Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting particularly women and is characterized by diverse symptomatology. the main objective of our work is to assess the risk of anxiety and depression and their associated factors in patients with this disease and this is within the framework of a cross-sectional study carried out in the internal medicine department of CHU Hassan II in Fez. Eligible patients were recruited, informed about the study and invited to participate in order to complete a questionnaire providing information on their personal data and evaluating their psychological state using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADs). Statistical analysis was carried out first descriptive, followed by univariate analysis and finally a multivariate analysis to look for factors that may be associated with the risk of anxiety and depression, taking into account possible confounding factors. For this, we included 102 patients, 92.2% of which were women with an average age of 41.6 ± 13.7 years. 55.4% (CI 95%: 45.8% - 65%) suffered from anxiety, which was statistically associated with the low level of study (OR = 2.77; CI 95%: 1.14 - 6.74), the large number of comorbidities (OR = 1.89; CI 95%: 1.18 - 3.03) and with the presence of respiratory manifestations (OR = 4.14; CI 95%: 1.27 - 13.43). Depression was present in 57.4% (95% CI: 47.8% - 67%), this presence was associated with marriage (OR = 4.81; CI 95%: 1.53 - 15.08), low monthly income (OR = 4.44; 1.47 - 13.40), the large number of comorbidities (OR = 1.93; 1.14 - 3.28) and a high number of lupus manifestations (OR = 1.33; 1.03 - 1.73), hence the need to take into account these disorders and to fight against the factors that cause them.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting particularly women and is characterized by diverse symptomatology [1]. It affects 1 to 12 people out of 5000 worldwide [2]. Due to the difficult nature of lupus and its impact on the central nervous system, patients with SLE are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety or other mental disorders [3].
Neurolupus is a heterogeneous set of neurological and psychiatric syndromes described in 12% to 95% of lupus patients [4], of which mood and anxiety disorders are among its most frequent manifestations [5] [6] [7] and can even be considered as the second most common neuropsychiatric syndrome that can be observed in patients with this disease [8]. In addition, the chronic nature of SLE can lead to the development of psychological manifestations such as depression and anxiety, which are two heterogeneous comorbidities that can develop at different stages of the disease [9] [10] and lead to a loss of control over its evolution [11].
Depressive symptomatology remains among the most common complaints in SLE patients [5] [12] despite some disagreement in terms of diagnosis and estimation of its prevalence which varies considerably between cohorts (17% - 75%) due to sample heterogeneity and the use of different instruments to detect depressive symptoms [5] [6] [7] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17], but the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) remains one of the most widely used [18] and its performance has been evaluated and showed a sensitivity of 88.9%, a specificity of 92.6% and a precision of 92.6%, making the HADS a useful tool for assessing anxiety and depression in these patients [19].
The importance of psychiatric disorders in SLE is not limited to their high prevalence, but also to the possible negative consequences of these manifestations on patients’ lives. In this sense, a decrease in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been observed in patients with anxiety disorders [20] [21] [22].
In our knowledge, there are no data in Morocco concerning the risk of psychological disorders in patients with SLE. The main objective of our work is to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with SLE at CHU Hassan II in Fez and look for the factors that may be associated with the appearance of these disorders.
2. Patients and Methods2.1. Patient Population2.1.1. Study and Population
This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the internal medicine department at CHU Hassan II in Fez. Patients aged 18 years and above who are diagnosed with SLE according to ACR criteria and treated in the internal medicine department were recruited, informed of the study and invited to participate.
2.1.2. Data Collection
After having had the agreement of the ethics committee of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Fez, Morocco, we recruited the eligibles patients who agreed to participate, after signing a written consent to answer a questionnaire containing information on their socio-demographic characteristics, (age, sex, marital status, level of education and employment status) and their antecedents. Information on the characteristics of the disease such as its duration, different manifestations, autoantibody status (anti-DNA, anti-nuclear) and types of treatment used was obtained by interviewing patients and examining their medical files. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS).
Patients with documented intellectual disability, major psychopathology and/or major neurocognitive disorders were excluded from this study.
