In many outbreaks, patients and healthcare workers are particularly at risk from nosocomial infections as a result of non-effective disinfection methods. With increasing incidence of viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, in one hand, and the increase in the rate of antibiotic resistant bacteria associated with nosocomial infections in other hand, there is a need to design novel engineering tools for inactivation of nosocomial pathogens. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is considered as a promising method to inactivate bacteria and viruses. This paper presents UV-C Based disinfection tools monitored by mobile application, designed for hospital and Epidemic Treatment Center. The evolution of the irradiation intensity over time w as evaluated, and the theorical disinfection duration for several nosocomial pathogens was determined. In the case of SARS-CoV2, less than 12 minutes were needed to achieve 99.99% viral reduction in a room of 36 sqm.
Nosocomial infections, or “healthcare-associated infections”, are infections contracted in health facilities such as a hospital or clinic. In these hospital settings, controlling these nosocomial infections is a daily struggle. At any given time, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1.4 million people worldwide suffer from complications acquired in hospital [
In Senegal, with the establishment of a program to fight against nosocomial infections (PRONALIN) since 2004, many studies have been initiated in order to better analyze the situation and assess the effectiveness of activities to fight against nosocomial infections. A survey carried out in 2007 in fifteen (15) regional hospitals found a rate of these infections of 4.8%. It was 10.9% at the national university hospital (CHNU) of Fann which has the biggest epidemic treatment center [
To this hard-daily battle that hospitals and healthcare professionals are facing, there has recently been added another tougher enemy: the COVID-19 [
The possible main route of transmission is thought to be the close contact and respiratory droplets. Other routes of transmission are through contaminated surfaces as well as airborne transmission [
It has therefore become urgent to think of an effective, environment friendly and non-corrosive disinfection method. In this paper we proposed a mobile automated UV-C device controlled by a mobile application and intended for hospital room-decontamination.
A lot of work has been done on UV-C and their use in disinfection of hospital room, however most of the designed UVGI lack of security, the users may be exposed to the UV-C irradiation, known to be very dangerous for public health. By allowing distance monitoring, this work represents a huge contribution to UVGI technology development, and healthcare professional protection strategies and politics.
Dose of UV-C emitted by the device is not necessarily the same as the dose received in an area, as has been highlighted in some studies [
This work gave insight into the use of UVGI technology to fight nosocomial infections. It provided also a solid basis for future works aimed to develop novel engineering tools for healthcare environment disinfection.
The irradiance measurements were conducted with UV-C radiometer (LS126-C, Linshang, China). This UV light meter is specially designed for 253.7 nm UV germicidal lamps (low-pressure mercury lamps). It is equiped with bluetooth that allows real-time data collection through a mobile phone application.
The experimental measurements are made under conditions similar to those of use, in other words the experimental area will not be isolated (see
To make the measurements, the radiometer is placed in different positions from the device. For example, if we are 1 meter from the device on the horizontal plane, different measurements are taken by moving the radiometer on the vertical plane (see
| Brand name | LS126C |
|---|---|
| Spectral response | 230 nm - 280 nm, λp = 254 nm |
| Measuring range | 0 - 20,000 μW/cm2 |
| Resolution | 0.1 μW/cm2 |
| Measuring accuracy | ±10% |
| Power data storage interval | 1 s/10 s/60 s optional |
| Recording period | 10 min/100 min/600 min |
| Bluetooth transmission distance | 50 meters (open area) |
The UV-C device is made of mechanical and electronical parts. The first ones were designed with SOLIDWORKS software and printed with a 3D printer using ABS or PLA plastic wires, while the latter were bought in the local market.
The device will be monitored by a mobile application. The latter was designed with “App Inventor Designer”, which is an online application development tool for Android smartphones and allows anyone to create their own personal application for the Android operating system developed by Google. The development platform is available to all users with a Gmail account. It recalls certain simplified programming languages based on a graphical interface similar to Scratch. Application information is stored on remote servers. They are currently maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The events and control of the UV-C device is depicted in
The amount of UV-C radiation that is received in surfaces depends on their locations in the room (i.e. distance from the UV-C emitter) and whether any objects shadow the light. In this study measured different areas of the room to assure that enough UV-C radiation reaches all surfaces.
