During the study period, 2944 children consulted in the department and 285 of them for PVD or ND pathologies, with a hospital consultation frequency of 9.68%. In the same period, 865 children were treated in the department, including 164 for PVD and ND pathologies. The hospital surgical treatment frequency was 18.95%. The average age was 5.12 ± 3.81 years with extremes of 1 and 180 months. These were 56 infants, 58 small children, and 50 big children. There were 152 boys (92.68%) and 12 girls (7.32%) with a sex ratio of 12.66. In the 164 children, 181 cases of PVD and ND pathologies were treated.

In boys (n = 152), the reason for consultation was dominated by scrotal swelling in 61 cases (40.1%) and inguinal swelling in 57 cases (37.5%). Inguinoscrotal swelling was found in 33 cases (21.7%) and bilateral scrotal pain in 1 case (0.7%). Four children (2.6%) were received for emergency counselling. The others had come for scheduled consultations.

The diagnosis was clinical in all children except two children in whom ultrasound

was performed. Table 2 shows the distribution of boys according to the diagnosis.

Abnormalities sat on the right in 93 cases (61.18%), on the left in 45 cases (29.60%) and were bilateral in 14 cases (9.22%). Figure 1 shows an uncomplicated left inguinoscrotal hernia in a 19 months old boy.

In 44% children, the PVD abnormalities were associated to other diseases. Table 3 shows distribution of boys by associated abnormalities.

In the girls (n = 12), the reason for consultation was inguinal swelling. Unilateral left inguinal hernia was the most common diagnosis in 5 cases (41.7%). The unilateral right side was affected in 3 cases (25%). The abnormality was also bilateral in 3 cases (25%). One case of herniation of the right ovary (8.3%) was also found. Figure 2 shows a bilateral inguinal hernia in a 6 years old girl.

Malformations were associated with ND pathology in 3 cases. These were two cases of umbilical hernia and one case of white line hernia.

Surgical treatment was performed in all patients. The procedure performed was the closure of the PVD in the boy or the ND in the girl. It was performed through the classical inguinal approach.

In the three cases of strangulated hernias and the one case of engorged hernia, the viability of the loops allowed their reintegration without resection.

For the 56 cases of hydrocele, the surgical treatment was identical with, in addition, evacuation of the fluid collection.

For the 8 cases of spermatic cord cysts, evacuation of the cyst contents was done in addition to closure of the PVD. In the same operation time, the anomalies associated with the pathology of the PVD or the ND were managed: 39 umbilical hernia cure, 1 white line hernia cure, 5 undescended testicular management and 2 epididymis cyst excisions.

Exploration on the contralateral side was done in 29 cases (17.68%). They were 26 boys and 3 girls. The average age of these children was 63.66 ± 50.77 months. The extremes were 7 months and 9 years.

Figure 3 shows the pre and post operative aspects of the ombilical and inguinal regions in a boy managed for bilateral inguinoscrotal hernia associated to umbilical huge hernia.

The immediate postoperative course was simple in all our patients. The average hospital stay was 2.08 days with extremes of 1 and 8 days. The postoperative morbidity was marked by one case of bursal hematoma which evolved favorably with treatment. The evolution after 6 months was simple in all cases with unremarkable scars. We did not note any testicular retraction, testicular atrophy or

parietal suppuration. The postoperative mortality was zero. With an average follow-up of 2.5 years (range 3 months and 3.5 years), the results were good in all cases.

Inguinal hernias represent the most frequent reason for consultation in pediatric surgery [7] [8]. During the study period, 2944 children consulted the pediatric surgery department and 285 of them for PVD or ND pathologies, with a hospital consultation frequency of 9.68%. This frequency is underestimated because some cases are managed in other medical centers, which may skew data. In the same city, there is a second pediatric department which is the first in the country. That department could even take care of more of more cases. Apart from this department, other surgeons also take care of these pathologies in private medical centers of the city. Sewa et al. [4] in Togo had collected 111 cases in four years when they practiced in Dapaong in the north of the country like general surgeon. Sarr et al. [9] in Dakar (Senegal), reported 163 cases in five years of urological practice. PVD and ND abnormalities are ubiquitous and very frequents. In our conditions the few number of pediatric surgeons allow othre surgeons to take care of them.

Small children were the most represented in our study, with 58 cases (35.4%). Kalantari et al. [10] in Iran recorded mostly infants. Bastiani et al. [11] stated that it is the most common pathology in infants. The The children in our series were older than those of Ngom et al. [1] and Kouamé et al. [12] who reported respectively 58.4% of infants and 57% of children less than one month old. The mean age in our series was 5.12 ± 3.81 years with extremes of 1 and 180 months. Kalantari et al. [10] in Iran found a mean age of 2 years. Sarr et al. [9] found a mean age of 7.5 ± 7 years. The age of diagnosis is highly dependent on the age of medical consultation. These are congenital anomalies that occur very soon after birth. When people have a family doctor who regularly consults the children, the diagnosis is often made earlier and the child is referred to a pediatric surgeon. In cases where the conditions do not allow quick access to a medical consultation or people are afraid of surgery in a child as is the case in our environment, the diagnosis is delayed. The fear of surgery associated with the lack of financial means also leads parents to hope instead for a correction for sometimes several years before being forced to surgical treatment.

