Background: Burn injuries represent one of the greatest public health problems that induce significant patient morbidity and mortality. Scalds are the most common cause of burn injuries which is known to have long term grave consequences on general health. Aim: The current study was performed to identify the age of scald burn from histopathological changes and TNF-α immunoexpression. As well, study the probable relation between the scald age and the hepatic function impairment. Materials and Methods: A total number of 40 adult male albino rats were used in the study. Eight kept as control group I. Thirty-two rats were exposed to scald injury involving 20% of total body surface area (TBSA). Histopathological examination for the scald area, liver, and skin TNF-α immunohistochemistry was performed. Liver function tests and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) were also determined. The study was carried out after 2, 7 days, 1 and 3 months of scald incidence. Results: Progressive histopathological changes and elevated liver enzymes were observed in the early scald ages while manifestations of healing and improvement in liver parameters, started to occur after 1 and 3 months of scald infliction in comparison with the other periods. There was a highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in malondialdehyde level and TNF-α expression in scald injured groups after 2 and 7 days compared with control group I. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed the ability to identify the age of scald injury using routine histopathological examination. Also, scald injury involving 20% of TBSA may cause long term impairment of hepatic function. Moreover, the proinflammatory results revealed that TNF-α may consider as mediators in the post-burn pathophysiological process. Furthermore, our results declare a significant correlation between MDA levels and the degree of burn complications, including shock and remote organ damage.
Burn injuries are the most violent types of injuries and are not easy to analyze. It represents a terrible psychological, medical, and public health problem. It occurs as a consequence of mechanical products, electrical or thermal which have a high influence on skin and tissues. Likewise, the crime scenes due to the burning in all cases are the critical evidence of injuries and considered sensitive and sophisticated in such cases [
The basis of burn classification is depth throughout examination, assessed through the following four elements: appearance, blanching to pressure, pain, and response to sensation. The American Burn Criteria uses those four components to categorize burns according to the thickness. Third degree is a full thickness burn destroying all the skin layers till below hair follicles, sweat glands and subcutaneous fat tissue, accordingly, it is usually not painful due to destruction of the nerve endings [
Scalding is a form of a thermal burn resulting from heated fluids such as boiling water or steam. It can be seen in the 2nd or 3rd-degree burns. It is caused by the application of liquid near boiling point or from steam. Blisters are considered a crucial character of scald burn injury. It can be fatal injury as the tissues and cells of the skin are completely exposed to these injuries [
It was established that cytokines production is greatly affected by burn injury, also, adrenal, and gonadal steroids are affected, resulting in sex-related disturbances following burn injury [
The present experimental study was carried out to identify the histopathological changes of different ages of a full thickness scald injury which occupies 20% of the total body surface area (TBSA). As well, analyzed the possible relation between the scald age and the hepatic function impairment. Moreover, Immunohistochemical of skin TNF alpha, liver biochemical parameters and biomarker of oxidative stress Malonaldehyde (MDA), will be assessed which would be beneficial and necessary to figure out the association between multiorgan dysfunction and burn crises.
Forty adult albino rats were used throughout this study. Eight albino rats designated as control group I, received only regular diet and tap water to measure the basic parameters. The remaining 32 rats were subjected as a model for scald injury and sacrificed by cervical dislocation [
This study was carried out in accordance of Institution Review Board (IRB) of Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University approval. Forty adult male albino rats were obtained from the animal house of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University; their weights were chosen to range between 290 and 310 gm. The procedures affirmed according to “The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” (Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources, 1996) [
In the current burn model we used ketamine hydrochloride (K2753) and diazepam (D0899) which were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company.
Separately, each rat was anesthetized, and the analgesic was given with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg BW) and diazepam (0.1 mg/kg BW). The back and flank skin of the rats was cleanshaven. A plaster cast was designed with an opening allow the hot water to reach the exposed area of the rat back below the neck when immersed in hot water. Rats exposed to a hot water (100˚C) for 10 seconds [
Light microscopic examination was performed to distinguish histopathological changes of the skin and the liver with scald injury. The skin affected with scald burn was dissected and Bouin’s solution (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company) used for fixation in different scald ages 2, 7 days and 1, 3 months [
Venous blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of the animals by capillary glass tubes using light ether anesthesia (Sigma-Aldrich) according to method explained by Joslin [
The weight of liver homogenized using 0.9% saline concentration (the time of the volume is 9:1). 10% homogenate pass to centrifuging process for 10 min (3000 rpm/min). The supernatant was diluted with 10 times of the volume of 0.9% saline to 1% concentration [
Windows program SPSS 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Data was represented in terms of means ± SD. The differences were compared for statistical significance by ANOVA. Statistical difference between groups was calculated by LSD. Difference was considered significant at p ≤ 0.05.
