The study of the dust structure around a clump of star forming region sp1 has been performed at +01.9° latitude in the Infrared Science Archive (IRAS) map. The two different fits images of 60 μm and 100 μm are downloaded from sky view virtual observatory and a clump is selected as a study region. The flux densities at different points have been calculated using Aladin software. By analyzing two different Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) images of 60 μm and 100 μm the average temperature is obtained about 34.43 K. The average diameter of this clump is found to have 4.47 pc. The plot of flux densities along diameter is found to have a Gaussian curve. Mass of the clump is found 0.036185 M Θ, whereas the jeans mass for that clump is about 27,896.75 M Θ. Hence from those results, we find that the system is self-iso- lated with radiating dense core and there is no possibility of any star formation in that region.
As we understood that the interstellar cloud plays a significant role in the staller evolution. Different non-linear phenomena can occur in interstellar space due to influence of shock wave, gravitation, radiation, magnetic field etc. which is studied in idealized model [
Most part of the space is almost empty only certain proportion of gas and dust is found between the stars and galaxies. This region of dust and gas is known as interstellar medium (ISM) and has constitution of Hydrogen (HI), Ionized gas (HII), Molecular gas (H2), some heavier molecules and dusts suggested by Smith H.E in 2012. Densities of ISM are highly varied from 10−4 ions cm3 in ionized region to 106 molecules cm3 in molecular regions. If we look over the composition of ISM 99% of it is in gaseous molecules and 1% dust is particles [
The combined project of the US, UK and the Netherlands performed the survey of entire sky and made a complete map. The survey has carried out in 12, 25, 60 & 100 µm wavelength, detects each point source and supplies photometry data. This survey provides data of more than 250,000 point sources [
In this study a clump of dusts-cloud is selected bear the Sp1 nebula, which lies at 1450 pc distance. The fits images of 60 µm and 100 µm were taken from IRAS map. The flux densities at different points are calculated by using ALADIN v11 Software. By observing the flux densities at 60 µm and 100 µm we calculate the average temperature of cloud. The major and minor diameters are also obtained by using parallax method to the data of angle between two points obtained from fits images using ALADIN v11 software.
The variation of flux densities is also calculated along the major and minor diameters. From those calculated data and with the help of some formulas adopted from previous research papers, we calculate the dust mass and jeans mass for that particular location to check whether that region is in process of star formation. In addition, the Color map according to the flux densities is obtained using Python. Sp1 is a planetary nebula, the formation of a star near it, and the study of its interstellar medium is also crucial in astronomy. This study is carried out to find out the possibilities of the formation of a star in a large clump near the Sp1 nebula at galactic latitude +01.9˚.
The dust temperature can be determined by measuring the flux densities at 60 µm and 100 µm from IRSA map. The ratio of flux densities at 60 µm and 100 µm is used to calculate the temperature of the dust. The dust temperature T in each pixel of a FITS image can be obtained by assuming that the dust in a single beam is isothermal and that the observed ratio of 60 µm to 100 µm emission is due to blackbody radiation from dust grains at T, modified by a power law emissivity spectral index [
R = 0.6 − ( 3 + β ) e 144 / T − 1 e 240 / T − 1 (1)
Neglecting 1 from both nominator and denominator
R = 0.6 − ( 3 + β ) e 144 / T e 240 / T (2)
Taking natural logarithm on both sides
T = − 96 ln ( R × 0.6 ( 3 + β ) ) (3)
Thus if the value of β is known, the value of dust temperature will be known. In this research the value β is assume to be 2 [
The dust mass is measured by observing the flux densities of the dust at 100 µm in IRAS map. The longer wave can give more precise so we select 100 µm map instead of 60 µm. The flux density Fѵ, of the cloud at distance D, with N spherical dust grains with each of cross-section σ, temperature T, and the emissivity Qѵ is given by
F ν = N σ Q ν B ( ν , T ) D 2 (4)
This calculation gives the flux density [
Let v be the volume of each grain then the total volume is given by
V = N v (5)
Replacing the value of N, the volume is given by
V = F D 2 v σ Q ν B ( ν , T ) (6)
The cross-section σ is
σ = π a 2 (7)
where a is the radius of grain, similarly the value of volume of grain is given by
v = 4 3 π a 3 (8)
Replacing the value of σ and v in Equation (6), and calculating the volume of dust cloud V
V = 4 F D 2 a 3 Q ν B ( ν , T ) (9)
The density of dust grain is given by
ρ = M V (10)
where M is the total mass of N grains and V be the volume. Now replacing the volume, we get the value of dust mass
M = 4 F D 2 a ρ 3 Q ν B ( ν , T ) (11)
The Equation (11) gives the values of dust mass constants [
Where,
a = average grain size 0.1 µm,
ρ = density of dust grain, here assumed 3000 kg∙m−3,
Qѵ = emissivity 0.001 for 100 µm and 0.0046 for 60 µm,
F = f × 1 MJy/Str × 5.288 × 10−9 where 1 MJy/Str = 10−20 Kg∙s−2 and f = flux density taken from IRAS map.