2.2. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
The HADS was developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983 to screen for anxiety disorders and depressive syndromes in patients hospitalized in non-psychiatric settings, but it was subsequently validated for outpatient use. This is a self-report scale that identifies anxiety and depressive disorders. It has 14 items marked from 0 to 3. Seven questions related to anxiety (total A) and seven others related to the depressive dimension (total D). For each item, the response is scored from 0 to 3 on a scale depending on the intensity of the symptom during the past week. The range of possible scores, therefore, extends for each subscale from 0 to 21, with the highest scores corresponding to the presence of more severe symptoms. For each subscale (anxiety and depression), cutoff values were determined: a score between 0 and 7 is considered normal, while a score of 8 or higher indicates significant disorder [23] [24].
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to describe the personal, medical and the disease characteristics as well as the prevalence of anxiety and depression; frequencies were used for qualitative variables, while means and standard deviations were used for quantitative variables.
The study of the link between the different factors and the risk of anxiety or depression was carried out using the KHI-2 test or the Fisher test for qualitative variables (sex, marital status, level of education, employment status, comorbidities, manifestations of the disease and treatment). While the analysis of the quantitative variables was carried out using Student’s test and this for the age, the number of comorbidities, the duration of disease progression and the number of lupus manifestations. The significance level was set at 5%.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine possible factors associated with anxiety and depression taking into account confounding factors. The threshold for inclusion in the logistic regression model was 20%. The significant association was presented using an OR and its confidence interval.
Statistical analysis was performed using the R software.
3. Results3.1. Personal Characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>)
In total, 102 patients were collected, 92.2% of which were women with an average
Personal and medical characteristics (n = 102)
Variables
N (%) Or M (±SD) (N = 102)
Age
41.64 ± 13.75
Gender Males Females
8 (7.8%) 94 (92.2%)
Level of study (n = 100) Low level of study High level of study
50 (50%) 50 (50%)
Profession Unemployed Employed
74 (72.5%) 28 (27.5%)
Marital status Single Divorced or widowed Married
27 (26.5%) 14 (13.7%) 61 (59.8%)
Monthly income (n = 101) ≤2000 dhs >2000 dhs
69 (68.3%) 32 (31.7%)
Habitat (n = 101) Urban Rural
69 (68.3%) 32 (31.7%)
Number of comorbidites
1.15 ± 1.08
Arterial hypertension
13 (12.7%)
Diabetes
10 (9.8%)
Cadiopathy
10 (9.8%)
Nephropathy
8 (7.8%)
Neoplasia
1 (1%)
Abortion (n = 94)
13 (13.8%)
Other autoimmune diseases
13 (12.7%)
Other comorbidites
49 (48%)
age of 41.6 ± 13.7 years. 68.3% lived in urban areas, 59.8% were married and 8.8% lived alone.
For the antecedents, 12.7% were hypertensive, 12.7% had another autoimmune disease and 13.8% of our female patients have already had at least one abortion.
3.2. Characteristics of the Disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>)
The duration of the disease was estimated on average at 6.8 ± 5.5 years. 48% had general manifestations, 70.6% had dermatological manifestations, 64.7% had rheumatological manifestations, 50% had renal manifestations, 9.8% had neuro-psychic manifestations, 17.6% had cardiac manifestations and 20.6% had respiratory manifestations. On average, the number of manifestations of lupus was estimated at 4.47 ± 1.95. For the treatment, 56.6% were on corticosteroid therapy
Characteristics of the disease
Variables
N (%) or M (±SD) (N = 102)
Duration of disease
6.8 ± 5.5
General manifestations
49 (48%)
Dermatological manifestations
72 (70.6%)
Facial lesions
49 (48%)
Rheumatological manifestations
66 (64.7%)
Renal manifestations
51 (50%)
Neuropsychic manifestations
10 (9.8%)
Cardiac manifestations
18 (17.6%)
Vascular manifestations
12 (11.8%)
Respiratory manifestations
21 (20.6%)
Digestive manifestations
12 (11.8%)
Ophthalmologic manifestations
25 (24.5%)
Hematological manifestations
28 (27.5%)
Immunological manifestations (n = 80)
39 (48.8%)
Anti-DNA antibodies (n = 83)
39 (47%)
Antinuclear antibodies (n = 84)
17 (20.2%)
Number of manifestations of lupus
4.47 ± 1.95
Type of treatment (n = 99) Corticosteroid therapy Anti-malarial Corticosteroid therapy + anti-malarial
+ a synthetic antimalarial, 20.2% were on corticosteroid therapy alone of which 73.7% had a corticosteroid dose not exceeding 40 mg per day.