In H & E skin sections (
| Light Microscopic Finding | Age of Scald Injury | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group II after 2 Days | Group III after 7 Days | Group IV after 1 Month | Group V after 3 Months | |
| Destruction of Adnexal Structures | + | ++ | + | + |
| Ulceration in the Epidermis | + | ++ | + | − |
| Inflammatory Infiltrate in the Dermis | ++ | +++ | − | − |
| Deposition of Multiple Collagen Layers | − | − | ++ | +++ |
| Re-epithelialization | − | − | + | +++ |
| Multiple Cell Islands | − | − | ++ | ++ |
| Epithelial Cell Migration to the Scald | − | − | + | ++ |
| TNF-α Immunoexpression | +++ | ++ | − | − |
The TNF-α immunohistochemical expression performs negative in the dermis, endothelial cells and perivascular cells of the skin of the control group I after 2, 7 days, 1 and 3 months. In scald injured groups, skin showed a positive expression of TNF-α in the dermis, endothelial cells and perivascular cells after 2- and 7- days groups II, III. Besides, at the end of 1- and 3-months groups IV and V illustrated improvement verified in skin specimens of the rats, both groups IV and V showed a negative expression of TNF-α in the dermis, endothelial cells and perivascular cells, respectively (
The microscopic examination of stained sections of the rat’s liver control group I showed normal histology of a hepatic lobule after 2, 7 days, 1 and 3 months respectively. In scald injured groups, microscopic examination of the liver revealed obvious congestion associated with widespread marked vacuolar degeneration as well as foci of spotty necrosis. Some scattered apoptotic bodies and short fibrous septae develops by the end of the second day group II of burn incidences. However, at the end of seventh day group III of burn application showed increasing in the number of Kupffer cells and hydropic degeneration. Through the end of first month group IV the same histopathological changes as those described by the end of the seventh day were noted. As well, by the end of third month group V microscopic examination of the liver revealed moderate congestion and widespread moderate hydropic degeneration (
Scald injured rats’ groups showed progressive significant increase (p < 0.05) in the mean values of serum ALT, AST with significant decrease (p < 0.05) of total protein, albumin and globulin after 2, 7 days and 1 month of injury infliction, compared with the control group I (
Scald injured rats’ groups showed progressive significant increase (p < 0.05) in the mean values of serum MDA after 2, 7 days and 1 month of injury infliction, compared with the control group I level (
| Light Microscopic Finding | Age of Scald Injury | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group II after 2 Days | Group III after 7 Days | Group IV after 1 Month | Group V after 3 Months | |
| Expansion and vacuolization of hepatocytes | ++ | +++ | ++ | + |
| Vascular congestion and expansion of sinusoids | ++ | +++ | +++ | + |
| Increase in number of Kupffer cells | + | ++ | ++ | + |
| Vacuolar degeneration | ++ | +++ | +++ | + |
| Foci of spotty necrosis | ++ | ++ | +++ | + |
| Hydropic degeneration | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
| Fibrous bands | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ |
| Group (n = 8) Variable | Group I (–ve control) | Group II after 2 days | Group III after 7 days | Group IV after 1 month | Group V after 3 months | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspartate-aminotransferase (AST): (ng/ml) Mean ± SD | 30.12 ± 1.66bcde | 43.6 ± 1.6ade | 43.3 ± 1.6ade | 36.5 ± 1.1abc | 35.5 ± 1.3abc | 90.8906 | <0.0001* |
| Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT): (ng/ml) Mean ± SD | 23.4 ± 0.7bcde | 31.8 ± 1.26ade | 32.2 ± 1.08ade | 28.13 ± 0.85abc | 27.16 ± 0.76abc | 86.6760 | <0.0001* |
| Total protiens: (ng/ml) Mean ± SD | 7.9 ± 0.37bcde | 5.4 ± 0.40ade | 5.9 ± 0.32ade | 7 ± 0.17abc | 6.9 ± 0.18abc | 62.9831 | <0.0001* |
| Albumin: (ng/ml) Mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 0.19bcde | 2.78 ± 0.177ade | 2.55 ± 0.15ade | 3.7 ± 0.16abc | 3.7 ± 0.17abc | 91.972 | <0.0001* |
| Globulin (ng/ml) Mean ± SD | 2.99 ± 0.28bcde | 1.01 ± 0.26ade | 1 ± 0.34ade | 2 ± 0.27abc | 1.9 ± 0.37abc | 43.406 | <0.0001* |
Number of rats in each group. SD: Standard Deviation. *: highly significant (0.0001). a = significant with group I. b = significant with group II. c = significant with group III. d = significant with group IV. e = significant with group V.
| Group (n = 8) Variable | Group I (–ve control) | Group II after 2 days | Group III after 7 days | Group IV after 1 month | Group V after 3 months | F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malondialdehyde in liver: (nmol/mg) Mean ± SD | 1.77 ± 0.17bcde | 4.2 ± 0.27ade | 4.12 ± 0.34ade | 3.33 ± 0.13abc | 2.91 ± 0.12abc | 119.7382 | <0.001* | |
Number of rats in each group. SD: Standard Deviation. *: highly significant (0.0001). a = significant with group I. b = significant with group II. c = significant with group III. d = significant with group IV. e = significant with group.