In the gas cloud the process of star formation begins when the gas cloud is started to collapse due to its own gravity. If the mass of cloud is enough high to its potential energy exceeds its kinetic energy, then the star formation begins. This provides criteria for the critical mass. The calculation of critical mass was performed by Sir James Jeans in 1902 [
M J = C ( k T μ G ) 3 / 2 1 ρ (12)
where C = 1 as suggested by [Fundamental Astronomy],
K = Boltzmann’s constant,
ρ = Density of dust cloud,
µ = Average molecular weight,
G = Gravitational constant,
T = Temperature of dust cloud.
If the dust mass (M) is greater than jeans mass (MJ) then the star formation will occur otherwise the possibility of star formation will vanish.
For our study we select 5˚ × 5˚ pixel IRAS images of flux density at 60 and 100 microns (
FITS images obtained for both 100 and 60 µm is studied, temperature and flux densities at a different location are taken by using ALADIN v11 software. Observing and comparing from both 60 and 100-micron images it is seen that the distribution of mass, temperature, and flux densities is found to be accumulated near the center of the structure.
For both 100 and 60 µm FITS image, our region of interest was analyzed with the help of ALADIN v11 software. The flux emitted by object around the region of interest was taken for study and calculation after the background flux is filtered. The flux emitted by source object is actual peak flux and flux emitted by other sources lying nearby the region of interest but not from the region of interest is called background flux.
We have drawn the contour for both 60 and 100 µm images in our region of interest with the help of ALADIN v11 software. For 60 microns we set contour level at 51,102 and 153 also, for 100 microns we fixed 108,144 and 180 contour levels. Following
Also we have drawn major and minor axis in our region of interest with the help of ALADIN v11 software. The major and minor axis of big giant clump is illustrated as follows (
For 100 µm major diameter of the structure is obtained about 10.76' while the minor diameter is obtained about 10.46'. Also the value of major diameter for 60 µm is 12.2' and 10.86' for minor diameter.
There different contour levels are drawn in IRAS FITS images of 100 µm and 60 µm. The flux densities at different points of images are observed at each contour level. And calculate the average temperature, mass and jeans mass of selected region.
The background flux is found to be centrally accumulated in both 60 µm as well as 100 µm image. While comparing the flux map of both 60 and 100 µm (
Study of distribution of flux over the major and minor axis shows the how flux is distributed in such region. For both 60 µm and 100 µm IRAS map, we observe centrally dense flux. Following graph shows the variation of flux from center of region to the outer region which follows the Gaussian distribution.
The above Gaussian distribution shows the centrally concentrated flux variation over the major and minor axis in both 60 µm and 100 µm IRAS images (
By observing the flux densities at 60 µm and 100 µm image, we calculate the ratio R between them. The different temperature at different contours is obtain by putting the value of R in equation 3. We calculate the average temperature of all the contour level using the value β = 2 [
Dust-gas temperature of outer region is 31.25 K which undergoes gradually increasing towards the core of a structure with reaching maximum temperature of 37.05 K (
To calculate the dust mass, the flux density of the dust cloud is measured with the help of ALADIN v11. The average value of temperature (34.43 K) of dust cloud is taken. The distance of the Sp1 nebula is about 1450 pc. After substituting those values in Equation (11), we get mass of dust cloud (
To calculate the jeans mass, the diameter of the dust cloud is measured with the help of ALADIN v11. The average diameter of the cloud is found to be 4.47 pc. The density of the dust is calculated by assuming that the structure is spherical with diameter of 4.47 pc. The value density is obtained about 2.49385 × 10−23 kg m−3. With the help of Equation (11) we calculated the jeans mass (
| Contour Levels | Temperature (T) |
|---|---|
| Contour Level 1 | 37.05 K |
| Contour Level 2 | 35 K |
| Contour Level 3 | 31.25 K |
| Mass of the Dust Cloud | Ratio to the Mass of the Sun |
|---|---|
| 7.23718 × 1028 Kg | 0.036185 Mʘ |
| The Jeans Mass | Ratio to the Mass of the Sun |
|---|---|
| 5.57935 × 1034 KG | 27,896.75Mʘ |
The studied nebular structure is found lighter than the mass of the sun which is about 0.036185 Mʘ. The average diameter of a clump is 4.47 pc. We have studied the flux density variation in both the major and minor axis of the clump. A study of flux density shows heavily concentrated condensation of dust and a Gaussian-like distribution is observed along major and minor diameters of the structure. Jeans mass of the clump structure is calculated 27,896.75 Mʘ, which is very high with a comparison of the actual mass of the clump and the average temperature of the region is 34.43 K. From Gaussian distribution of flux variation over the major and minor diameter we conclude that, the system is self-isolated and less disturbed from the external factors. Structure is with radiating dense core and it is interestingly noticed that star formation in the region is not possible. But, if structure accumulates more masses than Jeans criteria (Jeans mass), the process of star formation might begin. If it is unable to collect more masses, it may turn into brown dwarf.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Shrestha, R., Dhungana, B., Bhandari, B. and Pant, R.D. (2021) Study of Mass and Temperature Distribution in Clump Near the Sp1 Nebula at the Galactic Latitude +01.9˚. Open Access Library Journal, 8: e8052. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108052