3.3. Anxiety
More than half of our patients suffered from anxiety 55.4% (CI 95%: 45.8% - 65%) (Table 3) which was statistically associated with the advanced age, the low level of education, the unemployment, the marriage, the fact of having several antecedents, the long duration of the disease and the presence of respiratory manifestations. The multivariate analysis showed that the risk of anxiety increases with the low level of study, the large number of comorbidities as well as with the presence of respiratory manifestations (Table 4).
Anxiety and depression (n = 102)
HADs
Prevalence + CI 95%
Anxiety
55.4% (CI 95%; 45.8% - 65%)
Depression
57.4% (CI 95%; 47.8% - 67%)
Factors associated with anxiety
Variables
Anxiety
P-value
Adjusted OR + CI 95%
No
Yes
Age
36.56 ± 12.11
45.84 ± 13.78
0.001
Level of study
low level of study
35.6%
61.1%
0.015
2.77 (1.14 - 6.74)
high level of study
64.4%
38.9%
1
Profession
Unemployed
62.2%
80.4%
0.048
Employed
37.8%
19.6%
Marital status
Single
42.2%
14.3%
0.007
Divorced or widowed
11.1%
16.1%
Married
46.7%
69.6%
Number of comorbidites
0.78 ± 0.79
1.45 ± 1.2
0.001
1.89 (1.18 - 3.03)
Arterial hypertension
Yes
2.2%
21.4%
0.005
No
97.8%
78.6%
Duration of disease
5.35 ± 4.25
7.82 ± 6.11
0.021
Respiratory manifestations
Yes
11.1%
28.6%
0.047
4.14 (1.27 - 13.43)
No
88.9%
71.4%
1
3.4. Dépression
For the depression, it was present in 57.4% (CI 95%: 47.8% - 67%) (Table 3). This presence was associated with the advanced age, marriage, the number of comorbidities as well as the presence of several manifestations linked to lupus disease. Multivariate analysis showed that depression was linked to marriage, to low monthly income, the large number of comorbidities and a high number of manifestations linked to lupus (Table 5).
4. Discussion
The main objective of our work was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with SLE followed in the internal medicine department in the CHU Hassan II in Fes and it has been shown that more than half of our patients suffered from these disorders. This is consistent with the results of several
Factors associated with depression
Variables
Depression
P-value
Adjusted OR + CI 95%
No
Yes
Age
36.7 ± 12.05
45.41 ± 13.94
0.001
Marital status
Single
39.5%
17.2%
0.035
1
Divorced or widowed
14.0%
13.8%
1.23 (0.28 - 5.37)
Married
46.5%
69.0%
4.81 (1.53 - 15.08)
Monthly income
≤2000 dhs
57.1%
75.9%
0.054
4.44 (1.47 - 13.40)
>2000 dhs
42.9%
24.1%
1
Number of comorbidites
0.79 ± 0.83
1.41 ± 1.19
0.003
1.93 (1.14 - 3.28)
Arterial hypertension
Yes
2.3%
20.7%
0.006
No
97.7%
79.3%
Diabetes
Yes
2.3%
15.5%
0.041
No
97.7%
84.5%
Cadiopathy
Yes
2.3%
15.5%
0.041
No
97.7%
84.5%
Duration of disease
5.49 ± 4.48
7.63 ± 5.99
0.056
Cardiac manifestations
Yes
7.0%
24.1%
0.031
No
93.0%
75.9%
Respiratory manifestations
Yes
7.0%
31.0%
0.005
No
93.0%
69.0%
Number of lupus manifestations
3.81 ± 1.74
4.95 ± 1.99
0.003
1.33 (1.03 - 1.73)
studies which have shown a high prevalence of its disorders in lupus patients and that this prevalence was much higher than those observed in the general population [22] [25] as well as in other rheumatic and connective tissue diseases [26] [27] [28]. Similarly, in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 studies, Zhang et al. estimated the prevalence of depression and anxiety in adults with SLE, and showed that the prevalence of anxiety alone varied between 4% and 85% in individual studies, while the meta-analysis revealed a prevalence of 40%; CI 95% (30% - 49%) according to the HADS. For depression, estimates ranged from 2% to 91.7% in the individual studies while the meta-analysis revealed a prevalence of 30%; CI 95% (22% - 38%) according to HADS [18], these observed differences could be explained by the difference in the time periods during which these studies were performed, the characteristics of the disease during each study, as well as the social and cultural background of the participants.