Scald injury is the mostly widespread form of burn. Scalding is a form of a thermal burn resulting from heated fluids such as boiling water or steam. It can be seen in the second or third-degree of burns [
In the current study, second day group II of scalding injury skin showed histopathological changes in the form of ulceration of the epidermis and severe dermal inflammatory infiltrate. At the end of seventh day group III, an area of coagulative necrosis was performed. As well, at the end of the first month group IV, healing process was observable. Moreover, re-epithelialization in the form of multiple epithelial cells islands migrating towards the wound surface from underlying dermal appendages by the end of third month group V. Our findings explained that inflammatory response is endorsed by the TNF-α immunohistochemical expression. These results are in accordance with Cribbs et al. who stated that the microscopic examination of skin affected by thermal injury showed blistering of the epidermal layers, epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei, injured adnexal cells in the deep dermis, and destruction of the superficial dermal appendages [
Our achieved results described that the histopathological changes match with the study of Ipaktchi et al. [
Moreover, Sehirli et al. revealed that burn trauma led to severe degeneration in both epidermis and dermis. Moreover, a loss and detachment of epidermis have been observed. Besides, polymorphonuclear leucocytes exhibit accumulation and congestion of blood vessels. Subsequent after six hours post burn, epithelial detachment and dermal edema were seen. Next after 48-hours of burn severe leukocyte accumulation and vascular congestion appears more visible and clearer [
Furthermore, Yongqiang et al. investigated full-thickness scald injury which was established by subjecting mouse dorsal skin to a 90˚C water for 9 seconds. They noticed that the epidermis of scalded mouse skin was broken and become separated from the dermal layer with severe damage of hair follicles. Additionally, various regions in the subcutaneous adipose tissue showed homogenization and coagulative necrosis and apparent damage of superficial intradermal muscle layer [
The progressive injury occurred in consecutive days after scald burn infliction was due to coagulation of venules and capillaries contents. The effect of heat and stagnation of the tissue fluid led to inability to supply oxygen and glucose to the cells and irreversible damage occur. Secondarily, loss of water vapor through the injured surface causing dehydration of the exposed dermis [
Accordingly, our results showed that the TNF-α immunohistochemical is positively expressed in scald injury in second and seventh days of infliction. Subsequently observed negatively expressed after first and third month of scald injury age. This can be explained by the fact that cytokines are mediators in the post-burn pathophysiological process and as an important pro-inflammatory cytokine. These findings were proved with Kubo et al. who revealed that TNF-α gene expression (together with other cytokines) increased significantly from 3 or 6 hours to 12 hours or 1 day (inflammatory phase) and from 3 or 5 days to 7 days (proliferative phase) [
The current study findings revealed that two- and seven-day post injury show presence of erythrocytes in sinusoidal space associated with inflammatory infiltrate. This is in consistent with Bortolin et al. who described hepatic histopathological finding in his study four days post burn and showed the presence of erythrocytes in sinusoidal space associated with inflammation. However, fourteen days later, liver showed degeneration of the hepatocytes with inflammatory cells rounding them [
Mostly, the first hours in incident of sever burn, the systemic signs manifested are linked to enlarged systemic capillary permeability with protein escapement into the interstitial space. Likewise, stress, inflammation and hypermetabolism arise as a consequence of large surface area burn. In addition, the circulatory response associated altered glycolysis, proteolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis [
As hepatic protein concentration in severely burned rats was significantly reduced, it was suggested that the liver weight gain is due to increased edema formation instead of increases in the number of hepatocytes or levels of protein. Hepatic cell damage, with release of hepatic enzymes also occurs due to edema formation [
Generally, AST and ALT are low in concentrations. Whereas these enzymes are elevated in patient serum after any cellular injury or defect in cell membrane permeability, that allow the enzymes to leak into circulation. The ALT is the more sensitive and specific test for hepatocyte injury as we also found elevated AST in case of cardiac arrest or muscle injury [
Finally, Malonaldehyde levels in the liver tissues of group II, III and IV were found to be significantly higher than those of the control group I (p < 0.001), which agree with the results of Sehirli et al. who clarified that formation of malondialdehyde is a major indicator of oxidative injury as an end product of lipid peroxidation. Evidence suggested that there is a correlation between the tissue MDA levels and the degree of burn complications, including shock and remote organ damage [
Taken together, our findings shed the attention that identifying the age of scald injury can be performed using routine histopathological examination. Also, to discover the relation between scald burn and liver dysfunction that may be the main cause of morbidity and mortality.
Conclusively, a severe burn represents a devastating injury affecting nearly all organ systems and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Identifying the age of scald injury can be performed using routine histopathological examination. Moreover, a full-thickness scald injury involving 20% of TBSA can cause long term impairment of hepatic functions with increased hyper-metabolic state, inflammation, catabolism and organ dysfunction. We, therefore, believe that the liver is central for postburn outcome, and we propose that attenuation of liver damage and restoration of liver function will improve morbidity and mortality of severely burned patients.
Authors would like to thank Dr. Mai Abd-Elwahab, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, for her kindly assistance in the histopathological part of this study.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Abdallah, E.A.A., Ibrahim, N.A. and Kandeel, N.A. (2022) Liver Dysfunction in Sternness Burn Injury in Association to Age Estimate: A Conceivable Role of Antioxidant Biomarker and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 10, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.102011