural intention to use it ( Alharbi & Drew, 2014 ).

The findings show that ESL teachers have a high level of TPACK skills. These findings are consistent with previous research that ESL teachers have a high level

**p < 0.01.

a. Dependent Variable: ESL Teachers’ attitudes towards technology. R-square = 0.206, F (1, 63) = 16.323, Sig. F = 0.000.

of TPACK integration skills ( Kozikoğlu & Babacan, 2019 ). Hence, this study provides an initial glimpse at the level of ESL teachers’ TPACK skill implementation within a specific school system among a specific number of teachers, and the findings may serve as a baseline for future research. In addition, the findings proved that ESL teachers’ attitude towards technology is significantly positive. The teachers in this study have attitudes that are consistent with the findings of Kimmons and Hall (2018) which found that the teachers’ attitudes may have a moderating effect on the successful incorporation of technology into learning activities. This study provides an initial glimpse at the attitudes toward technology within a specific school system among a specific number of teachers, and the findings may serve as a baseline for ongoing studies.

Other implications emerged from the findings where ESL teachers’ attitudes toward technology and TPACK skills do not differ significantly by gender. These findings show distinctness with the findings of other research in the literature. Similar to this study, Şad, Akgül and Delican (2015) discovered that there is no significant variation in the students’ TPACK proficiency level based on gender in their study of 4^th grade education faculty students. In their research of the teachers from Taiwan region, Jang and Tsai (2013) discovered that men teachers have better TPACK skills than female teachers. Similarly, in their study of 137 potential English instructors, Solak and Akr (2014) discovered a substantial difference in favor of male prospective teachers. In this situation, it can be shown that diverse outcomes have been obtained in gender studies.

Additionally, ESL teachers’ attitudes toward technology and TPACK abilities change significantly based on their professional experience. This aligns with Lee and Tsai (2010) discovery where instructors with less professional experience performed better on TPACK than teachers with more professional experience. Furthermore, according to a study conducted by Bal and Karademir (2013) , instructors with fewer than 20 years of experience had more positive views toward technology. Unlike Jang and Tsai (2012) who discovered that mathematics instructors with more professional experience had a greater degree of TPACK skills. In regard to their professional experience, ESL teachers with less professional experience have excellent levels of TPACK skills and attitudes toward technology. According to the findings of this study, ESL teachers’ TPACK abilities and attitudes toward technology are altered based on professional experience.

Apart from that, the findings also portray that there is a significant and positive relationship between ESL teacher’s TPACK skills and their attitude towards technology. The findings of this study add to the existing body of knowledge about the ESL teachers TPACK skills and their attitude towards technology ( Scherer, Tondeur, Siddiq, & Baran, 2018 ; Karatas, Tunc, Yilmaz, & Karaci, 2017 ; Farjon et al., 2019 ). Positive attitudes of ESL teachers toward technology, as well as teachers’ TPACK skills, are critical for efficient and suitable use of technology in second language classes, as well as beneficial consequences on student achievement ( Günüç & Babacan, 2017 ). As a result, ESL teachers’ high TPACK skills and good attitudes toward technology might be perceived as a good result in terms of technology integration in English teaching and successful language acquisition. Ay (2015) discovered that attitudes about technology influence TPACK skills in his study with instructors, and that there is a substantial association between attitudes toward technology and TPACK skills. Furthermore, Abbitt’s (2011) study with starting instructors discovered a substantial association between teachers’ attitudes toward technology and TPACK skills. Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that TPACK skills and attitudes toward technology are closely associated. In this scenario, one may say that one’s attitude toward technology influences one’s TPACK abilities; in other words, the more positive one’s attitude toward technology, the more TPACK skills he or she possesses.