Diode-assisted laser turbinoplasty is a widely used surgical method for improving airflow as a treatment for nasal obstruction [1] . Predominantly caused by hypertrophy of the inferior nasal turbinates, nasal obstruction remains one of the most common conditions encountered in rhinology practice. It can be due to mucosal thickening when the submucosal sinusoids dilation occurs, bony hypertrophy or both [2] . Swelling of the mucosa and inferior turbinates, hypertrophy of the nasal turbinates, and inflammation of the submucosal tissue as a result of collagen deposition are the cardinal mechanisms of nasal obstruction [3] [4] . Chronic obstruction with inferior turbinate hypertrophy has been observed in allergic or vasomotor rhinitis and other clinical conditions, leading to difficulty breathing, snoring, and decreased sleep quality [5] . Conservative management encompasses antihistamines, systemic steroids, and hypo-sensitization with specific immunotherapy and the restrictive use of nasal drops [6] .

In some patients with bony abnormalities or refractory conditions, topical steroids are ineffective for mucosal congestion [7] . Surgical management of symptomatic hypertrophy of the nasal turbinates includes turbinectomy, turbinoplasty, and laser-assisted turbinoplasty. These methods are, however, associated with serious adverse complications such as postoperative bleeding, foul odor, hyposmia, pain, crusting, and synechiae [8] [9] . Partial or total excision of the turbinates is therefore not recommended in clinical practice [10] . Novel alternative modalities encompass CO₂ laser, radiofrequency, electrocautery, and diode laser, which offer marked relief from symptoms and improve the quality of life in patients affected with inferior turbinate hypertrophy [10] . Among these methods, microdebrider-assisted inferior turbinoplasty and radiofrequency ablation have been widely investigated [11] . Recently, diode laser has attained significant popularity in terms of affordability and portability, also in having more tissue penetration and thus effectiveness in reducing parasympathetic activity will increase [12] . Diode laser treatment requires only local anesthetics and elicits controlled coagulation and ablation of soft tissue with homogenous distribution of the tissue at the surgical site [4] . The efficacy of diode laser-assisted turbinoplasty is evaluated by using rhinomanometry with topical decongestion [13] . The diode laser offers extended relief of symptoms and has a high patient acceptance rate.

Nasal airflow is measured by using peak nasal inspiratory flow rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry [14] . Rhinomanometry is a reliable method used to measure nasal airflow, nasal airway resistance, and transnasal pressure (the pressure difference between the nasopharynx and exterior of the nose) [14] . In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of nasal obstruction caused by inferior turbinate hypertrophy in the younger population that is refractory to medical treatment. This scenario has led to an increase in the need for surgical intervention. In this context, we aimed in the present study to evaluate the efficacy of diode lasers for turbinate hypertrophy by using rhinomanometry.

After preoperative evaluation and application of the exclusion criteria, we performed the procedure on 199 patients, of whom 57.8% were males and 42.2% were females. A male preponderance was observed and the majority of patients were between 26 and 35 years old (35.6%).

The major intraoperative symptoms were olfactory annoyance (barbecue smell) (76.4%), followed by a painful burning or stinging sensation (64.3%). A few participants reported sneezing or coughing (27.1%).

The mean rhinomanometry parameters during both inspiration and expiration were recorded during three time periods: preoperative (T0), intraoperative (T1), and postoperative (T2). There was a significant increase in inspiratory (p < 0.01) and expiratory (p < 0.01) mean values of nasal airflow both intraoperatively and postoperatively, showing the effect of decongestants and inferior turbinate surgery. The results are shown in Table 1. Intraoperative and postoperative time points improved significantly for both inspiration and expiration. The intraoperative values indicate the absolute spread of decongestion, which was the difference in nasal airflow measured before and after decongestion, depending on the thickness of the submucosa and the effect of decongestion (T1 - T0). Intraoperative inspiration improved by 262.73 ± 196.09 (p < 0.01) and expiration by 247.94 ± 180.05 (p < 0.01). Postoperative inspiration improved by 254.03 ± 199.08 (p < 0.01) and expiration by 244.05 ± 194.57 (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in inspiration or expiration or between postoperative and intraoperative values, indicating that the patients were stable. The data are shown in Table 2.

The association between gender and intraoperative and postoperative improvements are shown in Table 3. There was no significant association between intraoperative and postoperative improvements and gender. Similarly, results of the

*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the impact of different age groups was not significant, implying that the improvements were not age dependent (results not shown).

Postoperative symptoms among the study subjects are shown in Table 4. None of the patients required nasal packing and no complications such as bleeding occurred immediately after surgical intervention. Postoperatively, male patients showed better outcomes than female patients did, as snoring (22.6%, p = 0.026) and nasal obstruction (20.2%, p = 0.042) were more common in females. The need for a decongestant was higher in females than in males but was not significant (19.0% vs 10.4%, respectively; p = 0.06). Furthermore, purulent nasal discharge and crusting, although more commonly reported in women than in men, was nonsignificant.