This fairly high frequency of these disorders has prompted several researchers to look for the cause most involved in the onset of anxiety and depression in lupus patients and they were able to conclude that the presence of certain genes such as the FKBP5 gene could be responsible for the onset of psychological disorders in SLE patients [29] or other chronic diseases [30]. Thus, a study showed that this FKBP5 gene was involved in the response to antidepressants [31]. For anxiety and although studies are scarce in this direction, but some reports have indicated that it is also associated with the presence of the FKBP5 gene [32] [33].
Despite these suggestions, no confirmation has been reported for the involvement of the FKBP5 gene in the appearance of psychological disorders in patients with lupus, hence the interest in looking for other factors that may be implicated, and in this context Waheed et al. found that in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases, educational attainment was associated with anxiety and depression, while marital status, gender, employment and monthly income had no effect on the frequency of anxiety and depression [34], but a Chinese study that looked at patients with SLE found that in these patients, education, unemployment and low monthly income were associated with anxiety and depression [22]. In the same sense, several other studies have confirmed the association between the risk of anxiety and depression and low monthly income in patients with SLE [35] [36] [37], this is consistent with our results which showed that unemployment and low education level were associated with anxiety and that low monthly income was strongly associated with depression. For marital status, our study showed a strong association between marriage and the risk of depression, this was also found in a Saudi study [38] which proved that marriage was associated with presence of moderate to severe depressive mood in lupus patients. These results differ from other studies where the risk of mental disorders was more frequent in single patients [37] [39], this discrepancy can be explained by the role of family support in this type of patient and which can, depending on its absence or existence, be considered as a protective or stimulating factor of mental disorders in patients with SLE. In this sense, Chin et al. have shown that having a partner who does not provide you with psychological support may be a cause of an increased risk of developing psychological manifestations in patients with SLE [40]. Thereby, a Japanese study carried out on ambulatory women with SLE showed that problems in human relationships and in particular family relationships can have a negative influence on mental health and can even increase the risk of suicidal thoughts [39].
In our study, the long duration of the disease was associated with the risk of psychological disorders, which was also reported in Saudi lupus patients [38].
Several studies have linked disease activity to the risk of depression [14] [22] [37] [41] [42] [43] [44], which is consistent with our results where the risk of anxiety increased with the increase in the number of lupus manifestations. Thus, respiratory manifestations increase the risk of anxiety this has not been reported in the different studies and this discrepancy can be explained by the fact that our study was carried out for the most part during the COVID19 pandemic which made the respiratory manifestations more anxious for fear of infection by the Corona virus. With regard to the neurological impairment of lupus, our study was unable to demonstrate an association between anxiety and/or depression and this type of manifestation, which differs from the results of other studies where neurolupus was incriminated in the presence of these psychological disorders in SLE patients [45] [46], this discrepancy can be explained by the low prevalence of neurolupus in our study population.
Thus, the results of a Russian study [47] confirm that the risk of mental disorders increases with the presence of comorbidities in patients diagnosed with SLE, this is in agreement with the results of our study which concluded that the risk of anxiety and depression increases with the increase in the number of co-morbidities.
Our study is the first in Morocco to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with SLE and its conclusion that 55.4% of patients suffer from anxiety and 57.4% are depressed, implies that anxiety and depression are common ailments that deserve to be researched in this type of patients although the scale used for this assessment is a self-assessment scale which may partially limit our results.
5. Conclusions
The results of our study showed that more than half of patients with SLE suffer from psychological disorders. The prevalence of anxiety was estimated at 55.4% (95% CI: 45.8% - 65%) while depression was at 57.4% (95% CI: 47.8% - 67%), and that these disorders are associated mainly with the low socio-economic level, the presence of other comorbidities as well as the presence of manifestations of lupus.
These results are alarming and should encourage clinicians to:
o Systematically look for these disorders in this type of patient.
o To try to fight against the factors which can be responsible.
o To study the possibility of the integration of psychological care systematic of these patients.
Conflicts of Interest
We have no conflicts of interest.
Cite this paper
El Harch, I., Benmaamar, S., Oubelkacem, N., Jennane, R., Diagne, B.J., Maiouak, M., Chakri, I., Omari, M., Otmani, N., Berraho, M.A., El Fakir, S., Berrady, R. and Tachfouti, N. (2022) Prevalence and Associated Factors with Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Moroccan Region. Open Access Library Journal, 9: e8394. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108394
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