As reported by Lindblad et al., The farther away the light source, the less the UV-C intensity [
About the height three cases were identified. From 0 to 120 cm, the height impacted on the radiation intensity: the closer to the direct line, the higher UV-C intensity (see
The exposure time to achieve 4Log10 (99.99%) reduction for different nosocomial pathogens were calculated using Equation (1). The results are shown in
| Pathogen | UV-C dose (mJ/cm2) | Exposure time (min) |
|---|---|---|
| Virus | ||
| Poliovirus 1 | 37.0 [ | 82.2 |
| Rotavirus SA-11 | 36.0 [ | 80.0 |
| SARS-COV-2 | 5.0 [ | 11.1 |
| Bacteria | ||
| Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 (spore) | 78.0 [ | 175.6 |
| Bacillus anthracis (spores) | 97.28 [ | 216.2 |
| Campylobacter jejuniATCC 43429 | 4.6 [ | 10.2 |
| Citrobacterdiversus | 11.5 [ | 25.6 |
| Escherichia coli | 7.0 [ | 15.6 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 20.0 [ | 44.4 |
| Legionella pneumophila ATCC33152 | 7.7 [ | 17.1 |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 24.8 [ | 55.1 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 22.0 [ | 48.9 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 16.0 [ | 35.6 |
| Salmonela paratyphi | 12.8 [ | 28.4 |
| Salmonella typhosa | 8.6 [ | 19.1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 6.8 [ | 15.1 |
| Shigella sonnei ATCC9290 | 8.2 [ | 18.2 |
| Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 | 10.4 [ | 23.1 |
| Streptococcus faecalis ATCC29212 | 11.2 [ | 24.9 |
| Vibrio comma | 13.5 [ | 30.0 |
| Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC27729 | 4.6 [ | 10.2 |
| Yeasts | ||
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 24.0 [ | 53.3 |
| Saccharomyces ellipsoideus | 24.0 [ | 53.3 |
| Molds | ||
| Aspergillius flavus | 240.0 [ | 533.3 |
| Aspergillius niger | 528.0 [ | 1173.4 |
| Rhisopus nigricans | 444.0 [ | 986.7 |
| Protozoan | ||
| Chlorella Vulgaris | 52.0 [ | 115.6 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 9.5 [ | 21.1 |
| Paramecium | 44.0 [ | 97.8 |
T d = 16.667 * D I (1)
where:
Td (min) = disinfection duration in minute;
16.667 = conversion factor;
D (mJ/cm2) = UV-C radiation dose to achieve a microbial reduction of 99.99%, they were taken from ClorDiSys Ultraviolet Light Disinfection Data Sheet Rev. 12 - 2020 [
I (mW/cm2) = Lowest UV-C irradiation measured in the room.
From these results, it can be seen that the sensitivity to UV-C is not species specific, and any microbe can be eliminated or inactivated by UV-C device if the required expose dose is achieved. In the case of this newly developed UV-C device only four (4) UV-Lamp were installed. We can increase the emitted radiation by installing more lamps, or lamps with higher irradiance to reduce the exposure time needed to disinfect hospital rooms.
In this paper, a UV-C-based disinfection device was designed and developed in order to fight against nosocomial infections and Covid-19. The device can be monitored from distance by a mobile application using Bluetooth communication in order to avoid contact between users and UV-C radiation known to be dangerous for human health. After the realization of the device, measurements of the radiation intensity of the device are also made, for different distances from the device in a room of 36 m2, and with the lethal doses of the microorganisms found in the literature, exposure time was found by considering the most frequent microorganisms in health structures. Sars-Cov-2 which was the main target could be inactivated within 11 min.
Compared to chemical disinfection, the use of this device is by far the most advantageous. Indeed, this device, in addition to being relatively friendly to environment as the effect of UV radiation disappears as soon as the device is switched off. There is also no direct contact between the operator and the UVs since the control is done remotely.
As the device is stationary, the intensity of the radiation varies greatly with distance. The further treated area is from the device, the less it will be irradiated. The device can therefore be improved by transforming it into a robot, which will make it possible to homogenize the intensity over the entire surface to be disinfected. This will therefore reduce the duration of disinfection. Indeed, in the case where the device is stationary, the duration of disinfection is obtained with the least irradiated area.
Another prospect would also be to test the device in a hospital room to assess its actual effectiveness.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation of Senegal Republic through the COVID-19 fund.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Ngom, B., Thiam, M., Mbaye, M.F., Sow, M., Hann, K. and Wade, M. (2022) Design and Realization of a UV-C Based Disinfection Tools Monitored by Mobile Application. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 12, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2022.121011