The efficacy of diode lasers in inferior turbinate resection in reducing symptoms pre- and postoperatively are shown in Table 5. Significant improvements were seen in all symptoms after surgical intervention. Nasal obstruction (14.6% vs 58.3%; p < 0.001), snoring (16.1% vs 41.7%; p = 0.001), need for nasal spray (24.1% vs 97%; p < 0.001), and need for nasal decongestant (14.1% vs 84.9%; p < 0.001) were significantly reduced after surgery compared with before surgery.

Diode laser-assisted turbinate surgery is a popular procedure for improving nasal airflow. It is better absorbed by tissue than that of Nd: YAG lasers but with tissue ablation effects similar to a carbon dioxide laser [1] . Volk et al. [4] evaluated diode laser-assisted nasal airflow and reported that rhinomanometry with decongestion has a predictive value for the enhancement of airflow after surgery.

This study is unique in using rhinomanometry as the sole measurement tool to assess the diode laser efficacy through analysis of symptoms and postoperative morbidities. In a previous study by Cakli et al. [13] , they reported the outcomes of diode laser turbinoplasty by using acoustic rhinometry and showed satisfactory success rates for diode laser (k = 980 nm)-assisted turbinate surgery, both objectively and subjectively.

In our study, male preponderance was observed, which is in line with the results of studies by Kankaanpää et al. [2] , Cakli et al. [13] , and Veit et al. [15] . In

*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

our study, the majority of the patients were between 26 and 35 years old, similar to the results reported by Kankaanpää et al. [2] . Nasal obstruction, snoring, and the need for nasal decongestants and sprays were the predominant preoperative symptoms observed in our study. Preoperative nasal findings for obstruction (116, 58.3%) and snoring (83, 41.7%) were in agreement with the values reported in the literature and corroborated findings from similar studies [3] [16] [17] [18] .

Objective analysis revealed significant improvements in inspiratory and expiratory values at intraoperative and postoperative time points from the initial rhinomanometric values. Only 14.6% of patients had nasal obstruction 6 weeks postoperatively, indicating improved airflow in more than 75% of patients, similar to that reported in the study by Volk et al. [4] . A similar significant increase in postoperative inspiratory and expiratory ventilation was also shown as that for the absolute spread of decongestion, i.e., the difference in nasal airflow before and after decongestion. In a prospective study, Parida et al. [17] demonstrated significant improvements in visual analog scale scores with diode laser turbinate reduction at the end of 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months.

The findings of our study indicate that neither age nor gender had any influence on the intraoperative and postoperative mean differences. The subjective analysis of symptoms postoperatively differed according to gender, however, showing a significant prevalence of nasal obstruction and snoring in women. Although the remaining postoperative symptoms were also more common in women than in men, they were not significant, raising questions about the reason for the more frequent occurrence.

Caffier et al. [16] established endonasal outpatient diode laser turbinoplasty as an effective, safe, and well-tolerated procedure in treating therapy-resistant inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Our findings were also significant regarding improvements in postoperative symptoms at 6 weeks after surgery relative to their prior states, confirming the efficacy of diode laser treatment in inferior turbinate resection.

Because this was a single-center study, the results may not represent the situation in other healthcare institutions across the country. The limitations of convenience sampling are also applicable here, including the inability to generalize the results of the survey to the population as a whole and under- or over-representation of the population. Moreover, a delay in data collection was unpreventable. Rhinometry required maintenance, which took approximately 3 months. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic further reduced the flow of patients because of the implementation of teleconsultation in the hospital.

From the rhinomanometric findings, we affirmed the therapeutic efficacy of using diode lasers in inferior turbinate resection in this clinical study with a follow-up of 6 weeks. Postoperative nasal obstruction was substantially decreased in both male and female patients, but that and other symptoms were more common in female than in male patients. The age and gender of the patients did not influence the rhinomanometric findings.

An interesting result of this study is the propensity in female patients versus male patients to have postoperative symptoms, although there was a male preponderance. Studies to confirm such a finding, as well as a survey to assess the reasons for such an effect, could be considered in the future.

Given the paucity of research using rhinomanometry, further studies could also be considered with longer follow-up periods to assess long-term outcomes and explore mucociliary clearance mechanisms. The present study could also be replicated on a larger sample to generalize the findings and extend them to other institutions.

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at King Hamad University Hospital, Bahrain (Approval Date: March 4, 2018, Approval Number: 203/2018).

The authors declared that this study received no financial support.

Informed consent was obtained from all patients who met the inclusion criteria.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Almulla, E., Alshammari, D., Alshaikh, R., Almannai, A., Althawadi, N., Janahi, W., Riskalla, A. and Zid, Z. (2021) Therapeutic Efficacy of Diode Laser Turbinoplasty on Nasal Obstruction Estimated with Rhinomanometry. International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 10, 487-496. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijohns.2021.106043