Our series was composed of 152 males and 12 females, which gives a sex ratio of 12.66. This male predominance was found by Ngom et al. [1] with a sex ratio of 40.6. It is known that these pathologies of the vaginal process are more common in boys. For some authors, it is at least six times [13] [14] [15]. The reasons for this male predominance are not formally known.

The common character of PVD or ND pathologies is swelling. This swelling can be inguinal or inguino-scrotal depending on the case [16]. It was the reason for consultation in 163 (99.3%) of the children in our series. Mieret et al. [17] and Sarr et al. [9] found this swelling in all the children in their series. Ngom et al. [1] found this swelling in 98.4% of children in their studies. The pathologies of the PVD or ND are generally benign and do not usually present an urgent character [16]. In our series, 163 (99.4%) children were seen in a scheduled consultation. Sarr et al. [9] had received all the children in their study in a scheduled consultation. Strangulation or engorgement of a hernia constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency [16]. In our series, 1 (0.6%) child was seen in emergency. Keita et al. [18] had received 17.09% of the children in their study in emergency. Inguinal, scrotal or inguinoscrotal swellings are the most constant and revealing physical signs [16]. We noted them in all the children in our series. Harouna et al. [19] found these swellings in 96%. The diagnosis of PVD and ND pathologies is clinical [20]. A careful clinical examination allows differentiation of the anatomical forms [20]. However, in case of doubt, some authors recommend performing an ultrasound [1]. In our study, ultrasound was performed in 2 (1.3%). We believe that a careful questioning of the parents and the examination of the photos they took at the time of the appearance of the swelling can lead to the diagnosis and postpone the request for an ultrasound.

In our series, hernia was the most frequent anatomoclinic type in 87 cases (57.23%) followed by hydrocele in 56 cases (36.84%). This predominance of hernia was also found in the series by Ngom et al. [1], with 76.8%. Sarr et al. [9] noted 72% of hydrocele. In practice, hernias are more common than hydroceles. The width of the duct as well as the early efforts of the child such as during coughing, screams and laughter that lead to abdominal contraction can explain this situation.

We recorded 96 cases of right-sided involvement, i.e. 58.5%. This right-sided predominance was also described by Amadou et al. [16]. Other authors reported that the incidence of right-sided hernias is more than three times that of left-sided hernias. Some authors believe that the high frequency of hernia on the right side is related to the delay in closure of the peritoneovaginal canal on the right than on the left [7]. The hernia was strangulated in 3 cases (3.6%) in our series. Akcakaya et al. [21] found hernial strangulation in 10%. Hernial strangulation is a serious complication that can be prevented by early diagnosis and management of hernias in children. The risk of strangulation is higher the younger the child and/or the more premature the child [22]. A strangulated hernia develops when the blood supply to the intestines is compromised. This is a surgical emergency as it causes intestinal obstruction, ischaemia, subsequent necrosis and perforation and is therefore associated with erythema, oedema and pain. In boys, irreducible hernias can cause testicular damage; testicular atrophy has been found in 15% of irreducible hernias and is thought to be secondary to a local pressure effect [23]. Similarly, ovarian damage may occur in girls [24].

Failure of the ND to close is the cause of two anatomoclinical entities: inguinal or ovarian hernia, and ND cyst. In our series, inguinal hernia was the most frequent with 11 cases (91.7%). It can depend on the age of the girls of our series. In female infants, the ovaries are the most commonly herniated content; however, after one year of age, bowel becomes more common, and a herniated ovary in an adolescent would be extremely unlikely [24].

PVD and ND pathologies may be accompanied by other abnormalities. Umbilical hernia was the most frequent association; 39 cases (88.63%). This predominance was also reported by Nandiolo et al. [25]. Umbilical hernia is a frequent pathology in children; it would be more frequent in black children, and its frequency can reach 50% of children in some African regions [26].

The classic surgical treatment is closure of the PVD or ND. This closure was performed in all cases in our study. That classical treatment by direct inguinal access is efficient with fewer complications [19] [27] especially injury to the spermatic vessels or deferential duct, recurrences and iatrogenic cryptorchidies [19] [27]. But, some children may require a second time for PVD on the contralateral side to the previous [19] [28]. This has also been noticed by Harouna et al. [19]. In this context, the surgical treatment can be done by laparoscopic approach which advantages are evident [29] [30]. Apart from the extended and clear view of the hernia orifice (direct or indirect hernia), it’s also possible to avoid injuring the elements of spermatic cord and having recurrences. In the series of Montupet and Esposito, [29] the contralateral inguinal orifice exploration was positive in 15.92% of cases. In the series of Akakpo-Numadoet al. [3], 4 out of 21 boys (19.92%) had no clinically contralateral PVD; which were repaired at the same sitting, thereby obviating extra costs.

At 1 month, a bursal hematoma had been found in our study with a favorable evolution. Manipulation of the spermatic cord and testicle during surgery exposes to the risk of testicular retraction or testicular atrophy in the medium or long term [5]. Recurrence is most often related to incomplete ligation of the duct. These complications were not found in our study.